CVSROOT: /cvsroot/www-bg
Module name: www-bg
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 06/10/18 18:47:12
Added files:
gnu : linux-and-gnu.bg.html linux-and-gnu.html
Log message:
ЧаÑÑиÑен пÑевод.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-bg/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html?cvsroot=www-bg&rev=1.1
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-bg/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html?cvsroot=www-bg&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: linux-and-gnu.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: linux-and-gnu.bg.html
diff -N linux-and-gnu.bg.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ linux-and-gnu.bg.html 18 Oct 2006 18:47:12 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="bg">
+
+<head>
+<title>ÐинÑÐºÑ Ð¸ GNU - ÐÑоекÑÑÑ GNU - ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (ФСС)</title>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content='text/html; charset=utf-8' />
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gnu.css" />
+<link rev="made" href="[EMAIL PROTECTED]" />
+<link rev="translated" href="mailto:[email protected]"; />
+<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, ÐÐУ, ФСС, ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, ÐинÑкÑ, ÐмакÑ, ЮникÑ" />
+</head>
+
+<!-- This document is in XML, and xhtml 1.0 -->
+<!-- Please make sure to properly nest your tags -->
+<!-- and ensure that your final document validates -->
+<!-- consistent with W3C xhtml 1.0 and CSS standards -->
+<!-- See validator.w3.org -->
+
+<body>
+
+
+
+<h3>ÐинÑÐºÑ Ð¸ пÑоекÑа GNU</h3>
+
+<p><strong>Ð¾Ñ <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>РиÑаÑд
СÑолман</a></strong></p>
+<p>
+<a href="/graphics/babygnu.html"><img src="/graphics/baby-gnu-sm.jpg"
+ alt=" [изобÑажение на бебе-ÐнÑ] "
+ width="101" height="136"></a>
+</p>
+
+<p><a href="#translations">ÐÑÑги пÑеводи</a> на Ñази
ÑÑÑаниÑа</p>
+
+<p>
+<hr />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðного компÑÑÑÑни поÑÑебиÑели използваÑ
пÑоменена веÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem">ÑиÑÑемаÑа GNU</a>
+вÑеки ден, без да го оÑÑзнаваÑ. ÐоÑади
ÑÑÑанно ÑÑеÑение на
+обÑÑоÑÑелÑÑваÑа, веÑÑиÑÑа на GNU, коÑÑо
ÑиÑоко Ñе използва Ð´Ð½ÐµÑ Ðµ
+повеÑе познаÑа каÑо âÐинÑкÑâ, и много
поÑÑебиÑели не Ñа наÑÑно за
+дÑлбокаÑа вÑÑзка Ñ <a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">пÑоекÑа
+GNU</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐаиÑÑина има ÐинÑÐºÑ Ð¸ Ñ
оÑаÑа го използваÑ,
но Ñова не е опеÑаÑионнаÑа
+ÑиÑÑема. ÐинÑÐºÑ Ðµ ÑдÑоÑо: пÑогÑамаÑа в
ÑиÑÑемаÑа, коÑÑо заделÑ
+ÑеÑÑÑÑиÑе на маÑинаÑа за дÑÑги пÑогÑами,
коиÑо изпÑлнÑваÑе. ЯдÑоÑо е
+ÑÑÑеÑÑвена ÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÐµÐ´Ð½Ð° опеÑаÑионна
ÑиÑÑема, но е безполезно Ñамо по
+Ñебе Ñи; може да ÑÑнкÑиониÑа Ñамо в
конÑекÑÑа на завÑÑÑена опеÑаÑионна
+ÑиÑÑема. ÐинÑÐºÑ Ñе използва обикновено в
комбинаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнаÑа
+ÑиÑÑема GNU: ÑÑлаÑа ÑиÑÑема е оÑновно GNU,
каÑо ÐинÑÐºÑ ÑÑнкÑиониÑа
+каÑо нейно ÑдÑо.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðного поÑÑебиÑели не Ñа напÑлно наÑÑно за
ÑазликаÑа Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ ÑдÑоÑо,
+коеÑо е ÐинÑкÑ, и ÑÑлаÑа ÑиÑÑема, коÑÑо Ñе
ÑÑÑо наÑиÑÐ°Ñ âÐинÑкÑâ.
