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Published on: Monday, 28 Rajab 1422 (15 October 2001)
Religious Freedom in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Focus on Citizens
A bibi in mourning
By Saudi Institute
Introduction
Saudi Arabia this year witnessed many acts of religious intolerance
by the government and several religious figures. The most prominent
event was the attack on the main Ismaili mosque in the southern city
of Najran, the closure of several Shia mosques and communty halls
(husayniahs), the arrest of several Shia clerics, and the
proliferation of hateful religious web sites that promote sectarian
hatred. This report discusses the situation of Sunni and Shia
religious minorities in Saudi Arabia and the limitations placed by
the government on the free expression and exercise of their beliefs.
I. Minorities, an Overview:
Saudi Arabia has several religious minorities. The Hanbali sect, the official sect
endorsed by the state, is dominant only in the Central region. The Shafey, Maliki and
Hanafi sects dominate in the Western region of the c
ountry. The Shia Jafaris dominate the Eastern region with some Shafeis and Hanbalis.
The Southern region has a mix of Shia Ismailis, Shia Zaidis and some Hanbalis.
The Official Hanbali Sect:
This sect is probably the largest of all sects in the country and the most powerful.
It is the official sect of the state and the religious institution. Hanbalis are
concentrated in the Central Province (Najd) and number
in the millions. The Mufti and all judges are always selected among Hanbali sect.
Although the government endorses the sect, it is subject to a tighter official control
than any other sect.
Sunni Minorities:
1. The Shafey Sect:
The Shafey sect is one of the four major schools in Sunni Islam. Shafeis were the
numerical majority in the kingdom until few decades ago. They constitute the majority
in the Western Province (Hijaz). Their numbers are be
lieved to be in the millions (1).
Shafey religious institutions have been slowly wiped out by the Najdi-dominated
Hanbali sect. In the past, renowned Shafey clerics such as Zaini Dahlan attracted
followers from around the Muslim world (2). Nowadays Hanbal
i zealots refer to Shafeis as Sufis. Sufism is banned in the country. Their numbers,
especially in the Eastern province, have been diminished over the past years. Shafeis
are not allowed to lead prayers in Makkah and Madi
na as they historically were. One of the Shafey prominent figures is the former
information minister Dr. Mohamed Abdu Yamani.
The Maliki Sect:
Like Shafeis and Hanafis, they are concentrated in Hijaz especially in Makkah, where
their leader Shaikh Mohamed Alawi AlMaliki resides. They also face attacks from
Hanbali religious zealots. Several government-financed b
ooks were written by Hanbali clerics to attack Shaikh AlMaliki accusing him of Sufism
and apostasy. Algerian-born Shaikh Abu Baker AlJazairi, who worked as a speaker at the
Prophet's mosque and a teacher at the Islamic Un
iversity in Madina, attacked Shaikh AlMaliki in several speeches and in at least one
book (3). Shaikh Abdullah Bin Manee, a high ranking judge and a member of the Council
of Senior Ulma, wrote a book calling AlMaliki an a
postate and a religouse deviant. The late Grand Mufti, Shaikh AbdulAziz Bin Baz, wrote
the book's forward (4).
When AlMaliki attempted to teach at the Grand Mosque in Makkah like his father and
grandfather, the Council of Senior Ulma barred him (5). He doesn't have a mosque to
pray and has to publish his books abroad, mainly in Eg
ypt. Malikis are not allowed to lead prayers or give sermons in the Grand Mosque or
the Prophet's Mosque in Madina as they historically were. One of the Maliki prominent
figures is the former oil minister Ahmed Zaki Yaman
i.
3. The Hanafi Sect:
Hanafis are the smallest of the Sunni sects, and their religious institutions don't
exist anymore. Because they share geographical and religious proximity to Shafey and
Maliki sects, they tend to depend on them for religi
ous instruction. There are no known Hanafi clerics.
Shia Minorities:
1. Ismaili Sect
The Late Ismaili Dayee Shaikh Hussein AlMakrami
Shia Ismailis are concentrated in the Southern region of Najran. Almost the entire Yam
tribe is Ismaili. Their present leader, known also as AlDayee, is Shaikh Hussain Bin
Ismail AlMakrami. Their numbers vary from 200,000
to one million according to different sources. Discrimination against them has
increased in the past few years after the oponitemnt of the current governor, Prince
Mishaal Bin Saud (6). Ismailis are prevented from using
their distinctive prayer call anywhere, including in their own mosques.
