Hi Otto,
I already spent several hours debugging. I don't know the exact reason
yet, all I know is the following:
I'm using the latest mariadb-server package as reported in the original
post. I did not import anything, I just upgraded my server from Bookworm
to Trixie and "mysqldump --system=users" starts to fail.
The issue seem to only occurr on servers that were upgraded from Debian
Bookworm (and maybe require also upgrades from older releases).
Using phpMyAdmin I could not spot any differences in the
structure/schema of the mysql database, but finally, "show create view
user" did the trick: collation_connection was set to utf8mb4_general_ci
for the view.
Dropping and re-creating the "user" view using the output from "show
create view user" did the trick, now it is working (collation_connection
is now utf8mb4_uca1400_ai_ci).
On my last remaining Bookworm server the character_set_client is latin1
and the collation_connection is latin1_swedish_ci for the "user" view...
Best,
Sven