+ÐвÑÑмиÑленаÑа ÑпоÑÑеба на наименованиеÑо
не Ñпомага за изÑÑнÑванеÑо на
+Ñова недоÑазÑмение. Тези поÑÑебиÑели
ÑеÑÑо миÑлÑÑ, Ñе ÐинÑÑ Ð¢Ð¾ÑвалдÑ
+е ÑазÑабоÑил ÑÑлаÑа ÑиÑÑема пÑез 1991 г. Ñ
малко помоÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑогÑамиÑÑиÑе обикновено знаÑÑ, Ñе ÐинÑкÑ
е ÑдÑо. Ðо ÑÑй каÑо Ñе
+ÑеÑÑо Ñа ÑÑвали ÑÑлаÑа ÑиÑÑема да е
наÑиÑана âÐинÑкÑâ, Ñе ÑеÑÑо Ñи
+пÑедÑÑавÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑоÑиÑ, коÑÑо да опÑавдава
именÑванеÑо на ÑÑлаÑа ÑиÑÑема
+каÑо ÑдÑоÑо. ÐапÑимеÑ, много вÑÑваÑ, Ñе
Ñлед каÑо ÐинÑÑ Ð¢Ð¾ÑÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð´Ñ Ðµ
+напиÑал ÑдÑоÑо ÐинÑкÑ, неговиÑе
поÑÑебиÑели Ñа Ñе огледали наоколо за
+дÑÑг Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, койÑо би могÑл да Ñе
вклÑÑи, и Ñа оÑкÑили
+(ÑÑвÑем ÑлÑÑайно), Ñе поÑÑи вÑиÑко
необÑ
одимо за изггоÑвÑнеÑо на
+подобна на Ð®Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑ ÑиÑÑема веÑе е било
налиÑно.</p>
+
+<p>
+Това, коеÑо Ñа оÑкÑили, ÑÑвÑем не е било по
ÑлÑÑайноÑÑ -- Ñова е било
+не ÑÑвÑем завÑÑÑенаÑа ÑиÑÑема GNU.
+ÐалиÑниÑÑ <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a> е
+бил добавен за изгÑажданеÑо на завÑÑÑена
ÑиÑÑема, понеже пÑокÑÑÑ GNU е
+ÑабоÑил Ð¾Ñ 1984 г. заÑова. Ð <a
href="/gnu/manifesto.html">ÐаниÑеÑÑа
+на GNU</a> ние Ñме изложили ÑелÑа за
ÑазÑабоÑванеÑо на Ñвободна
+опеÑаÑионна ÑиÑÑема, подобна на ЮникÑ,
наÑеÑена GNU.
+<a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">ÐÑÑвонаÑалноÑо
обÑвление</a>
+на пÑоекÑа GNU ÑÑÑо оÑеÑÑава нÑкои оÑ
оÑигиналниÑе планове за
+ÑиÑÑемаÑа GNU. Ðо вÑемеÑо, когаÑо ÐинÑÐºÑ Ðµ
бил напиÑан, GNU е била
+поÑÑи завÑÑÑена.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐовеÑеÑо пÑоекÑи за Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ
за Ñел ÑазÑабоÑкаÑа на
+опÑеделена пÑогÑама за извÑÑÑванеÑо на
опÑеделена задаÑа. ÐапÑимеÑ,
+ÐинÑÑ Ð¢Ð¾ÑÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð´Ñ Ñе е заел да напиÑе ÑдÑо,
подбно на Ð®Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑ (ÐинÑкÑ);
+Ðоналд ÐнÑÑ Ñе е заел да напиÑе пÑогÑама за
ÑоÑмаÑиÑане на ÑекÑÑ
+(TeX); Ðоб ШайÑÐ»ÐµÑ Ñе е заел да ÑазÑабоÑи
гÑаÑиÑна ÑиÑÑема Ñ Ð¿ÑозоÑÑи
+(X Window system). ÐÑÑеÑÑвено е да опÑеделÑме
пÑиноÑа на Ñози вид
+пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ ÑÑез ÑпеÑиÑиÑнÑе пÑогÑами, коиÑо Ñа
пÑоизлезли Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðко Ñе опиÑаме да опÑеделим пÑиноÑа на
пÑоекÑа GNU по Ñози наÑин,
+какво биÑ
ме заклÑÑили? Ðдин пÑоизводиÑел
на CD-ROM е оÑкÑил, Ñе в
+ÑÑÑ
наÑа âÐинÑÐºÑ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÑибÑÑиÑâ <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">ÑоÑÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° GNU</a>
е
+бил най-голÑÐ¼Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑингенÑ, около 28% оÑ
обÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ñ
оден код, и Ñова е
+вклÑÑвало нÑкои оÑновни и необÑ
одими
компоненÑи, без коиÑо не би могло
+да има ÑиÑÑема. ÐинÑÐºÑ Ðµ бил Ñамо около 3%.