2. Jafari Sect:
Shia Jafaris constitute the majority in the Eastern Province. They also have big
communities in Madina and Wadi Fatima and smaller communities in Jeddah and Riyadh.
Their number is a matter of dispute, and range from 900,
000 to 2 million. They are probably the most active minority in the country struggling
with the government for their rights. Their situation receives most of the attention
given to minorities in the Kingdom.
3. Zaidi Sect
They are concentrated in the southern cities of Asir, Najran, Jeddah and Yunbo. There
are no known Zaidi mosques or any organized religious institutions; Saudi Zaidis rely
on Yemeni Zaidis for spiritual guidance. Their nu
mber is not known and they tend to hide their faith in Sunni dominated cities. The
government confiscated the Zaidi mosque in Najran three years ago, and installed a
Hanbali Imam to lead prayers in it.
Hidden Shia
Extreme anti-Shia feelings and discrimination in predominantly -Sunni cities compels
many Shia of all sects to hide their faith. The native Najdi Shia community in Riyadh
is not known to residents of the city. I had the c
hance to meet a famous artist from that community.
Many Shia from Madina Asir and Najran live in Jeddah and other cities and don't
declare their faith. This environment led to some conversions to the Sunni sect. There
were also many reports of Sunnis converting to Shiasm
secretly (7). A member of the royal family has secretly adopted Shiasm recently (8).
II. Government Control of Religious Institutions
Mosques:
The country has 37,850 mosques, according to the ministry of Endowments. The
government builds most mosques. Mosques built by private citizens must be handed over
to government control. The government has also financed th
e construction of over 1600 mosques around the world, including the United States (9).
Shia Ismailis, Jafaris, and Zaidis are not allowed to build mosques. Most of their
existing mosques date back to the Turkish rule and are privately constructed. There
are no Zaidi mosques. There are also no exclusively Sh
afey or Maliki mosques.
The government appoints the Imams in all Sunni mosques and controls most of their
activities. It's believed that all sermons (kutbah) in Sunni mosques come from the
ministry of Islamic affairs. The sermons in the two holy
mosques (AlHaramain ASharefain) in Makkah and Madina also must be pre-approved by the
Ministry of Islamic affairs (10).
Shaikh Saud AlShuraim, one of the Grand Mosque speakers, was suspended from delivering
sermons after he criticized efforts to broaden tourism in the country. Also, Imams in
Sunni mosques are obliged to pray for the king (
11). This year a ban was enforced on Qonoot, lifting the hands during prayers, after
many Imams were praying for Chechen victory against Russia.
Shia Jafaris in Madina, a substantial minority in the city, have no mosques. The
government destroyed their mosque and husayniah (community center) decades ago. They
maintain underground mosque(s)in the forest outside the
city or pray in the basements of private homes (12).
Imam AlHussain mosque in AlBattalia in the Eastern Province was shut down in April.
It's believed the mosque was built using a home permit. Most Shia mosques built since
the foundation of Saudi Arabia were built as homes
but slowly converted to mosques (13).
Shia Ismaili mosques are closed by police on Eid day whenever the Ismaili Eid differs
from the government Eid. Ismailis use different methods than the official religious
institution to determine Eid.
Husayniat
Husayniah is a Shia religious and social institution that performs the function of a
community center. Religious sermons, weddings and funerals are usually held at
husayniahs. They are illegal in the country and are usual
ly built using home permits.
This year, seven husayniahs were closed in AlAhsa region during Muhharam
commemorations. They include AlQaim and AlMojtaba in AlMubaraz, AlRassol Al-Adam in
AlBatalia, AlMortada and Azzahhra in AlGarn, and AlAskari in AlA
ndalus (14). There were also several closures of home-based sermons in AlAhsa and
AlJesh, and several homeowners were jailed for several months for holding these
sermons at their homes. One example is Naser AlMorey from A
lAhsa.
