I did some further testing with older kernel versions from snapshot.debian.org to identify from when on the problem occurs and discovered 2 things:
1) The problem does not necessarily occur every single time. For some of the affected kernel versions, I needed two or three attempts (with reboots in between) to reproduce the issue. 2) The first affected kernel version is 4.14~rc3-1~exp1, while 4.13.13-1 still works without problems. In addition, there is a stack trace posted at https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/17/212 that looks very similar, so the fix referred to at https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/12/20/426 might fix the issue. Regards, Michael