Така Ñе ако ÑÑÑбва да
+избеÑеÑе име на ÑиÑÑемаÑа по Ñова кой е
напиÑал пÑогÑамиÑе,
+най-пÑавилниÑÑ Ð¸ единÑÑвен Ð¸Ð·Ð±Ð¾Ñ Ð±Ð¸ бил
âGNUâ.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðо ние не мииÑлим, Ñе Ñова е пÑавилниÑ
наÑин да Ñе подÑ
оди кÑм
+вÑпÑоÑа. ÐÑоекÑÑÑ GNU не е бил, и не е пÑоекÑ
за ÑазÑабоÑване на
+оÑделни ÑоÑÑÑеÑни пакеÑии. Ðе е бил
+пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ <a href="/software/gcc/gcc.html">за ÑазÑабоÑкаÑа
на компиилаÑоÑ
+на Си</a>, вÑпÑеки Ñе ние Ñме го напÑавили.
Ðе е бил пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ Ð·Ð°
+ÑазÑабоÑванеÑо на ÑекÑÑов ÑедакÑоÑ,
вÑпÑеки, Ñе ние Ñме ÑазÑабоÑили
+ÑакÑв. ЦелÑа на пÑоекÑа GNU беÑе да Ñе
ÑазÑабоÑи <em>ÑÑлоÑÑна
+опеÑаÑионна ÑиÑÑема, подобна на ЮникÑ</em>:
GNU.</p>
+
+<p>
+Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the
+system, and they all deserve credit. But the reason it is <em>an
+integrated system</em>--and not just a collection of useful
+programs--is because the GNU Project set out to make it one. We made
+a list of the programs needed to make a <em>complete</em> free system,
+and we systematically found, wrote, or found people to write
+everything on the list. We wrote essential but unexciting
+<a href="#unexciting">(1)</a> components because you can't have a system
+without them. Some of our system components, the programming tools,
+became popular on their own among programmers, but we wrote many
+components that are not tools <a href="#nottools">(2)</a>. We even
+developed a chess game, GNU Chess, because a complete system needs
+good games too.</p>
+
+<p>
+By the early 90s we had put together the whole system aside from the
+kernel (and we were also working on a kernel, the
+<a href="/software/hurd/hurd.html">GNU Hurd</a>, which runs on top of
+Mach). Developing this kernel has been a lot harder than we expected;
+<a href="/software/hurd/hurd-and-linux.html">the GNU Hurd started
+working reliably in 2001</a>. We're now starting to prepare the
+actual release of the GNU system, with the GNU Hurd.</p>
+
+<p>
+Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because Linux was
+available. When Linus Torvalds wrote Linux, he filled the last major
+gap. People could then put Linux together with the GNU system to make
+a complete free system: a Linux-based version of the GNU system; the
+GNU/Linux system, for short. The earliest Linux release notes
+recognized that Linux was a kernel, used with parts of GNU:
+<a
+href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
+"Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the
+GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU)
+for more info."</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Putting them together sounds simple, but it was not a trivial job.
+Some GNU components<a href="#somecomponents">(3)</a> needed substantial
+change to work with Linux. Integrating a complete system as a
+distribution that would work ``out of the box'' was a big job, too.
+It required addressing the issue of how to install and boot the
+system--a problem we had not tackled, because we hadn't yet reached
+that point. The people who developed the various system distributions
+made a substantial contribution.</p>
+
+<p>
+The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em>
+GNU system--even with funds. We funded the rewriting of the
+Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they are
+well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current
+library release with no changes. We also funded an early stage of the
+development of Debian GNU/Linux.</p>
+
+<p>
+We use Linux-based GNU systems today for all of our work, and we hope
+you will use them too. Today there are many different variants of the
+GNU/Linux system (often called ``distros''). Most of them include
+non-free software--their developers follow the philosophy associated
+with Linux rather than that of GNU. But there are also
+<a href="/links/links.html#FreeGNULinuxDistributions"> completely free
+GNU/Linux distros</a>.