Wedding Halls and the Qudayh Tragedy
Wedding halls are widespread in Saudi cities and towns with one exception, Qateef city
and the surrounding Shia areas. Also, Qateef strangely dosen't have any hotels. This
is the result of a ban imposed by the minister of
interior Prince Naif over 15 years ago to prevent Shia from using the halls to
organize religious and communal gatherings, such as weddings.
The increasing population and dwindling number of husayniahs made large tents the only
option available for wedding parties. This resulted in the largest tragedy in Saudi
Arabia in the past several years, the tragedy of Q
udayh.
On 28 July 1999, fire engulfed a wedding tent killing 76 women and children and
injuring dozens at Qudayh city in Qateef region (15). Prince Mohamed Bin Fahd, the
governor of the province who lives 20 minutes away did not
visit the site of the tragedy or the families of the victims, as common around the
world. In contrast, Prince Na�f visited the survivors and the site of an accidental
explosion near Jeddah that killed four children on 29
July 2000(16). On the other hand, Crown Prince Abdullah sent a message of condolences
to the families of the Qudayh victims. It was reported that he donated a plot of land
to build the first wedding hall in Qateef.
The Site of Qudayh Fire
The Funeral of Some Victims
Religious Shrines
The country had many shrines at the beginning of the 20th century, but most if not all
have been demolished since the foundation of Saudi Arabia.
In 1925, government forces demolished the Baqee cemetery in Madina, which holds the
graves of many historical Islamic figures and is holy to Shafey, Maliki and Shia
sects. Late King Hussain visited the Baqee cemetery duri
ng his last trip to the city. Also, several Islamic sites were destroyed including the
houses of Prophet Mohamed in Madina. In Makkah the shrine of the Prophet's first wife
was also demolished.
Janat ul Baqi, before the destruction by Ibne Saud in 1920. The grave of Syeda Fatima
Zahra (SA), daughter of the holy Prophet (saww) is also in Baqi
Jannat ul Baqi today. Graves of Hazrat Abbas, uncle of the holy Prophet (saww), 2nd
Imam Hassan Mujtaba, grandson of the Prophet, 4th Imam Zainul Abideen, 5th Imam
Mohammad Baqir and 6th Imam Jafar Sadiq (AS)
Bayt al Huzn (house of sorrow) of Syeda Fatima Zahra (daughter of the holy Prophet
(saww) has been completely demolished by the Saudi regime
The graves of Hazrat Hamza, uncle of the prophet (saww) and other martyrs of Uhud
The grave of Prophet Elisha in Awjam City in Eastern Province
Several columns in the Grand Mosque dating back to the 7th century were also removed.
The government demolished the shrine of Prophet Elisha in AlAwjam west of Qateef
decades ago.
Clerics
S. Saeed Zuair
Several clerics from various minority sects remain in jail. The longest held is Shaikh
Saeed AlZuair, a Hanbali cleric, who is imprisoned at AlHair maximum-security prison
outside of Riyadh. He was arrested six years ago.
S. AbdulLatif Ali
Shaikh AbdulLatif Mohamed Ali, Shaikh Saeed AlBahaar, and Shaikh Habeeb Hamdah among
other Shia clerics from the Eastern Province have been in jail four years without
charge.
Shaikah Mohamed AlKhayat, an Ismaili cleric was arrested while teaching in AlMansorah
mosque in Najran 23 April 2000, and accused of sorcery. His arrest triggered clashes
between the Ismaili community and security forces
that left at least six dead and 600 jailed. A report suggested that Shaikh AlKhayat
was forced into confessing on tape to sorcery after his arrest (17).
S. Hassan AlKhawildi
Shaikh Hassan AlKhawildi, 40, a well-known Shia cleric from Safwa, was suspended in
May after mentioning in his sermon the reprimand of some Shia women teachers who wore
black to school on Ashura day. Traditionally, Shia
women wear black during the months of Muhharam and Safar.
Other clerics who remain on suspension are Shaikh Ayed AlQarni, a Hanbali cleric from
Riyadh who has been barred for several years. Shaikh Ali AbdulKarim AlAwwa, a Shia
cleric from Awamia has been barred from any religiou
s activities for more than 10 years. Also Shaikh Jafar AlMobarak from Safwa was banned
from leading prayers or teaching religion to children and became a fisherman three
years ago after his release from prison (18).
