Bootstrapped and regtested on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, does this look
OK for trunk?

-- >8 --

The relationship between tsubst_copy_and_build and tsubst_copy (two of
the main template argument substitution routines for expression trees)
is rather hazy.  The former is mostly a superset of the latter, with
some differences.

The main difference is that they handle many tree codes differently, but
much of the tree code handling in tsubst_copy appears to be dead code[1].
This is because tsubst_copy only gets directly called in a few places
and mostly on id-expressions.  The interesting exceptions are PARM_DECL,
VAR_DECL, BIT_NOT_EXPR, SCOPE_REF, TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR and IDENTIFIER_NODE:

 * for PARM_DECL and VAR_DECL, tsubst_copy_and_build calls tsubst_copy
   followed by doing some extra handling of its own
 * for BIT_NOT_EXPR tsubst_copy implicitly handles unresolved destructor
   calls (i.e. the first operand is an identifier or a type)
 * for SCOPE_REF, TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR and IDENTIFIER_NODE tsubst_copy
   refrains from doing name lookup of the terminal name

Other more minor differences are that tsubst_copy exits early when
'args' is null, and it calls maybe_dependent_member_ref, and finally
it dispatches to tsubst for type trees.

Thus tsubst_copy is (at this point) similar enough to tsubst_copy_and_build
that it makes sense to merge the two functions, with the main difference
being the name lookup behavior[2].  So this patch merges tsubst_copy into
tsubst_copy_and_build via a new tsubst tf_no_name_lookup which controls
name lookup and resolution of a (top-level) id-expression.

[1]: http://thrifty.mooo.com:8008/gcc-lcov/gcc/cp/pt.cc.gcov.html#17231
[2]: I don't know the history of tsubst_copy but I would guess it was
added before we settled on using processing_template_decl to control
whether our AST building routines perform semantic checking and return
non-templated trees, and so we needed a separate tsubst routine that
avoids semantic checking and always returns a templated tree for e.g.
partial substitution.

gcc/cp/ChangeLog:

        * cp-tree.h (enum tsubst_flags): Add tf_no_name_lookup.
        * pt.cc (tsubst_copy):
        (tsubst_pack_expansion): Use tsubst for substituting BASES_TYPE.
        (tsubst_decl) <case USING_DECL>: Use tsubst_copy_and_build with
        tf_no_name_lookup instead of tsubst_copy.
        (tsubst) <case TEMPLATE_TYPE_PARM>: Use tsubst_copy_and_build
        instead of tsubst_copy for substituting
        CLASS_PLACEHOLDER_TEMPLATE.
        <case TYPENAME_TYPE>: Use tsubst_copy_and_build with
        tf_no_name_lookup instead of tsubst_copy for substituting
        TYPENAME_TYPE_FULLNAME.
        (tsubst_qualified_id): Likewise for substituting the component
        name of a SCOPE_REF.
        (tsubst_copy): Remove.
        (tsubst_copy_and_build): Clear tf_no_name_lookup at the start,
        and remember if it was set.  Call maybe_dependent_member_ref.
        <case IDENTIFIER_NODE>: Don't do name lookup if tf_no_name_lookup
        was set.
        <case TEMLPATE_ID_EXPR>: Don't finish a template-id if
        tf_no_name_lookup was set.
        <case BIT_NOT_EXPR>: Handle identifier and type operand (if
        tf_no_name_lookup was set).
        <case SCOPE_REF>: Avoid trying to resolve a SCOPE_REF if
        tf_no_name_lookup by calling build_qualified_name directly
        instead of tsubst_qualified_id.
        <case SIZEOF_EXPR>: Handling of sizeof...  copied from tsubst_copy.
        <case CALL_EXPR>: Use tsubst_copy_and_build with
        tf_no_name_lookup instead of tsubst_copy to substitute
        a TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR callee naming an unresolved template.
        <case COMPONENT_REF>: Likewise to substitute the member.
        <case FUNCTION_DECL>: Copied from tsubst_copy and merged with ...
        <case VAR_DECL, PARM_DECL>: ... these.  Initial handling copied
        from tsubst_copy.  Optimize local variable substitution by
        trying retrieve_local_specialization before checking
        uses_template_parms.
        <case CONST_DECL>: Copied from tsubst_copy.
        <case FIELD_DECL>: Likewise.
        <case NAMESPACE_DECL>: Likewise.
        <case OVERLOAD>: Likewise.
        <case TEMPLATE_DECL>: Likewise.
        <case TEMPLATE_PARM_INDEX>: Likewise.
        <case TYPE_DECL>: Likewise.
        <case CLEANUP_POINT_EXPR>: Likewise.
        <case OFFSET_REF>: Likewise.
        <case EXPR_PACK_EXPANSION>: Likewise.
        <case NONTYPE_ARGUMENT_PACK>: Likewise.
        <case *_CST>: Likewise.
        <case *_*_FOLD_EXPR>: Likewise.
        <case DEBUG_BEGIN_STMT>: Likewise.
        <case CO_AWAIT_EXPR>: Likewise.
        <case TRAIT_EXPR>: Use tsubst and tsubst_copy_and_build instead
        of tsubst_copy.
        <default>: Copied from tsubst_copy.
        (tsubst_initializer_list): Use tsubst and tsubst_copy_and_build
        instead of tsubst_copy.
---
 gcc/cp/cp-tree.h |    3 +
 gcc/cp/pt.cc     | 1742 +++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 2 files changed, 719 insertions(+), 1026 deletions(-)

diff --git a/gcc/cp/cp-tree.h b/gcc/cp/cp-tree.h
index 8b9a7d58462..919eab34803 100644
--- a/gcc/cp/cp-tree.h
+++ b/gcc/cp/cp-tree.h
@@ -5619,6 +5619,9 @@ enum tsubst_flags {
   tf_qualifying_scope = 1 << 14, /* Substituting the LHS of the :: operator.
                                    Affects TYPENAME_TYPE resolution from
                                    make_typename_type.  */
+  tf_no_name_lookup = 1 << 15, /* Don't look up the terminal name of an
+                                 outermost id-expression, or resolve its
+                                 constituent template-ids or qualified-ids.  */
   /* Convenient substitution flags combinations.  */
   tf_warning_or_error = tf_warning | tf_error
 };
diff --git a/gcc/cp/pt.cc b/gcc/cp/pt.cc
index 4400d429b6f..e1fb20994e3 100644
--- a/gcc/cp/pt.cc
+++ b/gcc/cp/pt.cc
@@ -204,7 +204,6 @@ static void copy_default_args_to_explicit_spec (tree);
 static bool invalid_nontype_parm_type_p (tree, tsubst_flags_t);
 static bool dependent_template_arg_p (tree);
 static bool dependent_type_p_r (tree);
-static tree tsubst_copy        (tree, tree, tsubst_flags_t, tree);
 static tree tsubst_decl (tree, tree, tsubst_flags_t, bool = true);
 static tree tsubst_scope (tree, tree, tsubst_flags_t, tree);
 static void perform_instantiation_time_access_checks (tree, tree);
@@ -13373,15 +13372,11 @@ tsubst_pack_expansion (tree t, tree args, 
tsubst_flags_t complain,
       if (TREE_CODE (parm_pack) == BASES)
        {
          gcc_assert (parm_pack == pattern);
+         tree type = tsubst (BASES_TYPE (parm_pack), args, complain, in_decl);
          if (BASES_DIRECT (parm_pack))
-           return calculate_direct_bases (tsubst_expr (BASES_TYPE (parm_pack),
-                                                       args, complain,
-                                                       in_decl),
-                                          complain);
+           return calculate_direct_bases (type, complain);
          else
-           return calculate_bases (tsubst_expr (BASES_TYPE (parm_pack),
-                                                args, complain, in_decl),
-                                   complain);
+           return calculate_bases (type, complain);
        }
       else if (builtin_pack_call_p (parm_pack))
        {
@@ -15171,7 +15166,8 @@ tsubst_decl (tree t, tree args, tsubst_flags_t complain,
              variadic_p = true;
            }
          else
-           name = tsubst_copy (name, args, complain, in_decl);
+           name = tsubst_copy_and_build (name, args,
+                                         complain | tf_no_name_lookup, 
in_decl);
 
          int len;
          if (!variadic_p)
@@ -16108,7 +16104,7 @@ tsubst (tree t, tree args, tsubst_flags_t complain, 
tree in_decl)
       if (template_placeholder_p (t))
        {
          tree tmpl = CLASS_PLACEHOLDER_TEMPLATE (t);
-         tmpl = tsubst_copy (tmpl, args, complain, in_decl);
+         tmpl = tsubst_copy_and_build (tmpl, args, complain, in_decl);
          if (TREE_CODE (tmpl) == TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM)
            tmpl = TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM_TEMPLATE_DECL (tmpl);
 
@@ -16592,8 +16588,8 @@ tsubst (tree t, tree args, tsubst_flags_t complain, 
tree in_decl)
        if (ctx == error_mark_node)
          return error_mark_node;
 
-       tree f = tsubst_copy (TYPENAME_TYPE_FULLNAME (t), args,
-                             complain, in_decl);
+       tree f = tsubst_copy_and_build (TYPENAME_TYPE_FULLNAME (t), args,
+                                       complain | tf_no_name_lookup, in_decl);
        if (f == error_mark_node)
          return error_mark_node;
 
