* Women Leaders **[An extension of the discussion about women leaders] Women Leaders of the world (20th Century)*
1. *Sirimavo Bandaranaike<http://womenshistory.about.com/od/bandaranaike/>, Sri Lanka* Prime Minister, 1960-1965, 1970-1977, 1994-2000. 2. *Indira Gandhi <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/gandhiindira/>, India* Prime Minister, 1966-77, 1980-1984. 3. *Golda Meir<http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_golda_meir.htm>, Israel* Prime Minister, 1969-1974. 4. *Isabel Peron, Argentina* President, 1974-1976 5. *Elisabeth Domitien, Central African Republic* Prime Minister, 1975-1976 6. *Margaret Thatcher<http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_margaret_thatcher.htm>, Great Britain* Prime Minister, 1979-1990. 7. *Maria da Lourdes Pintasilgo, Portugal* Prime Minister, 1979-1980. 8. *Lidia Gueiler Tejada, Bolivia* Prime Minister, 1979-1980. 9. *Dame Eugenia Charles<http://womenshistory.about.com/od/charleseugenia/>, Dominica* Prime Minister, 1980-1995. 10. *Vigdís Finnbogadóttír<http://womenshistory.about.com/od/finnbogadottirv/>, Iceland* President, 1980-96. 11. *Gro Harlem Brundtland<http://womenshistory.about.com/od/brundtland/>, Norway* Prime Minister, 1981, 1986-1989, 1990-1996. 12. *Soong Ching-Ling, Peoples' Republic of China* Honorary President, 1981. 13. *Milka Planinc, Yugoslavia* Federal Prime Minister, 1982-1986. 14. *Agatha Barbara <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/barbaraagatha/>, Malta* President, 1982-1987. 15. *Maria Liberia-Peters, Netherlands Antilles* Prime Minister, 1984-1986, 1988-1993. 16. *Corazon Aquino <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/aquinocorazon/>, Philippines* President, 1986-92. 17. *Benazir Bhutto <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/bhutto/>, Pakistan * Prime Minister, 1988-1990, 1993-1996. 18. *Kazimiera Danuta Prunskiena, Lithuania* Prime Minister, 1990-91. 19. *Violeta Barrios de Chamorro<http://womenshistory.about.com/od/chamorrovioleta/>, Nicaragua* Prime Minister, 1990-1996. 20. *Mary Robinson, Ireland* President, 1990-1997. 21. *Ertha Pascal Trouillot, Haiti* Interim President, 1990-1991. 22. *Sabine Bergmann-Pohl, German Democratic Republic* President, 1990. 23. *Aung San Suu Kyi <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/aungsansuukyi/>, Myanmar (Burma)* Her party won 80% of the seats in a democratic election in 1990, but the military government refused to recognize the results. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. 24. *Khaleda Zia, Bangladesh* Prime Minister, 1991-1996. 25. *Edith Cresson, France* Prime Minister, 1991-1992. 26. *Hanna Suchocka <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/suchocka/>, Poland * Prime Minister, 1992-1993. 27. *Kim Campbell <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/campbellkim/>, Canada* Prime Minister, 1993. 28. *Sylvie Kinigi <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/kinigisylvie/>, Burundi* Prime Minister, 1993-1994. 29. *Agathe Uwilingiyimana<http://womenshistory.about.com/od/uwilingiyimana/>, Rwanda* Prime Minister, 1993-1994. 30. *Susanne Camelia-Romer, Netherlands Antilles* Prime Minister, 1993, 1998- 31. *Tansu <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/cillertansu/> * *Çiller<http://womenshistory.about.com/od/cillertansu/>, Turkey* Prime Minister, 1993-1995. 32. *Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunge<http://womenshistory.about.com/od/kumaratunge/>, Sri Lanka* Prime Minister, 1994, President, 1994- 33. *Reneta Indzhova, Bulgaria *Interim Prime Minister, 1994-1995. 34. *Claudette Werleigh, Haiti* Prime Minister, 1995-1996. 35. *Sheikh Hasina Wajed, Bangladesh* Prime Minister, 1996-. 36. *Mary McAleese, Ireland* President, 1997-. 37. *Pamela Gordon <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/gordonpamela/>, Bermuda* Premier, 1997-1998. 38. *Janet Jagan, Guyana* Prime Minister, 1997, President, 1997-1999. 39. *Jenny Shipley <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/shipleyjenny/>, New Zealand* Prime Minister, 1997-1999. 40. *Ruth Dreifuss, Switzerland* President, 1999-2000. 41. *Jennifer Smith <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/smithjennifer/>, Bermuda* Prime Minister, 1998-. 42. *Nyam-Osoriyn Tuyaa, Mongolia *Acting Prime Minister, July 1999. 43. *Helen Clark, New Zealand* Prime Minister, 1999-. 44. *Mireya Elisa Moscoso de Arias, Panama* President, 1999-. 45. *Vaira Vike-Freiberga<http://womenshistory.about.com/od/vikefreiberga/>, Latvia* President, 1999-. 