+
+<p>Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public
+by using the name ``Linux'' ambiguously. Linux is the kernel, one of
+the essential major components of the system. The system as a whole
+is more or less the GNU system, with Linux added. When you're talking
+about this combination, please call it ``GNU/Linux''.</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want to make a link on ``GNU/Linux'' for further reference,
+this page and <a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices. If
+you mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further
+reference, <a
+href="http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Linux";>
+http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Linux</a> is a good URL
+to use.</p>
+
+<p>
+Addendum: Aside from GNU, one other project has independently produced
+a free Unix-like operating system. This system is known as BSD, and it
+was developed at UC Berkeley. It was non-free in the 80s, but became
+free in the early 90s. A free operating system that exists today is
+almost certainly either a variant of the GNU system, or a kind of BSD
+system.</p>
+
+<p>
+People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a version of GNU, like
+GNU/Linux. The BSD developers were inspired to make their code free
+software by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals from
+GNU activists helped persuade them, but the code had little overlap
+with GNU. BSD systems today use some GNU programs, just as the GNU
+system and its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as
+wholes, they are two different systems that evolved separately. The
+BSD developers did not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system,
+and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit the situation.</p>
+
+<p>
+[If you would like to learn more about this issue, you can also read
+our <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>.]</p>
+
+<h4>Notes:</h4>
+<ol>
+<li>
+<a id="unexciting">These unexciting but essential components</a>
+include the GNU assembler, GAS and the linker, GLD, both
+are now part of the <a href="/software/binutils/">GNU Binutils</a>
+package, <a href="/software/tar/">GNU tar</a>, and more.</li>
+
+<li>
+<a id="nottools">For instance</a>, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
+the PostScript interpreter
+<a href="/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html">Ghostscript</a>, and the
+<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a> are not
+programming tools. Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess.</li>
+
+<li>
+<a id="somecomponents">For instance</a>, the
+<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a>.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr />
+
+<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+
+<div class="translations">
+<p><a id="translations"></a>
+<b>Translations of this page</b>:<br />
+
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
+<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
+<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
+<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise [EMAIL PROTECTED] and add it to -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
+<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+
+[
+ <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html">Català</a><!-- Catalan -->
+| <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.cn.html">简体中文</a><!--
Chinese (Simplified) -->
+| <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.zh.html">繁體中文</a><!--
Chinese (Traditional) -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.cs.html">Česky</a><!-- Czech -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a><!-- German -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">English</a><!-- English -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.es.html">Español</a><!-- Spanish -->
+| <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fa.html">فارسی</a><!--
Farsi/Persian -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html">Français</a><!-- French -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.he.html">עברית</a>
<!-- Hebrew -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.it.html">Italiano</a><!-- Italian -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ja.html">日本語</a><!--
Japanese -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ko.html">한국어</a><!-- Korean
-->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.pl.html">Polski</a><!-- Polish -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.pt.html">Português</a><!-- Portuguese -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ro.html">Română</a><!-- Romanian
-->
+| <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">Русский</a><!--
Russian -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sh.html">Srpsko-Hrvatski</a><!-- Serbo-Croatian
-->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sl.html">Slovensko</a><!-- Slovenian -->
+| <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sr.html">Српски</a>
<!-- Serbian -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.tl.html">Tagalog</a> <!-- Tagalog -->
+]
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="copyright">
+<p>
+Return to the <a href="/home.html">GNU Project home page</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><em>[EMAIL PROTECTED]</em></a>.
+There are also <a href="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to
+<a href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><em>[EMAIL PROTECTED]</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright (C) 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
+permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
+preserved.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2006/10/18 18:47:12 $ $Author: yavor $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</body>
+</html>
Index: linux-and-gnu.html
===================================================================
RCS file: linux-and-gnu.html
diff -N linux-and-gnu.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ linux-and-gnu.html 18 Oct 2006 18:47:12 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en">
+
+<head>
+<title>Linux and GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content='text/html; charset=utf-8' />
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gnu.css" />
+<link rev="made" href="[EMAIL PROTECTED]" />
+<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix" />
+</head>
+
+<!-- This document is in XML, and xhtml 1.0 -->
+<!-- Please make sure to properly nest your tags -->
+<!-- and ensure that your final document validates -->
+<!-- consistent with W3C xhtml 1.0 and CSS standards -->
+<!-- See validator.w3.org -->
+
+<body>
+
+
+
+<h3>Linux and the GNU Project</h3>
+
+<p><strong>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></strong></p>
+<p>
+<a href="/graphics/babygnu.html"><img src="/graphics/baby-gnu-sm.jpg"
+ alt=" [image of a Baby GNU] "
+ width="101" height="136"></a>
+</p>
+
+<p><a href="#translations">Translations</a> of this page</p>
+
+<p>
+<hr />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many computer users run a modified version of
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem">the GNU system (18k
+characters)</a> every day, without realizing it. Through a peculiar
+turn of events, the version of GNU which is widely used today is more
+often known as ``Linux'', and many users are not aware of the extent
+of its connection with the
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is not
+the operating system. Linux is the kernel: the program in the system
+that allocates the machine's resources to the other programs that you
+run. The kernel is an essential part of an operating system, but
+useless by itself; it can only function in the context of a complete
+operating system. Linux is normally used in a combination with the
+GNU operating system: the whole system is basically GNU, with Linux
+functioning as its kernel.</p>
+
+<p>
+Many users are not fully aware of the distinction between the kernel,
+which is Linux, and the whole system, which they also call ``Linux''.