On 9 July 2000, Shaikh Safar AlHawali and Naser AlOmar, both Hanbalis, were allowed to
start teaching purely religious texts again. Both were released from prison last year
after five years of imprisonment for their polit
ical opinions. Naser AlOmar is the author of the anti-Shia memo (Waqe AlRafidah fe
Belad Attawheed), the Rejectionists in the Land of Unitarianism. The memo was written
in 1992 to the Council of Senior Ulma calling on the
government to destroy all Shia husayniahs, arrest Shia clerics, and fire all Shia
government employees(19).
Government Control of Education and Culture
Education
The General Directory for Woman's Education is one of the most anti-Shia institutions
in the country. Shia women teachers are not allowed to teach religious subjects or
hold positions such as, school principals, guidance
counselors, and university professors. The General Directory for Women's Education has
rejected all Shia applications to build private girls schools.
Ahmed Al-Zahrani, a Sunni teacher at Yarmook boy elementary school in Safwa told Shia
5th and 6th graders that they worship stones instead of God. Parents called the
principal but the teacher was not admonished. In April
2000, the department of education in the Shia-dominated Eastern Province nominated 47
guidance counselors, none where Shia.
Religious Education
The government prevents the teaching of non-Hanbali religious texts in schools and
universities. Shafey, Maliki and Shia views are not represented in religious
education. Non-Hanbali clerics are not allowed to teach their
faith even in private. Most Shia Jafari clerics were educated abroad in Iran, Iraq
and Syria. Syed Munaeer AlKhabaz, a Shia cleric from Qateef was arrested December 1999
and released after his return from Iran where he w
as studying (20).
Religious Universities
There are eight universities in the country, three of which are predominantly
religious. Imam Mohamed Bin Saud University in Riyadh and Islamic University in Madina
refuse to admit Shia Jafari or Ismaili students or hire
Shia faculty or staff. Naser AlQafari wrote his doctorate thesis at Imam Mohamed Bin
Saud University on Shia Jafaris, and referred to them using the derogatory term
Rafidah (rejectionists of religion). The thesis was late
r published using government funds (21).
School Textbooks
The government controls religious education in public and private schools from first
grade through university. All religious and history curriculums are written according
to the Wahhabi interpretation of the Hanbali sect.
No other Sunni or Shia opinions are infused in those texts. In the past years,
textbooks referred to many religious practices by Shia, Shafeis and Malikis, such as
celebrating the birthday of the Prophet, as innovation i
n religion (bedah). There are new textbooks for the coming school year but not yet
available for our review.
King Endowment and Prizes:
King Fahd donates money to Hanbali religious institutions and mosques only. The king
donated several million dollars this year to several religious projects and
institutions inside and outside the country, like a religiou
s university in Pakistan. There is no evidence of the king giving mone to Shafey,
Maliki or Shia religious institutions or projects ever. (22)
The most prestigious prize in the country is the King Faisal Prize, which is awarded
annually in several categories like service to Islam, medicine and literature. It has
been awarded since 1979 to over 110 people from 31
countries, including the United States. There were no Shia winners ever in any
category (23). There was only one Shia nominee, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, the famed Islamic
philosopher and professor at George Washington Univers
ity in USA. He was notified of winning the prize in 1979 but later the prize was
withdrawn with no explanation.
Manea Al-Jehani
Prince Mohamed Bin Fahd, the governor of the Eastern Province awarded Dr. Manea
Al-Jehani his first prize for charitable work. Dr. Al-Jehani is the head of World
Muslim Youth Association (WAMY) and a member of the consult
ative council. WAMY publishes anti-Shia books that claim Shiasm to be a Jewish
conspiracy against Islam. These books are published in several languages and
distributed for free. (24) WAMY is financed by government funds a
nd maintains an office in Washington.
Names
The interior ministry controls citizen's names through the civil record
administration. Names that are not suitable to the official religious institution are
banned.
Many Shia citizens were forced to change their names, especially in the past few
years. Names used exclusively by Shia, such as AbduliNabi, AbdulRassol, AbdulHussain,
are all banned. Saudi Media also don't use these names
such as the name of famouse Kwaiti comedian AbdullHussain AbdulReda, whos named is
changed to Hussain Redah.