@@ -17045,7 +17041,8 @@ tsubst_qualified_id (tree qualified_id, tree args,
   if (args)
     {
       scope = tsubst_scope (scope, args, complain, in_decl);
-      expr = tsubst_copy (name, args, complain, in_decl);
+      expr = tsubst_copy_and_build (name, args,
+                                   complain | tf_no_name_lookup, in_decl);
     }
   else
     expr = name;
@@ -17277,878 +17274,177 @@ maybe_dependent_member_ref (tree t, tree args, 
tsubst_flags_t complain,
                                 TREE_CODE (t) == TEMPLATE_DECL);
 }
 
-/* Like tsubst, but deals with expressions.  This function just replaces
-   template parms; to finish processing the resultant expression, use
-   tsubst_copy_and_build or tsubst_expr.  */
+/* Helper function for tsubst_omp_clauses, used for instantiation of
+   OMP_CLAUSE_DECL of clauses.  */
 
 static tree
-tsubst_copy (tree t, tree args, tsubst_flags_t complain, tree in_decl)
+tsubst_omp_clause_decl (tree decl, tree args, tsubst_flags_t complain,
+                       tree in_decl, tree *iterator_cache)
 {
-  enum tree_code code;
-  tree r;
-
-  if (t == NULL_TREE || t == error_mark_node || args == NULL_TREE)
-    return t;
-
-  if (TYPE_P (t))
-    return tsubst (t, args, complain, in_decl);
-
-  if (tree d = maybe_dependent_member_ref (t, args, complain, in_decl))
-    return d;
-
-  code = TREE_CODE (t);
+  if (decl == NULL_TREE || decl == ridpointers[RID_OMP_ALL_MEMORY])
+    return decl;
 
-  switch (code)
+  /* Handle OpenMP iterators.  */
+  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == TREE_LIST
+      && TREE_PURPOSE (decl)
+      && TREE_CODE (TREE_PURPOSE (decl)) == TREE_VEC)
     {
-    case PARM_DECL:
-      r = retrieve_local_specialization (t);
-
-      if (r == NULL_TREE)
+      tree ret;
+      if (iterator_cache[0] == TREE_PURPOSE (decl))
+       ret = iterator_cache[1];
+      else
        {
-         /* We get here for a use of 'this' in an NSDMI.  */
-         if (DECL_NAME (t) == this_identifier && current_class_ptr)
-           return current_class_ptr;
-
-         /* This can happen for a parameter name used later in a function
-            declaration (such as in a late-specified return type).  Just
-            make a dummy decl, since it's only used for its type.  */
-         gcc_assert (cp_unevaluated_operand);
-         r = tsubst_decl (t, args, complain);
-         /* Give it the template pattern as its context; its true context
-            hasn't been instantiated yet and this is good enough for
-            mangling.  */
-         DECL_CONTEXT (r) = DECL_CONTEXT (t);
+         tree *tp = &ret;
+         begin_scope (sk_omp, NULL);
+         for (tree it = TREE_PURPOSE (decl); it; it = TREE_CHAIN (it))
+           {
+             *tp = copy_node (it);
+             TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 0)
+               = tsubst_decl (TREE_VEC_ELT (it, 0), args, complain);
+             DECL_CONTEXT (TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 0)) = current_function_decl;
+             pushdecl (TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 0));
+             TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 1)
+               = tsubst_expr (TREE_VEC_ELT (it, 1), args, complain, in_decl);
+             TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 2)
+               = tsubst_expr (TREE_VEC_ELT (it, 2), args, complain, in_decl);
+             TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 3)
+               = tsubst_expr (TREE_VEC_ELT (it, 3), args, complain, in_decl);
+             TREE_CHAIN (*tp) = NULL_TREE;
+             tp = &TREE_CHAIN (*tp);
+           }
+         TREE_VEC_ELT (ret, 5) = poplevel (1, 1, 0);
+         iterator_cache[0] = TREE_PURPOSE (decl);
+         iterator_cache[1] = ret;
        }
+      return build_tree_list (ret, tsubst_omp_clause_decl (TREE_VALUE (decl),
+                                                          args, complain,
+                                                          in_decl, NULL));
+    }
 
-      if (TREE_CODE (r) == ARGUMENT_PACK_SELECT)
-       r = argument_pack_select_arg (r);
-      if (!mark_used (r, complain) && !(complain & tf_error))
-       return error_mark_node;
-      return r;
-
-    case CONST_DECL:
-      {
-       tree enum_type;
-       tree v;
-
-       if (DECL_TEMPLATE_PARM_P (t))
-         return tsubst_copy (DECL_INITIAL (t), args, complain, in_decl);
-       if (!uses_template_parms (DECL_CONTEXT (t)))
-         return t;
-
-       /* Unfortunately, we cannot just call lookup_name here.
-          Consider:
-
-            template <int I> int f() {
-            enum E { a = I };
-            struct S { void g() { E e = a; } };
-            };
-
-          When we instantiate f<7>::S::g(), say, lookup_name is not
-          clever enough to find f<7>::a.  */
-       enum_type
-         = tsubst_aggr_type (DECL_CONTEXT (t), args, complain, in_decl,
-                             /*entering_scope=*/0);
-
-       for (v = TYPE_VALUES (enum_type);
-            v != NULL_TREE;
-            v = TREE_CHAIN (v))
-         if (TREE_PURPOSE (v) == DECL_NAME (t))
-           return TREE_VALUE (v);
-
-         /* We didn't find the name.  That should never happen; if
-            name-lookup found it during preliminary parsing, we
-            should find it again here during instantiation.  */
-       gcc_unreachable ();
-      }
-      return t;
+  /* Handle an OpenMP array section represented as a TREE_LIST (or
+     OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS_KIND).  An OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS (with a depend
+     kind of OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS_SINK) can also be represented as a
+     TREE_LIST.  We can handle it exactly the same as an array section
+     (purpose, value, and a chain), even though the nomenclature
+     (low_bound, length, etc) is different.  */
+  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == TREE_LIST)
+    {
+      tree low_bound
+       = tsubst_expr (TREE_PURPOSE (decl), args, complain, in_decl);
+      tree length = tsubst_expr (TREE_VALUE (decl), args, complain, in_decl);
+      tree chain = tsubst_omp_clause_decl (TREE_CHAIN (decl), args, complain,
+                                          in_decl, NULL);
+      if (TREE_PURPOSE (decl) == low_bound
+         && TREE_VALUE (decl) == length
+         && TREE_CHAIN (decl) == chain)
+       return decl;
+      tree ret = tree_cons (low_bound, length, chain);
+      OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS_SINK_NEGATIVE (ret)
+       = OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS_SINK_NEGATIVE (decl);
+      return ret;
+    }
+  tree ret = tsubst_expr (decl, args, complain, in_decl);
+  /* Undo convert_from_reference tsubst_expr could have called.  */
+  if (decl
+      && REFERENCE_REF_P (ret)
+      && !REFERENCE_REF_P (decl))
+    ret = TREE_OPERAND (ret, 0);
+  return ret;
+}
 
-    case FIELD_DECL:
-      if (DECL_CONTEXT (t))
-       {
-         tree ctx;
+/* Like tsubst_copy, but specifically for OpenMP clauses.  */
 
-         ctx = tsubst_aggr_type (DECL_CONTEXT (t), args, complain, in_decl,
-                                 /*entering_scope=*/1);
-         if (ctx != DECL_CONTEXT (t))
-           {
-             tree r = lookup_field (ctx, DECL_NAME (t), 0, false);
-             if (!r)
-               {
-                 if (complain & tf_error)
-                   error ("using invalid field %qD", t);
-                 return error_mark_node;
-               }
-             return r;
-           }
-       }
+static tree
+tsubst_omp_clauses (tree clauses, enum c_omp_region_type ort,
+                   tree args, tsubst_flags_t complain, tree in_decl)
+{
+  tree new_clauses = NULL_TREE, nc, oc;
+  tree linear_no_step = NULL_TREE;
+  tree iterator_cache[2] = { NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE };
 
-      return t;
+  for (oc = clauses; oc ; oc = OMP_CLAUSE_CHAIN (oc))
+    {
+      nc = copy_node (oc);
+      OMP_CLAUSE_CHAIN (nc) = new_clauses;
+      new_clauses = nc;
 