46. *Tarja Kaarina Halonen, Finland* President, 2000-. I've included Tarja Kaarina Halonen because, by most reckonings, the year 2000 is actually part of the 20th century. (The year "0" didn't exist, so a century starts with the year "1" - or so the logic goes.) As the 21st century arrived, yet another was added: * * *Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo* - President of the Philippines, sworn in on January 20, 2001. * * *Mame Madior Boye* became Prime Minister in Senegal in March of 2001. *Megawati Sukarnoputri*, daughter of founding head of state Sukarno, was selected as Indonesia's fifth president in 2001 after losing in 1999. We can only hope that many others will be on a list of Women Presidents and Prime Ministers for the 21st century. I've limited this list, however, to the history of women heads of state for the 20th century, and will not add anyone who took office after 2001. *Incumbent Female Heads of State :* 1. Angela Merkel, German Chancellor [Merkel is the first female Chancellor of Germany <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany>. She is considered by *Forbes Magazine<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Magazine> * to be the "most powerful woman in the world at the present time". In 2007 she became the second woman to chair the G8<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8>after Margaret Thatcher <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher>. Chancellor Merkel is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Women_World_Leaders>, an International network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers whose mission is to mobilize the highest-level women leaders globally for collective action on issues of critical importance to women and equitable development.] 2. Christina Fernandez De Kirchner, President, Argentina [October 2007 general election<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_general_election,_2007>, Mrs. Kirchner ran for the presidency of Argentina<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina>, representing the ruling Front for Victory<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_for_Victory>party. She won with 45.29% of the vote, a 22% lead over her nearest rival. This was one of the widest margins obtained by a candidate since democracy returned in 1983, and it avoided the need for a runoff election.[2]<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner#cite_note-1>She is Argentina's first elected female President <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_President> and the second female President (after Isabel Martinez de Perón<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Martinez_de_Per%C3%B3n>, 1974-1976).] 3. Pratibha Patil, President, India [Deputy Minister 1967-72 and Cabinet Minister 1972-83 and Congress Leader and Leader of the Opposition 1979-80 inMaharastra, Deputy Chairperson of the Union Upper House, the Rajya Sabha 1986-88, Governor of Rajasthan 2004-07. Married to Devisingh Shekhawat, a former Mayor of Amravati. (b. 1934-).] 4. Sheikh Hasina, Prime minister, Bangladesh / Begum Khaleda Zia (Former Prime minister) [ The two women, who are the leaders of the two major political parties of Bangladesh, and have been ruling the nation for the last 2 decades. Sheikh Hasina was Prime Minister during 1996-2001, leader of opposition during 2001-2008 and the current prime minister. Begum Khaleda was prime minister during 1991 to 1996, leader of opposition during 1996-2001, prime minister during 2000-2008 and current leader of opposition.] 5. Mary Mcleese, President, Ireland [the eighth<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ireland#List_of_Presidents_of_Ireland>and current President of Ireland <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ireland>. She is Ireland's second female president<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_president>and the world's first woman to succeed another woman as an elected head of state <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state>. She was first elected president in 1997 and won a second term, without a contest, in 2004.Prior to becoming president she was a barrister<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister>, journalist <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist> and academic<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic> .] 6. Tarja Halonen, President, Finland [She began her first six-year term of office in 2000 and was re-elected on January 29<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_29>, 2006 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006>. Her current term expires in 2012. She is the first woman<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_state>to hold the office. Halonen married her long term partner, Dr. Pentti Arajärvi<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentti_Araj%C3%A4rvi>, after she was elected President for the first term.] 7. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, President, Phillipines [A professor of economics, Arroyo entered government in 1987, serving as assistant secretary and undersecretary of the Department of Trade and Industry<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_%28Philippines%29>upon the invitation of President Corazon Aquino <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino>. After serving as a senator from 1992 to 1998, she was elected to the vice presidency<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines>under President Joseph Estrada <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Estrada>, despite having run on an opposing ticket. Arroyo was sworn into the presidency by then-Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr.<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilario_Davide,_Jr.