In 1992 a new directive was issued restricting more names. This directive banned names
derived from the Koran such as Iman and Sura and are acommonly used by Shafey, Maliki,
and Shia citizens (25).
Descendents of the Prophet Mohamed, commonly referred to as Sada or Ashraaf are banned
from using their titles in identification cards or official documents. All neighboring
countries allow them usage of these titles.
Books
There is a ban on importing religious books that are not accepted by the official
religious institution. Shia and Sufi religious books are banned and confiscated upon
arrival. Fines, lashes or prison are possible punishme
nts. Several Shia youths were arrested in Awamia city for selling Shia books from
their homes. Ahmed AlHamad was identified among the detainees
Libraries of Saudi universities do not contain Shia books or books by Maliki clerics,
like Shaikh Mohamed Alawi AlMaliki. He publishes his books secretly in the country or
in Egypt or Lebanon, and distributes them himself
because bookstores cannot legally sell them.
In contrast, anti-Shia books are available in the country and are sold legally and
freely. Some are even printed by government institutions and distributed for free. All
Saudi libraries stock anti-Shia books. Shaikh Hassa
n AlSaffar, a leading Shia cleric, was able to publish only one book. He also
maintains a web site (26).
Music
Religious songs applauding the Prophet Mohamed (Madeeh) and commonly used by Malikis
and Shafeis in the Western Province and Egypt are banned. The family of the late
famous Saudi singer Talal AlMadah worked in religious s
inging. Shia religious songs used during commemorations and known as Noha or Aza are
also banned. There were many arrests of religious singers in the Eastern Province
(Shayaleen) this year. The vice-governor Prince Saud B
in Na�f reportedly ordered these administrative arrests that lasted between two to six
months (27).
Religious Holidays
The government recognizes only two holidays, Eid AlFitr (after Ramadan) and Eid Aladha
(After Haj). Other religious holidays like Prophet Mohamed's birthday, celebrated by
Shafey, Maliki and Shia sects are not allowed nor
acknowledged by local media (28). Hijazi citizens celebrate the birthday of Prophet
Mohamed (Mawled) in secret.
Shia holidays like Ashura and others commemorating the death of Prophet Mohamed, his
daughter Fatima and her husband Ali are all officially banned. Skipping work or school
to attend religious activities can lead to discip
line or termination. Shia teachers are not allowed to take the day off work during
Shia religious holidays. In Safwa, several teachers at the Fourth Middle School for
girls (AlMatwasta AlRabiah) were reprimanded by the pr
incipal for wearing black and sent home to change (29) Also several boys were beaten
by a teacher in Deraar Elementary School in Safwa, and were sent home to change. (30)
Ismailis are prevented from attending Eid prayers when their Eid day differs from the
state-declared days. Police cars in Najran prevent the opining of any Ismaili mosques
if the official Eid day was before or after the o
fficial Eid day. Shia Ismailis and Jafaris independently decide their own Eid days.
Ismailis use astronomical calculations to determine their Eid day, while the official
religious institution use moon sighting to decide t
he Eid.
The Grayqaan Celebration
Also banned is the traditional festivity known as (Grayqaan) and celebrated by both
Shia and Sunnis in all Gulf countries. During the festival children knock on doors and
collect treats while singing traditional songs and
wearing traditional clothes.
Internet
King Abdul Aziz City for Science Technology regulates Internet access in the country,
and blocks web sites for moral, political and religious reasons. Numerous religious
Shia sites are blocked while anti-Shia sites propag
ating the murder and expulsion of Shia citizens are freely accessible. Such sites like
(sahab.net and muslm.net) are full of derogatory terms that are used against Shia by
some Hanbali religious zealots, such as Rafidah,
(Rejectionist).
They also propagate accusations that Shiasm is a Jewish conspiracy, and that Shia hold
sexual parties in husayniahs during Ashura commemorations.
The Mufti, Shaikh AbdulAziz AlShaikh
Following a fatwa by the Grand Mufti Shaikh Abdul Aziz AlShaikh permitting hacking
"suspicious" web sites, a flurry of hackers attacked and disabled many Shia sites.
(31) This has been referred to as "Cyber Jihad."