-    case VAR_DECL:
-    case FUNCTION_DECL:
-      if (DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (t) && DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (t))
-       r = tsubst (t, args, complain, in_decl);
-      else if (DECL_LOCAL_DECL_P (t))
+      switch (OMP_CLAUSE_CODE (nc))
        {
-         /* Local specialization will usually have been created when
-            we instantiated the DECL_EXPR_DECL. */
-         r = retrieve_local_specialization (t);
-         if (!r)
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE:
+         if (OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (oc))
            {
-             /* We're in a generic lambda referencing a local extern
-                from an outer block-scope of a non-template.  */
-             gcc_checking_assert (LAMBDA_FUNCTION_P (current_function_decl));
-             r = t;
+             OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (nc) = push_stmt_list ();
+             tsubst_expr (OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (oc), args,
+                          complain, in_decl);
+             OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (nc)
+               = pop_stmt_list (OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (nc));
            }
-       }
-      else if (local_variable_p (t)
-              && uses_template_parms (DECL_CONTEXT (t)))
-       {
-         r = retrieve_local_specialization (t);
-         if (r == NULL_TREE)
+         /* FALLTHRU */
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_PRIVATE:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_SHARED:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_FIRSTPRIVATE:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_COPYIN:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_COPYPRIVATE:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_UNIFORM:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_DEPEND:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_AFFINITY:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_FROM:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_TO:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_MAP:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE__CACHE_:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_NONTEMPORAL:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_USE_DEVICE_PTR:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_USE_DEVICE_ADDR:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_IS_DEVICE_PTR:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_HAS_DEVICE_ADDR:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_INCLUSIVE:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_EXCLUSIVE:
+         OMP_CLAUSE_DECL (nc)
+           = tsubst_omp_clause_decl (OMP_CLAUSE_DECL (oc), args, complain,
+                                     in_decl, iterator_cache);
+         break;
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TEAMS:
+         if (OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TEAMS_LOWER_EXPR (oc))
+           OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TEAMS_LOWER_EXPR (nc)
+             = tsubst_expr (OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TEAMS_LOWER_EXPR (oc), args,
+                            complain, in_decl);
+         /* FALLTHRU */
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_TILE:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_IF:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_THREADS:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_SCHEDULE:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_COLLAPSE:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_FINAL:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_DEVICE:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_DIST_SCHEDULE:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_THREAD_LIMIT:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_SAFELEN:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_SIMDLEN:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TASKS:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_GRAINSIZE:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_PRIORITY:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_ORDERED:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_HINT:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_FILTER:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_GANGS:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_WORKERS:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_VECTOR_LENGTH:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_WORKER:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_VECTOR:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_ASYNC:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_WAIT:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_DETACH:
+         OMP_CLAUSE_OPERAND (nc, 0)
+           = tsubst_expr (OMP_CLAUSE_OPERAND (oc, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
+         break;
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_REDUCTION:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_IN_REDUCTION:
+       case OMP_CLAUSE_TASK_REDUCTION:
+         if (OMP_CLAUSE_REDUCTION_PLACEHOLDER (oc))
            {
-             /* First try name lookup to find the instantiation.  */
-             r = lookup_name (DECL_NAME (t));
-             if (r)
-               {
-                 if (!VAR_P (r))
-                   {
-                     /* During error-recovery we may find a non-variable,
-                        even an OVERLOAD: just bail out and avoid ICEs and
-                        duplicate diagnostics (c++/62207).  */
-                     gcc_assert (seen_error ());
-                     return error_mark_node;
-                   }
-                 if (!is_capture_proxy (r))
-                   {
-                     /* Make sure the one we found is the one we want.  */
-                     tree ctx = enclosing_instantiation_of (DECL_CONTEXT (t));
-                     if (ctx != DECL_CONTEXT (r))
-                       r = NULL_TREE;
-                   }
-               }
-
-             if (r)
-               /* OK */;
-             else
-               {
-                 /* This can happen for a variable used in a
-                    late-specified return type of a local lambda, or for a
-                    local static or constant.  Building a new VAR_DECL
-                    should be OK in all those cases.  */
-                 r = tsubst_decl (t, args, complain);
-                 if (local_specializations)
-                   /* Avoid infinite recursion (79640).  */
-                   register_local_specialization (r, t);
-                 if (decl_maybe_constant_var_p (r))
-                   {
-                     /* We can't call cp_finish_decl, so handle the
-                        initializer by hand.  */
-                     tree init = tsubst_init (DECL_INITIAL (t), r, args,
-                                              complain, in_decl);
-                     if (!processing_template_decl)
-                       init = maybe_constant_init (init);
-                     if (processing_template_decl
-                         ? potential_constant_expression (init)
-                         : reduced_constant_expression_p (init))
-                       DECL_INITIALIZED_BY_CONSTANT_EXPRESSION_P (r)
-                         = TREE_CONSTANT (r) = true;
-                     DECL_INITIAL (r) = init;
-                     if (tree auto_node = type_uses_auto (TREE_TYPE (r)))
-                       TREE_TYPE (r)
-                         = do_auto_deduction (TREE_TYPE (r), init, auto_node,
-                                              complain, adc_variable_type);
-                   }
-                 gcc_assert (cp_unevaluated_operand
-                             || processing_contract_condition
-                             || TREE_STATIC (r)
-                             || decl_constant_var_p (r)
-                             || seen_error ());
-                 if (!processing_template_decl
-                     && !TREE_STATIC (r))
-                   r = process_outer_var_ref (r, complain);
-               }
-             /* Remember this for subsequent uses.  */
-             if (local_specializations)
-               register_local_specialization (r, t);
-           }
-         if (TREE_CODE (r) == ARGUMENT_PACK_SELECT)
-           r = argument_pack_select_arg (r);
-       }
-      else
-       r = t;
-      if (!mark_used (r, complain))
-       return error_mark_node;
-      return r;
-
-    case NAMESPACE_DECL:
-      return t;
-
-    case OVERLOAD:
-      return t;
-
-    case BASELINK:
-      return tsubst_baselink (t, current_nonlambda_class_type (),
-                             args, complain, in_decl);
-
-    case TEMPLATE_DECL:
-      if (DECL_TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM_P (t))
-       return tsubst (TREE_TYPE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (t)),
-                      args, complain, in_decl);
-      else if (DECL_FUNCTION_TEMPLATE_P (t) && DECL_MEMBER_TEMPLATE_P (t))
-       return tsubst (t, args, complain, in_decl);
-      else if (DECL_CLASS_SCOPE_P (t)
-              && uses_template_parms (DECL_CONTEXT (t)))
-       {
-         /* Template template argument like the following example need
-            special treatment:
-
-              template <template <class> class TT> struct C {};
-              template <class T> struct D {
-                template <class U> struct E {};
-                C<E> c;                                // #1
-              };
-              D<int> d;                                // #2
-
-            We are processing the template argument `E' in #1 for
-            the template instantiation #2.  Originally, `E' is a
-            TEMPLATE_DECL with `D<T>' as its DECL_CONTEXT.  Now we
-            have to substitute this with one having context `D<int>'.  */
-
-         tree context = tsubst_aggr_type (DECL_CONTEXT (t), args, complain,
-                                          in_decl, /*entering_scope=*/true);
-         return lookup_field (context, DECL_NAME(t), 0, false);
-       }
-      else
-       /* Ordinary template template argument.  */
-       return t;
-
-    case NON_LVALUE_EXPR:
-    case VIEW_CONVERT_EXPR:
-       {
-         /* Handle location wrappers by substituting the wrapped node
-            first, *then* reusing the resulting type.  Doing the type
-            first ensures that we handle template parameters and
-            parameter pack expansions.  */
-         if (location_wrapper_p (t))
-           {
-             tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args,
-                                     complain, in_decl);
-             return maybe_wrap_with_location (op0, EXPR_LOCATION (t));
-           }
-         tree op = TREE_OPERAND (t, 0);
-         /* force_paren_expr can also create a VIEW_CONVERT_EXPR.  */
-         if (code == VIEW_CONVERT_EXPR && REF_PARENTHESIZED_P (t))
-           {
-             op = tsubst_copy (op, args, complain, in_decl);
-             op = build1 (code, TREE_TYPE (op), op);
-             REF_PARENTHESIZED_P (op) = true;
-             return op;
-           }
-         /* We shouldn't see any other uses of these in templates
-            (tsubst_copy_and_build handles C++20 tparm object wrappers).  */
-         gcc_unreachable ();
-       }
-
-    case CAST_EXPR:
-    case REINTERPRET_CAST_EXPR:
-    case CONST_CAST_EXPR:
-    case STATIC_CAST_EXPR:
-    case DYNAMIC_CAST_EXPR:
-    case IMPLICIT_CONV_EXPR:
-    CASE_CONVERT:
-      {
-       tsubst_flags_t tcomplain = complain;
-       if (code == CAST_EXPR)
-         tcomplain |= tf_tst_ok;
-       tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, tcomplain, in_decl);
-       tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