>at around noon on January 20, 2001 amidst the EDSA II <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSA_II> crowd, hours before Estrada left Malacanang <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacanang>. She was elected to a full six-year presidential term in the controversial May 2004 Philippine elections <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Philippine_elections>, and was sworn in on June 30, 2004.] 8. Michelle Calmy Rey, President, Switzerland [member of the Swiss Federal Council <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council> since 2002. She is head of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Foreign_Affairs>(the Swiss foreign minister <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_minister>) and was President of the Confederation<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Confederation>in 2007.On January 1, 2007 she became the second female President of the Confederation in history, the first having been her predecessor on the Federal Council, Ruth Dreifuss <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Dreifuss>. She was elected as President on 13 December 2006 by 147 votes. ] 9. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President, Liberia [She served as Minister of Finance under President William Tolbert<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Tolbert,_Jr.>from 1979 until the 1980 coup d'état, after which she left Liberia and held senior positions at various financial institutions. She placed a distant second in the 1997 presidential election<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberian_presidential_election,_1997>. Later, she was elected President in the 2005 presidential election<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberian_general_election,_2005>and took office on 16 January 2006. Johnson-Sirleaf is often referred to as the "Iron Lady <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Lady>", and she is Africa<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa>'s first elected female head of state. She has pledged to embark on neoliberal<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberal>reforms. ] 10. Michelle Bachelet, President, Chile [the first woman to hold this position in the country's history. She won the 2006 presidential election<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_presidential_election,_2005-2006>in a runoff, beating center-right billionaire businessman and former senator Sebastián Piñera <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era>, with 53.5% of the vote. A moderate Socialist<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Chile>, she campaigned on a platform of continuing Chile's free market<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market>policies, while increasing social benefits <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security> to help reduce the country's gap between rich and poor, one of the largest in the world<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality>. She was inaugurated on March 11 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_11>, 2006 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006>. Bachelet—a pediatrician<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrics>and epidemiologist <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologist> with studies in military strategy <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategy>—served as Health Minister and Defense Minister under President Ricardo Lagos<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos>. She is a separated <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_separation> mother of three and a self-described agnostic<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosticism> .A polyglot <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglot_%28person%29>, she speaks Spanish <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language>, English<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language>, German <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language>, Portuguese<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language>and French <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language>.<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Bachelet#cite_note-govbio-1>In 2008, *Forbes <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes>* magazine ranked her as 25th in the list of the 100 most powerful women in the world<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Magazine%27s_List_of_The_World%27s_100_Most_Powerful_Women>(she was #27 in 2007,<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Bachelet#cite_note-3>and #17 in 2006).<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Bachelet#cite_note-4>In 2008, *TIME <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29>* magazine ranked her 15 on its list of the world's 100 most influential people.<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Bachelet#cite_note-5> ] See also : http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Current-Women-Leaders.htm @ @ @ @ --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "English Learner's Cafe" group. 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