The fatwa by the Grand Mufti allowing the hacking of suspicious web sites
Examples of Shia sites hacked by Hanbali zealots:
reach.to/etehamat
www.hajr.com
www.shialink.org
www.danafajr.org
www.alhaq.com
Examples of blocked Shia sites:
www.rafed.net
www.alhaq.com
www.shialink.org
www.karbala.com
www.aqaed.com
Examples of sites promoting sectarian hatred which are accessible from the country:
rafidha.hypermart.net
www.sahab.net
www.ansar.org
www.alsalafyoon.com
www.khayma.com/najran
IV. Discriminatory Laws and Legal Practices
Prisons
Although Shia are a minority in the country, over 95% of prisoners
held for political or religious reasons are Shia. The majority of
those prisoners are Shia Ismailis, 500, followed by Shia Jafaris, 85.
There are four Shia prisoners who have been missing since 1996.
Several released Shia prisoners reported that belonging to the Shia
sect was among the charges they faced. During interrogations, Shia
and Sunni differences were discussed and prisoners were asked to
become Sunni in exchange for reduced charges and sentences.
Imprisoned clerics were asked to stop religious activities and seek
other business.
Shaikh Jafar AlMobarak who was released in 1997 abandoned his
religious role and became a fisherman due to repeated imprisonment.
Discrimination against Shia was also obvious in prison. A former Shia
prisoner said, "Sunni political prisoners were treated like guests
and were not tortured, unlike Shia" (32).
Judges:
All judges in the country are graduates of religious institutions
like Imam Mohamed Bin Saud, and are Hanbalis. There are no Maliki,
Shafey or Shia judges in the country. Judge Fuad AlMajid in Qateef,
who sentenced Sadiq Mallallah to death for apostasy in 1993 following
an argument remains in his position (33). The head of Najran court,
Mohamed AlAskari, was reportedly behind the attack on AlMansorah
Ismaili mosque on April 23. He was visited at his home by Prince
Na�f, the interior minister in June. (34). The judge of Sharoorah
city near Najran refused to approve marriage licenses for several
Ismaili men to Sunni girls.
Travel Ban:
Sources estimate that over 6000 Shia in the Eastern Province and
Madina are banned from leaving the country. Passports are seized
without judicial process. Reasons for seizure vary from traveling to
Iran to unknown causes, such as the case of Fatima AlJarash from
Qateef. Numerous children were included in travel bans. Several
hundred people got their passports back this year, again for unknown
reasons (35).
Religious Violence:
The Holiday Inn in Najran where 4 Ismaili citizens where killed
On April 23, 2000, Najran witnessed the most violent attack on a
religious minority this year. According to several Ismaili witnesses
and news reports the incident started with an attack by the religious
and secret police (Mabahith) supported by the religious police
(Hay'a) on AlMansoorah mosque, the main Ismaili mosque in the city.
Mishael Bin Saud, governor of Najran
The attack was made to arrest Shaikh Mohamed AlKhayat, an Ismaili
cleric from Yemen who was teaching some Ismaili citizens at the
mosque. An exchange of fire occurred in front of the Holiday Inn
after the local governor, Prince Mishael Bin Saud, refused to meet
with the protesters who were demanding the release of Shaikh
AlKhayat(36).
Four Ismaili citizens and two soldiers died in the clashes that
lasted 30 hours. An army unit was deployed 10 hours after the
incident and withdrew five days later. A teenage boy, Ibn Shqaih, and
a deaf man, Ibn Natash were identified among the victims. Over 600
Ismailis were arrested following the clashes and 500 remain in jail
(37).
In another incident, the body of Shia prayer caller Ali AlMalblab,
70, was returned to his family and buried one year after his death.
AlMalblab was killed by religious police inside their headquarters
November 1998 in AlJaffer (Eastern Province). His family wrote to
Prince Na�f and Crown Prince Abdullah and got no response or
compensation. The killers of AlMalblab were transferred to AlOyoon
headquarters as punishment for the killing.
Collective Punishment
It seems that collective punishment is reserved to religious
minorities and not used against tribal or regional groups. For
example, hundreds of Shia Ismailis were demoted, fired and
transferred from Najran after the clashes of April. At least 70
Ismaili teachers were transferred from Najran to the Northern
Province August 9, 2000. No Ismaili students were accepted at
military colleges this year, unlike the past years (38). Similary
collective puishment isused against the Shia Jafaris.
