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Vol. 12, No. 20
September 30, 1996
Table of Contents
More on Conspiracy
LETTERS OF THE REPUBLIC
Roots of Subversion
by William H. McIlhany
Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism, by Abb� Augustin
Barruel
The years 1796 to 1798 saw the publication of two important
presentations of evidence concerning an international conspiracy,
then only decades old, which had devastated France and was
threatening the entire civilized world. That conspiracy had coalesced
into a continuing organizational structure with the founding of the
Order of the Illuminati by Adam Weishaupt on May 1, 1776 in
Ingolstadt, Bavaria.
The conspirators in the Order came from the top levels of society,
and their ultimate goal was the destruction of all existing religious
and political institutions, all forms of traditional religious faith,
and all governments. They were committed to a campaign of worldwide
revolution to destroy the existing order. They hoped that the
continuing organizational structure they established would eventually
succeed in imposing on the world a "solution" to the chaos they had
caused: a totalitarian world government -- a "new world order."
Evil Exposed
In 1785 the Elector of Bavaria, Carl Theodore, discovered the secret
papers of the Illuminati, which revealed the evil plan. He published
and distributed the papers to all endangered heads of state. The two
important studies published from 1796- 98 were substantially based on
this primary source documentation.
One of those works, Proofs of a Conspiracy Against All the Religions
and Governments of Europe, published in Dublin, Ireland in 1797, was
written by John Robison, a prominent scientist and professor at the
University of Edinburgh. His work, which was originally circulated in
Great Britain and THE NEW AMERICAN Republic, was reprinted in 1967 by
Western Islands, the publishing arm of the John Birch Society, under
the shortened title Proofs of a Conspiracy. It is still available in
paperback (contact American Opinion Book Services at the above
address).
The second work, much lengthier and more detailed, is Abb� Barruel's
Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism, the subject of this
review. Born in France in 1741, Abb� Barruel was educated by the
Jesuits and entered the Society of Jesus. During suppression of the
Jesuits in France, he resided for some years in Moravia and Bohemia
and traveled in Italy as a tutor for a young nobleman. In addition to
Memoirs, he wrote several other books prior to his death in 1820,
including his History of the Clergy During the French Revolution.
Originally in separate volumes, Memoirs consists of four parts. The
first two volumes, originally published in French in 1796, concern
the anti- Christian and anti- monarchical conspiracy of 1796 and
expose certain French and European philosophers of the early to mid-
18th century, particularly members of the French Academy in Paris.
To illustrate the vicious philosophical campaign against
Christianity, Barruel focuses on the works of Voltaire. As for the
anti-monarchical campaign, he examines the works of Montesquieu and
Rousseau. Modern- day advocates of a limited constitutional republic
who may wonder what is wrong with opposition to monarchy should keep
in mind that the conspiracy which Barruel traced -- from philosophers
whom he called the "sophisters of impiety" to the Illuminati --
targeted all religious and political institutions and forms of
government, including the infant American Republic, and sought as the
ultimate goal an international totalitarianism.
Rise of the Order
One of the principal weapons used by the sophisters of impiety,
particularly Diderot, was the publication of the Encyclop�die
beginning in 1751, and its eventual Supplement. The conspirators
hoped that this work would become the standard reference for all
learned and literate persons on virtually all subject matter. Barruel
demonstrates at length that it was used as a comprehensive, subtle
carrier of propaganda and indoctrination favorable to subversive
strategy.
The third part of Memoirs concerns the Illuminati. Therein Barruel
presents in greater detail than Robison's Proofs of a Conspiracy the
primary source documents captured from the Order. The rapidly growing
influence of the Order in, and outside of, Bavaria is carefully
traced both before and after the French Revolution.
Barruel recounts the European freemasonic conference at Wilhelmsbad
in the summer of 1782, at which Weishaupt's representatives recruited
the leadership of French, German, and other European Grand Orient
freemasonry into the Illuminati, thus bringing those bodies under the
Order's control. Much evidence in Barruel's and other contemporary
sources testifies to this fact. The leaders of the Illuminist French
Grand Orient ran the Jacobin clubs and were responsible for planning
and orchestrating all the major events of the French Revolution.
In the final part of Memoirs, Barruel reviews the tragic success of
the Illuminati's first experiment in subversive destruction, the
French Revolution of 1789, from which France has never fully
recovered. Barruel's review of this episode, along with historian
Nesta Webster's outstanding 1919 work The French Revolution: A Study
in Democracy, provide a fairly complete history of the Conspiracy's
first attempt at organized subversion.