+The ambiguous use of the name doesn't promote understanding. These
+users often think that Linus Torvalds developed the whole operating
+system in 1991, with a bit of help.</p>
+
+<p>
+Programmers generally know that Linux is a kernel. But since they
+have generally heard the whole system called ``Linux'' as well, they
+often envisage a history that would justify naming the whole system
+after the kernel. For example, many believe that once Linus Torvalds
+finished writing Linux, the kernel, its users looked around for other
+free software to go with it, and found that (for no particular reason)
+most everything necessary to make a Unix-like system was already
+available.</p>
+
+<p>
+What they found was no accident--it was the not-quite-complete GNU
+system. The available <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html"> free
+software </a> added up to a complete system because the GNU Project
+had been working since 1984 to make one. In
+the <a href="/gnu/manifesto.html"> The GNU Manifesto (31k
+characters)</a> we set forth the goal of developing a free Unix-like
+system, called GNU. The <a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">
+Initial Announcement</a> of the GNU Project also outlines some of the
+original plans for the GNU system. By the time Linux was written, GNU
+was almost finished.</p>
+
+<p>
+Most free software projects have the goal of developing a particular
+program for a particular job. For example, Linus Torvalds set out to
+write a Unix-like kernel (Linux); Donald Knuth set out to write a text
+formatter (TeX); Bob Scheifler set out to develop a window system (the
+X Window system). It's natural to measure the contribution of this
+kind of project by specific programs that came from the project.</p>
+
+<p>
+If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way,
+what would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their ``Linux
+distribution'', <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU
+software</a> was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the
+total source code, and this included some of the essential major
+components without which there could be no system. Linux itself was
+about 3%. So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on
+who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single
+choice would be ``GNU''.</p>
+
+<p>
+But we don't think that is the right way to consider the question.
+The GNU Project was not, is not, a project to develop specific
+software packages. It was not a
+project <a href="/software/gcc/gcc.html"> to develop a C compiler</a>,
+although we did that. It was not a project to develop a text editor,
+although we developed one. The GNU Project's aim was to develop <em>a
+complete free Unix-like system</em>: GNU.</p>
+
+<p>
+Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the
+system, and they all deserve credit. But the reason it is <em>an
+integrated system</em>--and not just a collection of useful
+programs--is because the GNU Project set out to make it one. We made
+a list of the programs needed to make a <em>complete</em> free system,
+and we systematically found, wrote, or found people to write
+everything on the list. We wrote essential but unexciting
+<a href="#unexciting">(1)</a> components because you can't have a system
+without them. Some of our system components, the programming tools,
+became popular on their own among programmers, but we wrote many
+components that are not tools <a href="#nottools">(2)</a>. We even
+developed a chess game, GNU Chess, because a complete system needs
+good games too.</p>
+
+<p>
+By the early 90s we had put together the whole system aside from the
+kernel (and we were also working on a kernel, the
+<a href="/software/hurd/hurd.html">GNU Hurd</a>, which runs on top of
+Mach). Developing this kernel has been a lot harder than we expected;
+<a href="/software/hurd/hurd-and-linux.html">the GNU Hurd started
+working reliably in 2001</a>. We're now starting to prepare the
+actual release of the GNU system, with the GNU Hurd.</p>
+
+<p>
+Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because Linux was
+available. When Linus Torvalds wrote Linux, he filled the last major
+gap. People could then put Linux together with the GNU system to make
+a complete free system: a Linux-based version of the GNU system; the
+GNU/Linux system, for short. The earliest Linux release notes
+recognized that Linux was a kernel, used with parts of GNU:
+<a
+href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
+"Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the
+GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU)
+for more info."</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Putting them together sounds simple, but it was not a trivial job.
+Some GNU components<a href="#somecomponents">(3)</a> needed substantial
+change to work with Linux. Integrating a complete system as a
+distribution that would work ``out of the box'' was a big job, too.