Notes:
1. Interview with a Shafey doctor (2000), May.
2. Syed Hashim AlRefaey (unknown) Advice to our Brothers, the
Scholars of Najd.
3. AlJazairi, Abu Baker (1986) "They Came Running, Wait the
Propagators of Deviousness."
4. Bin Manee, Abdullah Bin Suliman (1983) "A Dialogue with AlMaliki
to Reject his Sins and Deviousness."
5. Syed hashim AlRefaey, Op Cit.
6. Interview with an Ismaili community leader (2000) July.
7. Interview with a Shia citizen no.1 (2000) July.
8. Interview of a Shia businessman, formerly Sunni (1999).
9. AlRiyadh newspaper (2000) Sunday May 14, No.11647.
10. Interview with a Hanbali citizen (2000) July.
11. Interview with a former Hanbali prisoner (2000) August
12. Interview with a Shia citizen no. 2 (2000)
13. Interview with a Shia prisoner, (2000) May.
14. The Committee to Defend Human Rights in the Arabia
Peninsula.(1999) Communiqu� # 87.
15. www.saihat.org
16. AlJazirah newspaper (2000) Sunday, July 30, #10167
17. Interview with an Ismaili citizen (2000)
18. Interview with a Shia citizen no. 3 (2000)
19. AlOmar, Naser (1992). (Waqe AlRafidah fe Belad Attawheed) The
Rejectionists in the Land of Unitarianism.
20. The Committee to Defend Human Rights in the Arabia Peninsula, Op.
Cit.
21. AlQafari, Naser (1981) The Tenants of Shia Sect.
22. AlJazirah newspaper (2000). July 27, no. 10164. Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia
23. AlRiyadh newspaper (2000) Sunday May 14, No.11647.
24. Ismaeel, Saeed (1995) The Difference Between the Shi'ites and the
Majority of Muslim Scholars.(WAMY).
25. Interview with a Shia citizen no.1 (2000) July
26. www.saffar.org
27. Interview with a Shia prisoner, (2000) May.
28. Interview with a Shafey doctor (2000), May.
29. Interview with a Shia citizen no.1 (2000) July.
30. Interview with a Shia elementary student (2000) July
31. AlDawa Magazin (2000) May 11. # 1741
32. Interview with a Shia prisoner, (2000) May.
33. Ibid. 32.
34. AlRiyadh newspaper. (2000) Sunday 30 July, no11724.
35. Interview with a Shia citizen no. 3 (2000)
36. Interview with Ismaili community leader (2000) July.
37. Interview with an Ismaili citizen (2000)
38. Ibid. 37.
39. AlRiyadh Newspaper (2000) Friday 07 July No.11701 Year 37
40. Rahim, Rend; Fuller, Graham (1999) The Shia Arabs, The Forgotten
Muslims
Disclaimer:
This article is provided and written by the author mentioned above.
Shia News is not responsible for the contents of this article.
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Forwarded as information only; no endorsement to be presumed
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In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. section 107, this material
is distributed without charge or profit to those who have
expressed a prior interest in receiving this type of information
for non-profit research and educational purposes only.
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The only real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking
new landscapes but in having new eyes. -Marcel Proust
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"Do not believe in anything simply because you have heard it. Do not believe
simply because it has been handed down for many generations. Do not
believe in anything simply because it is spoken and rumored by many. Do
not believe in anything simply because it is written in Holy Scriptures. Do not
believe in anything merely on the authority of Teachers, elders or wise men.
Believe only after careful observation and analysis, when you find that it
agrees with reason and is conducive to the good and benefit of one and all.
Then accept it and live up to it."
The Buddha on Belief, from the Kalama Sutta
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A merely fallen enemy may rise again, but the reconciled
one is truly vanquished. -Johann Christoph Schiller,
German Writer (1759-1805)
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It is preoccupation with possessions, more than anything else, that
prevents us from living freely and nobly. -Bertrand Russell
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"Everyone has the right...to seek, receive and impart
information and ideas through any media and regardless
of frontiers."
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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"Always do sober what you said you'd do drunk. That will
teach you to keep your mouth shut."
--- Ernest Hemingway
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