-       return build1 (code, type, op0);
-      }
-
-    case BIT_CAST_EXPR:
-      {
-       tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
-       tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
-       r = build_min (BIT_CAST_EXPR, type, op0);
-       SET_EXPR_LOCATION (r, EXPR_LOCATION (t));
-       return r;
-      }
-
-    case SIZEOF_EXPR:
-      if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0))
-         || ARGUMENT_PACK_P (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0)))
-        {
-          tree expanded, op = TREE_OPERAND (t, 0);
-         int len = 0;
-
-         if (SIZEOF_EXPR_TYPE_P (t))
-           op = TREE_TYPE (op);
-
-         ++cp_unevaluated_operand;
-         ++c_inhibit_evaluation_warnings;
-         /* We only want to compute the number of arguments.  */
-         if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (op))
-           expanded = tsubst_pack_expansion (op, args, complain, in_decl);
-         else
-           expanded = tsubst_template_args (ARGUMENT_PACK_ARGS (op),
-                                            args, complain, in_decl);
-         --cp_unevaluated_operand;
-         --c_inhibit_evaluation_warnings;
-
-         if (TREE_CODE (expanded) == TREE_VEC)
-           {
-             len = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (expanded);
-             /* Set TREE_USED for the benefit of -Wunused.  */
-             for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
-               if (DECL_P (TREE_VEC_ELT (expanded, i)))
-                 TREE_USED (TREE_VEC_ELT (expanded, i)) = true;
-           }
-
-         if (expanded == error_mark_node)
-           return error_mark_node;
-         else if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (expanded)
-                  || (TREE_CODE (expanded) == TREE_VEC
-                      && pack_expansion_args_count (expanded)))
-
-           {
-             if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (expanded))
-               /* OK.  */;
-             else if (TREE_VEC_LENGTH (expanded) == 1)
-               expanded = TREE_VEC_ELT (expanded, 0);
-             else
-               expanded = make_argument_pack (expanded);
-
-             if (TYPE_P (expanded))
-               return cxx_sizeof_or_alignof_type (input_location,
-                                                  expanded, SIZEOF_EXPR,
-                                                  false,
-                                                  complain & tf_error);
-             else
-               return cxx_sizeof_or_alignof_expr (input_location,
-                                                  expanded, SIZEOF_EXPR,
-                                                  false,
-                                                   complain & tf_error);
-           }
-         else
-           return build_int_cst (size_type_node, len);
-        }
-      if (SIZEOF_EXPR_TYPE_P (t))
-       {
-         r = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0)),
-                     args, complain, in_decl);
-         r = build1 (NOP_EXPR, r, error_mark_node);
-         r = build1 (SIZEOF_EXPR,
-                     tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl), r);
-         SIZEOF_EXPR_TYPE_P (r) = 1;
-         return r;
-       }
-      /* Fall through */
-
-    case INDIRECT_REF:
-    case NEGATE_EXPR:
-    case TRUTH_NOT_EXPR:
-    case BIT_NOT_EXPR:
-    case ADDR_EXPR:
-    case UNARY_PLUS_EXPR:      /* Unary + */
-    case ALIGNOF_EXPR:
-    case AT_ENCODE_EXPR:
-    case ARROW_EXPR:
-    case THROW_EXPR:
-    case TYPEID_EXPR:
-    case REALPART_EXPR:
-    case IMAGPART_EXPR:
-    case PAREN_EXPR:
-      {
-       tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
-       tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
-       r = build1_loc (EXPR_LOCATION (t), code, type, op0);
-       if (code == ALIGNOF_EXPR)
-         ALIGNOF_EXPR_STD_P (r) = ALIGNOF_EXPR_STD_P (t);
-       /* For addresses of immediate functions ensure we have EXPR_LOCATION
-          set for possible later diagnostics.  */
-       if (code == ADDR_EXPR
-           && EXPR_LOCATION (r) == UNKNOWN_LOCATION
-           && TREE_CODE (op0) == FUNCTION_DECL
-           && DECL_IMMEDIATE_FUNCTION_P (op0))
-         SET_EXPR_LOCATION (r, input_location);
-       return r;
-      }
-
-    case EXCESS_PRECISION_EXPR:
-      {
-       tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
-       tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
-       if (TREE_CODE (op0) == EXCESS_PRECISION_EXPR)
-         {
-           gcc_checking_assert (same_type_p (type, TREE_TYPE (op0)));
-           return op0;
-         }
-       return build1_loc (EXPR_LOCATION (t), code, type, op0);
-      }
-
-    case COMPONENT_REF:
-      {
-       tree object;
-       tree name;
-
-       object = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
-       name = TREE_OPERAND (t, 1);
-       if (TREE_CODE (name) == BIT_NOT_EXPR)
-         {
-           name = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (name, 0), args,
-                               complain, in_decl);
-           name = build1 (BIT_NOT_EXPR, NULL_TREE, name);
-         }
-       else if (TREE_CODE (name) == SCOPE_REF
-                && TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (name, 1)) == BIT_NOT_EXPR)
-         {
-           tree base = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (name, 0), args,
-                                    complain, in_decl);
-           name = TREE_OPERAND (name, 1);
-           name = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (name, 0), args,
-                               complain, in_decl);
-           name = build1 (BIT_NOT_EXPR, NULL_TREE, name);
-           name = build_qualified_name (/*type=*/NULL_TREE,
-                                        base, name,
-                                        /*template_p=*/false);
-         }
-       else if (BASELINK_P (name))
-         name = tsubst_baselink (name,
-                                 non_reference (TREE_TYPE (object)),
-                                 args, complain,
-                                 in_decl);
-       else
-         name = tsubst_copy (name, args, complain, in_decl);
-       return build_nt (COMPONENT_REF, object, name, NULL_TREE);
-      }
-
-    case PLUS_EXPR:
-    case MINUS_EXPR:
-    case MULT_EXPR:
-    case TRUNC_DIV_EXPR:
-    case CEIL_DIV_EXPR:
-    case FLOOR_DIV_EXPR:
-    case ROUND_DIV_EXPR:
-    case EXACT_DIV_EXPR:
-    case BIT_AND_EXPR:
-    case BIT_IOR_EXPR:
-    case BIT_XOR_EXPR:
-    case TRUNC_MOD_EXPR:
-    case FLOOR_MOD_EXPR:
-    case TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR:
-    case TRUTH_ORIF_EXPR:
-    case TRUTH_AND_EXPR:
-    case TRUTH_OR_EXPR:
-    case RSHIFT_EXPR:
-    case LSHIFT_EXPR:
-    case EQ_EXPR:
-    case NE_EXPR:
-    case MAX_EXPR:
-    case MIN_EXPR:
-    case LE_EXPR:
-    case GE_EXPR:
-    case LT_EXPR:
-    case GT_EXPR:
-    case COMPOUND_EXPR:
-    case DOTSTAR_EXPR:
-    case MEMBER_REF:
-    case PREDECREMENT_EXPR:
-    case PREINCREMENT_EXPR:
-    case POSTDECREMENT_EXPR:
-    case POSTINCREMENT_EXPR:
-      {
-       tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
-       tree op1 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1), args, complain, in_decl);
-       return build_nt (code, op0, op1);
-      }
-
-    case SCOPE_REF:
-      {
-       tree op0 = tsubst_scope (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
-       tree op1 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1), args, complain, in_decl);
-       return build_qualified_name (/*type=*/NULL_TREE, op0, op1,
-                                    QUALIFIED_NAME_IS_TEMPLATE (t));
-      }
-
-    case ARRAY_REF:
-      {
-       tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
-       tree op1 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1), args, complain, in_decl);
-       return build_nt (ARRAY_REF, op0, op1, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);
-      }
-
-    case CALL_EXPR:
-      {
-       int n = VL_EXP_OPERAND_LENGTH (t);
-       tree result = build_vl_exp (CALL_EXPR, n);
-       int i;
-       for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
-         TREE_OPERAND (t, i) = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, i), args,
-                                            complain, in_decl);
-       return result;
-      }
-
-    case COND_EXPR:
-    case MODOP_EXPR:
-    case PSEUDO_DTOR_EXPR:
-    case VEC_PERM_EXPR:
-      {
-       tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
-       tree op1 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1), args, complain, in_decl);
-       tree op2 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 2), args, complain, in_decl);
-       r = build_nt (code, op0, op1, op2);
-       copy_warning (r, t);
-       return r;
-      }
-
-    case NEW_EXPR:
-      {
-       tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
-       tree op1 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1), args, complain, in_decl);
-       tree op2 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 2), args, complain, in_decl);
-       r = build_nt (code, op0, op1, op2);
-       NEW_EXPR_USE_GLOBAL (r) = NEW_EXPR_USE_GLOBAL (t);
-       return r;
-      }
-
-    case DELETE_EXPR:
-      {
-       tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
-       tree op1 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1), args, complain, in_decl);
-       r = build_nt (code, op0, op1);
-       DELETE_EXPR_USE_GLOBAL (r) = DELETE_EXPR_USE_GLOBAL (t);
-       DELETE_EXPR_USE_VEC (r) = DELETE_EXPR_USE_VEC (t);
-       return r;
-      }
-
-    case TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR:
-      {
-       /* Substituted template arguments */
-       tree tmpl = TREE_OPERAND (t, 0);
-       tree targs = TREE_OPERAND (t, 1);
-
-       tmpl = tsubst_copy (tmpl, args, complain, in_decl);
-       if (targs)
-         targs = tsubst_template_args (targs, args, complain, in_decl);
-
-       if (variable_template_p (tmpl))
-         return lookup_template_variable (tmpl, targs, complain);
-       else
-         return lookup_template_function (tmpl, targs);
-      }
-
-    case TREE_LIST:
-      {
-       tree purpose, value, chain;
-
-       if (t == void_list_node)
-         return t;
-
-       purpose = TREE_PURPOSE (t);
-       if (purpose)
-         purpose = tsubst_copy (purpose, args, complain, in_decl);
-       value = TREE_VALUE (t);
-       if (value)
-         value = tsubst_copy (value, args, complain, in_decl);
-       chain = TREE_CHAIN (t);
-       if (chain && chain != void_type_node)
-         chain = tsubst_copy (chain, args, complain, in_decl);
-       if (purpose == TREE_PURPOSE (t)
-           && value == TREE_VALUE (t)
-           && chain == TREE_CHAIN (t))
-         return t;
-       return tree_cons (purpose, value, chain);
-      }
-
-    case TEMPLATE_PARM_INDEX:
-    case TYPE_DECL:
-      return tsubst (t, args, complain, in_decl);
-
-    case USING_DECL:
-      t = DECL_NAME (t);
-      /* Fall through.  */
-    case IDENTIFIER_NODE:
-      if (IDENTIFIER_CONV_OP_P (t))
-       {
-         tree new_type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
-         return make_conv_op_name (new_type);
-       }
-      else
-       return t;
-
-    case CONSTRUCTOR:
-      /* This is handled by tsubst_copy_and_build.  */
-      gcc_unreachable ();
-
-    case VA_ARG_EXPR:
-      {
-       tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
-       tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
-       return build_x_va_arg (EXPR_LOCATION (t), op0, type);
-      }
-
-    case CLEANUP_POINT_EXPR:
-      /* We shouldn't have built any of these during initial template
-        generation.  Instead, they should be built during instantiation