Sounding the Alarm
It would be hard to overstate the influence Robison's and Barruel's
works had on events in America for several decades after their
publication. In 1799, George Washington read Robison's Proofs of a
Conspiracy, which only reconfirmed his awareness of the danger to our
Republic from Illuminists who tried to bring revolutionary Jacobinism
to our shores. Five years earlier Illuminist agents Genet and Fauchet
had used front organizations ("democratic societies") to trigger the
so-called "Whiskey Rebellion" in Pennsylvania. Only Washington's
public exposure and opposition with armed troops stopped this early
campaign of sedition without bloodshed.
Regrettably, during Washington's Presidency his Secretary of State
Thomas Jefferson was closely allied to the French agents behind the
Whiskey Rebellion. Perhaps simply deluded by his idealism at this
time, Jefferson unsuccessfully opposed Washington's efforts to stop
the conspirators. Jefferson defended Weishaupt and referred to
Barruel's Memoirs as the "ravings of a Bedlamite."
Other prominent Americans did their best to warn the public of the
Conspiracy's attempts, and they relied on Robison's and Barruel's
works. They included Jedidiah Morse, author of early history and
geography textbooks and the father of Samuel Morse; Yale University
president Timothy Dwight; and Seth Payson, author of Proofs of the
Real Existence and Dangerous Tendency of Illuminism (1802), which
summarized Robison's and Barruel's works and included evidence from
Morse of Illuminist efforts in America.
President Washington and Jedidiah Morse were the outstanding American
"alarmists" of their time, and they were attacked by their enemies
just as members of the John Birch Society and other
"conspiratorialists" are attacked today. Washington's and Morse's
weapon was the truth, and Barruel's Memoirs and Robison's Proofs
provided them with indispensable ammunition.
Interestingly, some historical personalities very close to, and
devoted to, the Illuminist conspiracy valued and relied on the
accuracy of Barruel's Memoirs. Among them was the British poet Percy
Shelley, who not only "treasured" his copy but marveled at length
over its descriptions of the destructiveness he hoped to see occur.
French socialist leader Louis Blanc used Barruel's evidence as the
basis for linking the early communist movement to its Illuminist
origins. Barruel's Memoirs were translated and published in all major
languages.
Of course, both Robison and Barruel were attacked by a few
contemporary friends of the French Revolution, and have been attacked
by orthodox historians ever since. Most of these criticisms are
exercises in clarity of hindsight and are based on mistakes in
translation or factual errors or omissions that always result when
history is written chronologically close to the events. Anyone who
has studied the major 19th and 20th century historians of the Master
Conspiracy, as well as the primary source documents now available in
reprint, can attest to the substantial accuracy of Robison's and
Barruel's works.
Some have noted a distinction between Robison's thesis and Barruel's.
Robison correctly argued that the Illuminati invaded and captured
continental European (not British or American) Grand Orient free
masonic lodges in order to use them as tools for infiltration and
revolution. On the other hand, Barruel argued that the Illuminati was
a natural outgrowth of freemasonry in its tracing of a pre-
Illuminati philosophical plot against altar and throne involving
numerous French freemasons. Once again, students of the Master
Conspiracy today enjoy the benefit of much more data and a much
larger perspective.
Crucial Reading
The new one-volume reprint of Memoirs includes Barruel's complete
text, as well as a fine introduction by Fr. Stanley L. Jaki. It does
not include, however, a postscript written by English translator
Robert Clifford, which was published at the end of volume four of the
1798 London edition.
The postscript, entitled "Application of Barruel's Memoirs of
Jacobinism to the Secret Societies of Ireland and Great Britain,"
provides another 50 pages of evidence concerning the Illuminists'
efforts to organize sedition and rebellion.
This reviewer cannot recommend too highly that any American who
wishes to be well informed in the fight for freedom carefully read
Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism. Barruel's impressive
presentation provides thoughtful and penetrating insight not only
into the events he reviews, but also into the strategies and tactics
that the same Master Conspiracy that began as the Order of the
Illuminati has employed ever since. Reading Memoirs will also provide
one with added confirmation that the Master Conspiracy thesis
advanced by British historian Nesta Webster and John Birch Society
founder Robert Welch is overwhelmingly established by both logic and
a physical mountain of evidence.
But don't just take this reviewer's word for it. Consider the words
of British statesman Edmund Burke, author of Reflections on the
Revolution in France, who said of Barruel's Memoirs: "Certain we are,
that no book has appeared since the commencement of our labours,
which was more necessary to be read, and weighed attentively, by
every person of any property, whether hereditary or commercial; every
person holding any
rank in society; and every person who has within him a spark of zeal,
either for the honour of God, or the welfare of mankind."
� Copyright 2002 American Opinion Publishing Incorporated
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