+It required addressing the issue of how to install and boot the
+system--a problem we had not tackled, because we hadn't yet reached
+that point. The people who developed the various system distributions
+made a substantial contribution.</p>
+
+<p>
+The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em>
+GNU system--even with funds. We funded the rewriting of the
+Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they are
+well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current
+library release with no changes. We also funded an early stage of the
+development of Debian GNU/Linux.</p>
+
+<p>
+We use Linux-based GNU systems today for all of our work, and we hope
+you will use them too. Today there are many different variants of the
+GNU/Linux system (often called ``distros''). Most of them include
+non-free software--their developers follow the philosophy associated
+with Linux rather than that of GNU. But there are also
+<a href="/links/links.html#FreeGNULinuxDistributions"> completely free
+GNU/Linux distros</a>.
+
+<p>Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public
+by using the name ``Linux'' ambiguously. Linux is the kernel, one of
+the essential major components of the system. The system as a whole
+is more or less the GNU system, with Linux added. When you're talking
+about this combination, please call it ``GNU/Linux''.</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want to make a link on ``GNU/Linux'' for further reference,
+this page and <a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices. If
+you mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further
+reference, <a
+href="http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Linux";>
+http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Linux</a> is a good URL
+to use.</p>
+
+<p>
+Addendum: Aside from GNU, one other project has independently produced
+a free Unix-like operating system. This system is known as BSD, and it
+was developed at UC Berkeley. It was non-free in the 80s, but became
+free in the early 90s. A free operating system that exists today is
+almost certainly either a variant of the GNU system, or a kind of BSD
+system.</p>
+
+<p>
+People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a version of GNU, like
+GNU/Linux. The BSD developers were inspired to make their code free
+software by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals from
+GNU activists helped persuade them, but the code had little overlap
+with GNU. BSD systems today use some GNU programs, just as the GNU
+system and its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as
+wholes, they are two different systems that evolved separately. The
+BSD developers did not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system,
+and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit the situation.</p>
+
+<p>
+[If you would like to learn more about this issue, you can also read
+our <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>.]</p>
+
+<h4>Notes:</h4>
+<ol>
+<li>
+<a id="unexciting">These unexciting but essential components</a>
+include the GNU assembler, GAS and the linker, GLD, both
+are now part of the <a href="/software/binutils/">GNU Binutils</a>
+package, <a href="/software/tar/">GNU tar</a>, and more.</li>
+
+<li>
+<a id="nottools">For instance</a>, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
+the PostScript interpreter
+<a href="/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html">Ghostscript</a>, and the
+<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a> are not
+programming tools. Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess.</li>
+
+<li>
+<a id="somecomponents">For instance</a>, the
+<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a>.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr />
+
+<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+
+<div class="translations">
+<p><a id="translations"></a>
+<b>Translations of this page</b>:<br />
+
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
+<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
+<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
+<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise [EMAIL PROTECTED] and add it to -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
+<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+
+[
+ <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html">Català</a><!-- Catalan -->
+| <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.cn.html">简体中文</a><!--
Chinese (Simplified) -->
+| <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.zh.html">繁體中文</a><!--
Chinese (Traditional) -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.cs.html">Česky</a><!-- Czech -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a><!-- German -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">English</a><!-- English -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.es.html">Español</a><!-- Spanish -->
+| <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fa.html">فارسی</a><!--
Farsi/Persian -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html">Français</a><!-- French -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.he.html">עברית</a>
<!-- Hebrew -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.it.html">Italiano</a><!-- Italian -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ja.html">日本語</a><!--
Japanese -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ko.html">한국어</a><!-- Korean
-->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.pl.html">Polski</a><!-- Polish -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.pt.html">Português</a><!-- Portuguese -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ro.html">Română</a><!-- Romanian
-->
+| <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">Русский</a><!--
Russian -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sh.html">Srpsko-Hrvatski</a><!-- Serbo-Croatian
-->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sl.html">Slovensko</a><!-- Slovenian -->
+| <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sr.html">Српски</a>
<!-- Serbian -->
+| <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.tl.html">Tagalog</a> <!-- Tagalog -->
+]
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="copyright">
+<p>
+Return to the <a href="/home.html">GNU Project home page</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><em>[EMAIL PROTECTED]</em></a>.
+There are also <a href="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to
+<a href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><em>[EMAIL PROTECTED]</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright (C) 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
+permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
+preserved.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2006/10/18 18:47:12 $ $Author: yavor $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</body>
+</html>
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