-        in response to the saved STMT_IS_FULL_EXPR_P setting.  */
-      gcc_unreachable ();
-
-    case OFFSET_REF:
-      {
-       tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
-       tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
-       tree op1 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1), args, complain, in_decl);
-       r = build2 (code, type, op0, op1);
-       PTRMEM_OK_P (r) = PTRMEM_OK_P (t);
-       if (!mark_used (TREE_OPERAND (r, 1), complain)
-           && !(complain & tf_error))
-         return error_mark_node;
-       return r;
-      }
-
-    case EXPR_PACK_EXPANSION:
-      error ("invalid use of pack expansion expression");
-      return error_mark_node;
-
-    case NONTYPE_ARGUMENT_PACK:
-      error ("use %<...%> to expand argument pack");
-      return error_mark_node;
-
-    case VOID_CST:
-      gcc_checking_assert (t == void_node && VOID_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (t)));
-      return t;
-
-    case INTEGER_CST:
-    case REAL_CST:
-    case COMPLEX_CST:
-    case VECTOR_CST:
-      {
-       /* Instantiate any typedefs in the type.  */
-       tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
-       r = fold_convert (type, t);
-       gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (r) == code);
-       return r;
-      }
-
-    case STRING_CST:
-      {
-       tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
-       r = t;
-       if (type != TREE_TYPE (t))
-         {
-           r = copy_node (t);
-           TREE_TYPE (r) = type;
-         }
-       return r;
-      }
-
-    case PTRMEM_CST:
-      /* These can sometimes show up in a partial instantiation, but never
-        involve template parms.  */
-      gcc_assert (!uses_template_parms (t));
-      return t;
-
-    case UNARY_LEFT_FOLD_EXPR:
-      return tsubst_unary_left_fold (t, args, complain, in_decl);
-    case UNARY_RIGHT_FOLD_EXPR:
-      return tsubst_unary_right_fold (t, args, complain, in_decl);
-    case BINARY_LEFT_FOLD_EXPR:
-      return tsubst_binary_left_fold (t, args, complain, in_decl);
-    case BINARY_RIGHT_FOLD_EXPR:
-      return tsubst_binary_right_fold (t, args, complain, in_decl);
-    case PREDICT_EXPR:
-      return t;
-
-    case DEBUG_BEGIN_STMT:
-      /* ??? There's no point in copying it for now, but maybe some
-        day it will contain more information, such as a pointer back
-        to the containing function, inlined copy or so.  */
-      return t;
-
-    case CO_AWAIT_EXPR:
-      return tsubst_expr (t, args, complain, in_decl);
-
-    default:
-      /* We shouldn't get here, but keep going if !flag_checking.  */
-      if (flag_checking)
-       gcc_unreachable ();
-      return t;
-    }
-}
-
-/* Helper function for tsubst_omp_clauses, used for instantiation of
-   OMP_CLAUSE_DECL of clauses.  */
-
-static tree
-tsubst_omp_clause_decl (tree decl, tree args, tsubst_flags_t complain,
-                       tree in_decl, tree *iterator_cache)
-{
-  if (decl == NULL_TREE || decl == ridpointers[RID_OMP_ALL_MEMORY])
-    return decl;
-
-  /* Handle OpenMP iterators.  */
-  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == TREE_LIST
-      && TREE_PURPOSE (decl)
-      && TREE_CODE (TREE_PURPOSE (decl)) == TREE_VEC)
-    {
-      tree ret;
-      if (iterator_cache[0] == TREE_PURPOSE (decl))
-       ret = iterator_cache[1];
-      else
-       {
-         tree *tp = &ret;
-         begin_scope (sk_omp, NULL);
-         for (tree it = TREE_PURPOSE (decl); it; it = TREE_CHAIN (it))
-           {
-             *tp = copy_node (it);
-             TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 0)
-               = tsubst_decl (TREE_VEC_ELT (it, 0), args, complain);
-             DECL_CONTEXT (TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 0)) = current_function_decl;
-             pushdecl (TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 0));
-             TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 1)
-               = tsubst_expr (TREE_VEC_ELT (it, 1), args, complain, in_decl);
-             TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 2)
-               = tsubst_expr (TREE_VEC_ELT (it, 2), args, complain, in_decl);
-             TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 3)
-               = tsubst_expr (TREE_VEC_ELT (it, 3), args, complain, in_decl);
-             TREE_CHAIN (*tp) = NULL_TREE;
-             tp = &TREE_CHAIN (*tp);
-           }
-         TREE_VEC_ELT (ret, 5) = poplevel (1, 1, 0);
-         iterator_cache[0] = TREE_PURPOSE (decl);
-         iterator_cache[1] = ret;
-       }
-      return build_tree_list (ret, tsubst_omp_clause_decl (TREE_VALUE (decl),
-                                                          args, complain,
-                                                          in_decl, NULL));
-    }
-
-  /* Handle an OpenMP array section represented as a TREE_LIST (or
-     OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS_KIND).  An OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS (with a depend
-     kind of OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS_SINK) can also be represented as a
-     TREE_LIST.  We can handle it exactly the same as an array section
-     (purpose, value, and a chain), even though the nomenclature
-     (low_bound, length, etc) is different.  */
-  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == TREE_LIST)
-    {
-      tree low_bound
-       = tsubst_expr (TREE_PURPOSE (decl), args, complain, in_decl);
-      tree length = tsubst_expr (TREE_VALUE (decl), args, complain, in_decl);
-      tree chain = tsubst_omp_clause_decl (TREE_CHAIN (decl), args, complain,
-                                          in_decl, NULL);
-      if (TREE_PURPOSE (decl) == low_bound
-         && TREE_VALUE (decl) == length
-         && TREE_CHAIN (decl) == chain)
-       return decl;
-      tree ret = tree_cons (low_bound, length, chain);
-      OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS_SINK_NEGATIVE (ret)
-       = OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS_SINK_NEGATIVE (decl);
-      return ret;
-    }
-  tree ret = tsubst_expr (decl, args, complain, in_decl);
-  /* Undo convert_from_reference tsubst_expr could have called.  */
-  if (decl
-      && REFERENCE_REF_P (ret)
-      && !REFERENCE_REF_P (decl))
-    ret = TREE_OPERAND (ret, 0);
-  return ret;
-}
-
-/* Like tsubst_copy, but specifically for OpenMP clauses.  */
-
-static tree
-tsubst_omp_clauses (tree clauses, enum c_omp_region_type ort,
-                   tree args, tsubst_flags_t complain, tree in_decl)
-{
-  tree new_clauses = NULL_TREE, nc, oc;
-  tree linear_no_step = NULL_TREE;
-  tree iterator_cache[2] = { NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE };
-
-  for (oc = clauses; oc ; oc = OMP_CLAUSE_CHAIN (oc))
-    {
-      nc = copy_node (oc);
-      OMP_CLAUSE_CHAIN (nc) = new_clauses;
-      new_clauses = nc;
-
-      switch (OMP_CLAUSE_CODE (nc))
-       {
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE:
-         if (OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (oc))
-           {
-             OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (nc) = push_stmt_list ();
-             tsubst_expr (OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (oc), args,
-                          complain, in_decl);
-             OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (nc)
-               = pop_stmt_list (OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (nc));
-           }
-         /* FALLTHRU */
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_PRIVATE:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_SHARED:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_FIRSTPRIVATE:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_COPYIN:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_COPYPRIVATE:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_UNIFORM:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_DEPEND:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_AFFINITY:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_FROM:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_TO:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_MAP:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE__CACHE_:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_NONTEMPORAL:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_USE_DEVICE_PTR:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_USE_DEVICE_ADDR:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_IS_DEVICE_PTR:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_HAS_DEVICE_ADDR:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_INCLUSIVE:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_EXCLUSIVE:
-         OMP_CLAUSE_DECL (nc)
-           = tsubst_omp_clause_decl (OMP_CLAUSE_DECL (oc), args, complain,
-                                     in_decl, iterator_cache);
-         break;
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TEAMS:
-         if (OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TEAMS_LOWER_EXPR (oc))
-           OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TEAMS_LOWER_EXPR (nc)
-             = tsubst_expr (OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TEAMS_LOWER_EXPR (oc), args,
-                            complain, in_decl);
-         /* FALLTHRU */
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_TILE:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_IF:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_THREADS:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_SCHEDULE:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_COLLAPSE:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_FINAL:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_DEVICE:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_DIST_SCHEDULE:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_THREAD_LIMIT:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_SAFELEN:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_SIMDLEN:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TASKS:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_GRAINSIZE:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_PRIORITY:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_ORDERED:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_HINT:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_FILTER:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_GANGS:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_WORKERS:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_VECTOR_LENGTH:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_WORKER:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_VECTOR:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_ASYNC:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_WAIT:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_DETACH:
-         OMP_CLAUSE_OPERAND (nc, 0)
-           = tsubst_expr (OMP_CLAUSE_OPERAND (oc, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
-         break;
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_REDUCTION:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_IN_REDUCTION:
-       case OMP_CLAUSE_TASK_REDUCTION:
-         if (OMP_CLAUSE_REDUCTION_PLACEHOLDER (oc))
-           {
-             tree placeholder = OMP_CLAUSE_REDUCTION_PLACEHOLDER (oc);
-             if (TREE_CODE (placeholder) == SCOPE_REF)
+             tree placeholder = OMP_CLAUSE_REDUCTION_PLACEHOLDER (oc);
+             if (TREE_CODE (placeholder) == SCOPE_REF)
                {
                  tree scope = tsubst (TREE_OPERAND (placeholder, 0), args,
                                       complain, in_decl);
@@ -20420,6 +19716,13 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
   tsubst_flags_t decltype_flag = (complain & tf_decltype);
   complain &= ~tf_decltype;
 
+  /* This flag only applies to id-expressions at the top level.  */
+  tsubst_flags_t no_name_lookup_flag = (complain & tf_no_name_lookup);
+  complain &= ~tf_no_name_lookup;
+
+  if (tree d = maybe_dependent_member_ref (t, args, complain, in_decl))
+    return d;
+
   switch (TREE_CODE (t))
     {
     case USING_DECL:
@@ -20437,6 +19740,9 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
            t = make_conv_op_name (new_type);
          }
 
+       if (no_name_lookup_flag)
+         RETURN (t);
+
        /* Look up the name.  */
        decl = lookup_name (t);
 
@@ -20471,7 +19777,8 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
       {
        tree object;
        tree templ = tsubst_copy_and_build (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args,
-                                           complain, in_decl);
+                                           complain | no_name_lookup_flag,
+                                           in_decl);
        tree targs = TREE_OPERAND (t, 1);
 
        if (targs)
@@ -20505,6 +19812,9 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
 
        if (variable_template_p (templ))
          {
+           if (no_name_lookup_flag)
+             RETURN (lookup_template_variable (templ, targs, complain));
+
            tree r = lookup_and_finish_template_variable (templ, targs,
                                                          complain);
            r = convert_from_reference (r);
@@ -20526,6 +19836,8 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
        if (object)
          RETURN (build3 (COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE (tid),
                         object, tid, NULL_TREE));
+       else if (no_name_lookup_flag)
+         RETURN (tid);
        else if (identifier_p (templ))
          {
            /* C++20 P0846: we can encounter an IDENTIFIER_NODE here when
@@ -20659,10 +19971,22 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
                                templated_operator_saved_lookups (t),
                                complain|decltype_flag));
 
+    case BIT_NOT_EXPR:
+      if (identifier_p (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0)))
+       {
+         gcc_checking_assert (no_name_lookup_flag);
+         RETURN (t);
+       }
+      else if (TYPE_P (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0)))
+       {
+         gcc_checking_assert (no_name_lookup_flag);
+         tree op0 = tsubst (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
+         RETURN (build_min_nt_loc (EXPR_LOCATION (t), BIT_NOT_EXPR, op0));
+       }
+      /* Fall through.  */
     case PREDECREMENT_EXPR:
     case PREINCREMENT_EXPR:
     case NEGATE_EXPR:
-    case BIT_NOT_EXPR:
     case ABS_EXPR:
     case TRUTH_NOT_EXPR:
     case UNARY_PLUS_EXPR:  /* Unary + */
@@ -20779,8 +20103,18 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
       }
 
     case SCOPE_REF:
-      RETURN (tsubst_qualified_id (t, args, complain, in_decl, /*done=*/true,
-                                 /*address_p=*/false));
+      if (no_name_lookup_flag)
+       {
+         tree op0 = tsubst_scope (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, 
in_decl);
+         tree op1 = tsubst_copy_and_build (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1), args,
+                                           complain | no_name_lookup_flag,
+                                           in_decl);
+         RETURN (build_qualified_name (/*type=*/NULL_TREE, op0, op1,
+                                       QUALIFIED_NAME_IS_TEMPLATE (t)));
+       }
+      else
+       RETURN (tsubst_qualified_id (t, args, complain, in_decl, /*done=*/true,
+                                   /*address_p=*/false));
 
     case BASELINK:
       RETURN (tsubst_baselink (t, current_nonlambda_class_type (),
@@ -20798,26 +20132,80 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
          tsubst_copy_and_build_call_args (c, args, complain, in_decl,
                                           index_exp_list);
 
-         tree r;
-         if (vec_safe_length (index_exp_list) == 1
-             && !PACK_EXPANSION_P (index_exp_list[0]))
-           r = grok_array_decl (EXPR_LOCATION (t), op1,
-                                index_exp_list[0], NULL,
-                                complain | decltype_flag);
+         tree r;
+         if (vec_safe_length (index_exp_list) == 1
+             && !PACK_EXPANSION_P (index_exp_list[0]))
+           r = grok_array_decl (EXPR_LOCATION (t), op1,
+                                index_exp_list[0], NULL,
+                                complain | decltype_flag);
+         else
+           r = grok_array_decl (EXPR_LOCATION (t), op1,
+                                NULL_TREE, &index_exp_list,
+                                complain | decltype_flag);
+         RETURN (r);
+       }
+      RETURN (build_x_array_ref (EXPR_LOCATION (t), op1,
+                                RECUR (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1)),
+                                complain|decltype_flag));
+
+    case SIZEOF_EXPR:
+      if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0))
+         || ARGUMENT_PACK_P (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0)))
+       {
+         tree expanded, op = TREE_OPERAND (t, 0);
+         int len = 0;
+
+         if (SIZEOF_EXPR_TYPE_P (t))
+           op = TREE_TYPE (op);
+
+         ++cp_unevaluated_operand;
+         ++c_inhibit_evaluation_warnings;
+         /* We only want to compute the number of arguments.  */
+         if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (op))
+           expanded = tsubst_pack_expansion (op, args, complain, in_decl);
+         else
+           expanded = tsubst_template_args (ARGUMENT_PACK_ARGS (op),
+                                            args, complain, in_decl);
+         --cp_unevaluated_operand;
+         --c_inhibit_evaluation_warnings;
+
+         if (TREE_CODE (expanded) == TREE_VEC)
+           {
+             len = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (expanded);
+             /* Set TREE_USED for the benefit of -Wunused.  */
+             for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+               if (DECL_P (TREE_VEC_ELT (expanded, i)))
+                 TREE_USED (TREE_VEC_ELT (expanded, i)) = true;
+           }
+
+         if (expanded == error_mark_node)
+           RETURN (error_mark_node);
+         else if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (expanded)
+                  || (TREE_CODE (expanded) == TREE_VEC
+                      && pack_expansion_args_count (expanded)))
+
+           {
+             if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (expanded))
+               /* OK.  */;
+             else if (TREE_VEC_LENGTH (expanded) == 1)
+               expanded = TREE_VEC_ELT (expanded, 0);
+             else
+               expanded = make_argument_pack (expanded);
+
+             if (TYPE_P (expanded))
+               RETURN (cxx_sizeof_or_alignof_type (input_location,
+                                                   expanded, SIZEOF_EXPR,
+                                                   false,
+                                                   complain & tf_error));
+             else
+               RETURN (cxx_sizeof_or_alignof_expr (input_location,
+                                                   expanded, SIZEOF_EXPR,
+                                                   false,
+                                                   complain & tf_error));
+           }
          else
-           r = grok_array_decl (EXPR_LOCATION (t), op1,
-                                NULL_TREE, &index_exp_list,
-                                complain | decltype_flag);
-         RETURN (r);
+           RETURN (build_int_cst (size_type_node, len));
        }
-      RETURN (build_x_array_ref (EXPR_LOCATION (t), op1,
-                                RECUR (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1)),
-                                complain|decltype_flag));
-
-    case SIZEOF_EXPR:
-      if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0))
-         || ARGUMENT_PACK_P (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0)))
-       RETURN (tsubst_copy (t, args, complain, in_decl));
       /* Fall through */
 
     case ALIGNOF_EXPR:
@@ -21072,10 +20460,9 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
            qualified_p = false;
 
            if (TREE_CODE (function) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR)
-             /* Use tsubst_copy to substitute through the template arguments
-                of the template-id without performing unqualified lookup of
-                the template name.  */
-             function = tsubst_copy (function, args, complain, in_decl);
+             function = tsubst_copy_and_build (function, args,
+                                               complain | tf_no_name_lookup,
+                                               in_decl);
          }
        else
          {
@@ -21473,7 +20860,8 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
                                    non_reference (TREE_TYPE (object)),
                                    args, complain, in_decl);
        else
-         member = tsubst_copy (member, args, complain, in_decl);
+         member = tsubst_copy_and_build (member, args,
+                                         complain | tf_no_name_lookup, 
in_decl);
        if (member == error_mark_node)
          RETURN (error_mark_node);
 
@@ -21556,154 +20944,446 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
            RETURN (error_mark_node);
          }
 
-       r = finish_class_member_access_expr (object, member,
-                                            /*template_p=*/false,
-                                            complain);
-       if (REF_PARENTHESIZED_P (t))
-         r = force_paren_expr (r);
-       RETURN (r);
+       r = finish_class_member_access_expr (object, member,
+                                            /*template_p=*/false,
+                                            complain);
+       if (REF_PARENTHESIZED_P (t))
+         r = force_paren_expr (r);
+       RETURN (r);
+      }
+
+    case THROW_EXPR:
+      RETURN (build_throw
+       (input_location, RECUR (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0))));
+
+    case CONSTRUCTOR:
+      {
+       vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *n;
+       constructor_elt *ce;
+       unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT idx;
+       bool process_index_p;
+        int newlen;
+        bool need_copy_p = false;
+       tree r;
+
+       tsubst_flags_t tcomplain = complain;
+       if (COMPOUND_LITERAL_P (t))
+         tcomplain |= tf_tst_ok;
+       tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, tcomplain, in_decl);
+       if (type == error_mark_node)
+         RETURN (error_mark_node);
+
+       /* We do not want to process the index of aggregate
+          initializers as they are identifier nodes which will be
+          looked up by digest_init.  */
+       process_index_p = !(type && MAYBE_CLASS_TYPE_P (type));
+
+       if (null_member_pointer_value_p (t))
+         {
+           gcc_assert (same_type_p (type, TREE_TYPE (t)));
+           RETURN (t);
+         }
+
+       n = vec_safe_copy (CONSTRUCTOR_ELTS (t));
+        newlen = vec_safe_length (n);
+       FOR_EACH_VEC_SAFE_ELT (n, idx, ce)
+         {
+           if (ce->index && process_index_p
+               /* An identifier index is looked up in the type
+                  being initialized, not the current scope.  */
+               && TREE_CODE (ce->index) != IDENTIFIER_NODE)
+             ce->index = RECUR (ce->index);
+
+            if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (ce->value))
+              {
+                /* Substitute into the pack expansion.  */
+                ce->value = tsubst_pack_expansion (ce->value, args, complain,
+                                                  in_decl);
+
+               if (ce->value == error_mark_node
+                   || PACK_EXPANSION_P (ce->value))
+                 ;
+               else if (TREE_VEC_LENGTH (ce->value) == 1)
+                  /* Just move the argument into place.  */
+                  ce->value = TREE_VEC_ELT (ce->value, 0);
+                else
+                  {
+                    /* Update the length of the final CONSTRUCTOR
+                       arguments vector, and note that we will need to
+                       copy.*/
+                    newlen = newlen + TREE_VEC_LENGTH (ce->value) - 1;
+                    need_copy_p = true;
+                  }
+              }
+            else
+              ce->value = RECUR (ce->value);
+         }
+
+        if (need_copy_p)
+          {
+            vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *old_n = n;
+
+            vec_alloc (n, newlen);
+            FOR_EACH_VEC_ELT (*old_n, idx, ce)
+              {
+                if (TREE_CODE (ce->value) == TREE_VEC)
+                  {
+                    int i, len = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (ce->value);
+                    for (i = 0; i < len; ++i)
+                      CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (n, 0,
+                                              TREE_VEC_ELT (ce->value, i));
+                  }
+                else
+                  CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (n, 0, ce->value);
+              }
+          }
+
+       r = build_constructor (init_list_type_node, n);
+       CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DIRECT_INIT (r) = CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DIRECT_INIT (t);
+       CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DESIGNATED_INIT (r)
+         = CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DESIGNATED_INIT (t);
+
+       if (TREE_HAS_CONSTRUCTOR (t))
+         {
+           fcl_t cl = fcl_functional;
+           if (CONSTRUCTOR_C99_COMPOUND_LITERAL (t))
+             cl = fcl_c99;
+           RETURN (finish_compound_literal (type, r, complain, cl));
+         }
+
+       TREE_TYPE (r) = type;
+       RETURN (r);
+      }
+
+    case TYPEID_EXPR:
+      {
+       tree operand_0 = TREE_OPERAND (t, 0);
+       if (TYPE_P (operand_0))
+         {
+           operand_0 = tsubst (operand_0, args, complain, in_decl);
+           RETURN (get_typeid (operand_0, complain));
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           operand_0 = RECUR (operand_0);
+           RETURN (build_typeid (operand_0, complain));
+         }
+      }
+
+    case FUNCTION_DECL:
+    case PARM_DECL:
+    case VAR_DECL:
+      if (!args)
+       RETURN (t);
+      tree r;
+      if (VAR_OR_FUNCTION_DECL_P (t)
+         && DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (t) && DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (t))
+       r = tsubst_decl (t, args, complain);
+      else if (VAR_OR_FUNCTION_DECL_P (t) && DECL_LOCAL_DECL_P (t))
+       {
+         /* Local specialization will usually have been created when
+            we instantiated the DECL_EXPR_DECL. */
+         r = retrieve_local_specialization (t);
+         if (!r)
+           {
+             /* We're in a generic lambda referencing a local extern
+                from an outer block-scope of a non-template.  */
+             gcc_checking_assert (LAMBDA_FUNCTION_P (current_function_decl));
+             r = t;
+           }
+       }
+      else if (local_variable_p (t)
+              && ((r = retrieve_local_specialization (t))
+                  || TREE_CODE (t) == PARM_DECL
+                  || uses_template_parms (DECL_CONTEXT (t))))
+       {
+         if (r == NULL_TREE && TREE_CODE (t) == PARM_DECL)
+           {
+             /* We get here for a use of 'this' in an NSDMI.  */
+             if (DECL_NAME (t) == this_identifier && current_class_ptr)
+               RETURN (current_class_ptr);
+
+             /* This can happen for a parameter name used later in a function
+                declaration (such as in a late-specified return type).  Just
+                make a dummy decl, since it's only used for its type.  */
+             gcc_assert (cp_unevaluated_operand);
+             r = tsubst_decl (t, args, complain);
+             /* Give it the template pattern as its context; its true context
+                hasn't been instantiated yet and this is good enough for
+                mangling.  */
+             DECL_CONTEXT (r) = DECL_CONTEXT (t);
+           }
+         else if (r == NULL_TREE)
+           {
+             /* First try name lookup to find the instantiation.  */
+             r = lookup_name (DECL_NAME (t));
+             if (r)
+               {
+                 if (!VAR_P (r))
+                   {
+                     /* During error-recovery we may find a non-variable,
+                        even an OVERLOAD: just bail out and avoid ICEs and
+                        duplicate diagnostics (c++/62207).  */
+                     gcc_assert (seen_error ());
+                     RETURN (error_mark_node);
+                   }
+                 if (!is_capture_proxy (r))
+                   {
+                     /* Make sure the one we found is the one we want.  */
+                     tree ctx = enclosing_instantiation_of (DECL_CONTEXT (t));
+                     if (ctx != DECL_CONTEXT (r))
+                       r = NULL_TREE;
+                   }
+               }
+
+             if (r)
+               /* OK */;
+             else
+               {
+                 /* This can happen for a variable used in a
+                    late-specified return type of a local lambda, or for a
+                    local static or constant.  Building a new VAR_DECL
+                    should be OK in all those cases.  */
+                 r = tsubst_decl (t, args, complain);
+                 if (local_specializations)
+                   /* Avoid infinite recursion (79640).  */
+                   register_local_specialization (r, t);
+                 if (decl_maybe_constant_var_p (r))
+                   {
+                     /* We can't call cp_finish_decl, so handle the
+                        initializer by hand.  */
+                     tree init = tsubst_init (DECL_INITIAL (t), r, args,
+                                              complain, in_decl);
+                     if (!processing_template_decl)
+                       init = maybe_constant_init (init);
+                     if (processing_template_decl
+                         ? potential_constant_expression (init)
+                         : reduced_constant_expression_p (init))
+                       DECL_INITIALIZED_BY_CONSTANT_EXPRESSION_P (r)
+                         = TREE_CONSTANT (r) = true;
+                     DECL_INITIAL (r) = init;
+                     if (tree auto_node = type_uses_auto (TREE_TYPE (r)))
+                       TREE_TYPE (r)
+                         = do_auto_deduction (TREE_TYPE (r), init, auto_node,
+                                              complain, adc_variable_type);
+                   }
+                 gcc_assert (cp_unevaluated_operand
+                             || processing_contract_condition
+                             || TREE_STATIC (r)
+                             || decl_constant_var_p (r)
+                             || seen_error ());
+                 if (!processing_template_decl
+                     && !TREE_STATIC (r))
+                   r = process_outer_var_ref (r, complain);
+               }
+             /* Remember this for subsequent uses.  */
+             if (local_specializations)
+               register_local_specialization (r, t);
+           }
+         if (TREE_CODE (r) == ARGUMENT_PACK_SELECT)
+           r = argument_pack_select_arg (r);
+       }
+      else
+       r = t;
+      if (!mark_used (r, complain))
+       RETURN (error_mark_node);
+
+      if (!no_name_lookup_flag
+         && (TREE_CODE (t) == PARM_DECL || TREE_CODE (t) == VAR_DECL))
+       {
+         /* ??? We're doing a subset  of finish_id_expression here.  */
+         if (tree wrap = maybe_get_tls_wrapper_call (r))
+           /* Replace an evaluated use of the thread_local variable with
+              a call to its wrapper.  */
+           r = wrap;
+         else if (outer_automatic_var_p (r))
+           r = process_outer_var_ref (r, complain);
+
+         if (!TYPE_REF_P (TREE_TYPE (t)))
+           /* If the original type was a reference, we'll be wrapped in
+              the appropriate INDIRECT_REF.  */
+           r = convert_from_reference (r);
+       }
+      RETURN (r);
+
+    case CONST_DECL:
+      {
+       tree enum_type;
+       tree v;
+
+       if (DECL_TEMPLATE_PARM_P (t))
+         RETURN (RECUR (DECL_INITIAL (t)));
+       if (!uses_template_parms (DECL_CONTEXT (t)))
+         RETURN (t);
+
+       /* Unfortunately, we cannot just call lookup_name here.
+          Consider:
+
+            template <int I> int f() {
+            enum E { a = I };
+            struct S { void g() { E e = a; } };
+            };
+
+          When we instantiate f<7>::S::g(), say, lookup_name is not
+          clever enough to find f<7>::a.  */
+       enum_type
+         = tsubst_aggr_type (DECL_CONTEXT (t), args, complain, in_decl,
+                             /*entering_scope=*/0);
+
+       for (v = TYPE_VALUES (enum_type);
+            v != NULL_TREE;
+            v = TREE_CHAIN (v))
+         if (TREE_PURPOSE (v) == DECL_NAME (t))
+           RETURN (TREE_VALUE (v));
+
+         /* We didn't find the name.  That should never happen; if
+            name-lookup found it during preliminary parsing, we
+            should find it again here during instantiation.  */
+       gcc_unreachable ();
+       RETURN (t);
       }
 
-    case THROW_EXPR:
-      RETURN (build_throw
-       (input_location, RECUR (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0))));
+    case FIELD_DECL:
+      if (DECL_CONTEXT (t))
+       {
+         tree ctx;
 
-    case CONSTRUCTOR:
-      {
-       vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *n;
-       constructor_elt *ce;
-       unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT idx;
-       bool process_index_p;
-        int newlen;
-        bool need_copy_p = false;
-       tree r;
+         ctx = tsubst_aggr_type (DECL_CONTEXT (t), args, complain, in_decl,
+                                 /*entering_scope=*/1);
+         if (ctx != DECL_CONTEXT (t))
+           {
+             tree r = lookup_field (ctx, DECL_NAME (t), 0, false);
+             if (!r)
+               {
+                 if (complain & tf_error)
+                   error ("using invalid field %qD", t);
+                 RETURN (error_mark_node);
+               }
+             RETURN (r);
+           }
+       }
+      RETURN (t);
 
-       tsubst_flags_t tcomplain = complain;
-       if (COMPOUND_LITERAL_P (t))
-         tcomplain |= tf_tst_ok;
-       tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, tcomplain, in_decl);
-       if (type == error_mark_node)
-         RETURN (error_mark_node);
+    case NAMESPACE_DECL:
+    case OVERLOAD:
+      RETURN (t);
 
-       /* We do not want to process the index of aggregate
-          initializers as they are identifier nodes which will be
-          looked up by digest_init.  */
-       process_index_p = !(type && MAYBE_CLASS_TYPE_P (type));
+    case TEMPLATE_DECL:
+      if (DECL_TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM_P (t))
+       RETURN (tsubst (TREE_TYPE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (t)),
+                       args, complain, in_decl));
+      else if (DECL_FUNCTION_TEMPLATE_P (t) && DECL_MEMBER_TEMPLATE_P (t))
+       RETURN (tsubst (t, args, complain, in_decl));
+      else if (DECL_CLASS_SCOPE_P (t)
+              && uses_template_parms (DECL_CONTEXT (t)))
+       {
+         /* Template template argument like the following example need
+            special treatment:
 
-       if (null_member_pointer_value_p (t))
-         {
-           gcc_assert (same_type_p (type, TREE_TYPE (t)));
-           RETURN (t);
-         }
+              template <template <class> class TT> struct C {};
+              template <class T> struct D {
+                template <class U> struct E {};
+                C<E> c;                                // #1
+              };
+              D<int> d;                                // #2
 
-       n = vec_safe_copy (CONSTRUCTOR_ELTS (t));
-        newlen = vec_safe_length (n);
-       FOR_EACH_VEC_SAFE_ELT (n, idx, ce)
-         {
-           if (ce->index && process_index_p
-               /* An identifier index is looked up in the type
-                  being initialized, not the current scope.  */
-               && TREE_CODE (ce->index) != IDENTIFIER_NODE)
-             ce->index = RECUR (ce->index);
+            We are processing the template argument `E' in #1 for
+            the template instantiation #2.  Originally, `E' is a
+            TEMPLATE_DECL with `D<T>' as its DECL_CONTEXT.  Now we
+            have to substitute this with one having context `D<int>'.  */
 
-            if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (ce->value))
-              {
-                /* Substitute into the pack expansion.  */
-                ce->value = tsubst_pack_expansion (ce->value, args, complain,
-                                                  in_decl);
+         tree context = tsubst_aggr_type (DECL_CONTEXT (t), args, complain,
+                                          in_decl, /*entering_scope=*/true);
+         RETURN (lookup_field (context, DECL_NAME(t), 0, false));
+       }
+      else
+       /* Ordinary template template argument.  */
+       RETURN (t);
 
-               if (ce->value == error_mark_node
-                   || PACK_EXPANSION_P (ce->value))
-                 ;
-               else if (TREE_VEC_LENGTH (ce->value) == 1)
-                  /* Just move the argument into place.  */
-                  ce->value = TREE_VEC_ELT (ce->value, 0);
-                else
-                  {
-                    /* Update the length of the final CONSTRUCTOR
-                       arguments vector, and note that we will need to
-                       copy.*/
-                    newlen = newlen + TREE_VEC_LENGTH (ce->value) - 1;
-                    need_copy_p = true;
-                  }
-              }
-            else
-              ce->value = RECUR (ce->value);
-         }
+    case TEMPLATE_PARM_INDEX:
+    case TYPE_DECL:
+      RETURN (tsubst (t, args, complain, in_decl));
 
-        if (need_copy_p)
-          {
-            vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *old_n = n;
+    case CLEANUP_POINT_EXPR:
+      /* We shouldn't have built any of these during initial template
+        generation.  Instead, they should be built during instantiation
+        in response to the saved STMT_IS_FULL_EXPR_P setting.  */
+      gcc_unreachable ();
 
-            vec_alloc (n, newlen);
-            FOR_EACH_VEC_ELT (*old_n, idx, ce)
-              {
-                if (TREE_CODE (ce->value) == TREE_VEC)
-                  {
-                    int i, len = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (ce->value);
-                    for (i = 0; i < len; ++i)
-                      CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (n, 0,
-                                              TREE_VEC_ELT (ce->value, i));
-                  }
-                else
-                  CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (n, 0, ce->value);
-              }
-          }
+    case OFFSET_REF:
+      {
+       tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
+       tree op0 = RECUR (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0));
+       tree op1 = RECUR (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1));
+       r = build2 (OFFSET_REF, type, op0, op1);
+       PTRMEM_OK_P (r) = PTRMEM_OK_P (t);
+       if (!mark_used (TREE_OPERAND (r, 1), complain)
+           && !(complain & tf_error))
+         RETURN (error_mark_node);
+       RETURN (r);
+      }
 
-       r = build_constructor (init_list_type_node, n);
-       CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DIRECT_INIT (r) = CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DIRECT_INIT (t);
-       CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DESIGNATED_INIT (r)
-         = CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DESIGNATED_INIT (t);
+    case EXPR_PACK_EXPANSION:
+      error ("invalid use of pack expansion expression");
+      RETURN (error_mark_node);
 
-       if (TREE_HAS_CONSTRUCTOR (t))
-         {
-           fcl_t cl = fcl_functional;
-           if (CONSTRUCTOR_C99_COMPOUND_LITERAL (t))
-             cl = fcl_c99;
-           RETURN (finish_compound_literal (type, r, complain, cl));
-         }
+    case NONTYPE_ARGUMENT_PACK:
+      error ("use %<...%> to expand argument pack");
+      RETURN (error_mark_node);
 
-       TREE_TYPE (r) = type;
+    case VOID_CST:
+      gcc_checking_assert (t == void_node && VOID_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (t)));
+      RETURN (t);
+
+    case INTEGER_CST:
+    case REAL_CST:
+    case COMPLEX_CST:
+    case VECTOR_CST:
+      {
+       /* Instantiate any typedefs in the type.  */
+       tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
+       r = fold_convert (type, t);
+       gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (r) == TREE_CODE (t));
        RETURN (r);
       }
 
-    case TYPEID_EXPR:
+    case STRING_CST:
       {
-       tree operand_0 = TREE_OPERAND (t, 0);
-       if (TYPE_P (operand_0))
-         {
-           operand_0 = tsubst (operand_0, args, complain, in_decl);
-           RETURN (get_typeid (operand_0, complain));
-         }
-       else
+       tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
+       r = t;
+       if (type != TREE_TYPE (t))
          {
-           operand_0 = RECUR (operand_0);
-           RETURN (build_typeid (operand_0, complain));
+           r = copy_node (t);
+           TREE_TYPE (r) = type;
          }
+       RETURN (r);
       }
 
-    case VAR_DECL:
-      if (!args)
-       RETURN (t);
-      /* Fall through */
+    case PTRMEM_CST:
+      /* These can sometimes show up in a partial instantiation, but never
+        involve template parms.  */
+      gcc_assert (!uses_template_parms (t));
+      RETURN (t);
 
-    case PARM_DECL:
-      {
-       tree r = tsubst_copy (t, args, complain, in_decl);
-       /* ??? We're doing a subset of finish_id_expression here.  */
-       if (tree wrap = maybe_get_tls_wrapper_call (r))
-         /* Replace an evaluated use of the thread_local variable with
-            a call to its wrapper.  */
-         r = wrap;
-       else if (outer_automatic_var_p (r))
-         r = process_outer_var_ref (r, complain);
-
-       if (!TYPE_REF_P (TREE_TYPE (t)))
-         /* If the original type was a reference, we'll be wrapped in
-            the appropriate INDIRECT_REF.  */
-         r = convert_from_reference (r);
-       RETURN (r);
-      }
+    case UNARY_LEFT_FOLD_EXPR:
+      RETURN (tsubst_unary_left_fold (t, args, complain, in_decl));
+    case UNARY_RIGHT_FOLD_EXPR:
+      RETURN (tsubst_unary_right_fold (t, args, complain, in_decl));
+    case BINARY_LEFT_FOLD_EXPR:
+      RETURN (tsubst_binary_left_fold (t, args, complain, in_decl));
+    case BINARY_RIGHT_FOLD_EXPR:
+      RETURN (tsubst_binary_right_fold (t, args, complain, in_decl));
+    case PREDICT_EXPR:
+      RETURN (t);
+
+    case DEBUG_BEGIN_STMT:
+      /* ??? There's no point in copying it for now, but maybe some
+        day it will contain more information, such as a pointer back
+        to the containing function, inlined copy or so.  */
+      RETURN (t);
+
+    case CO_AWAIT_EXPR:
+      RETURN (tsubst_expr (t, args, complain, in_decl));
 
     case VA_ARG_EXPR:
       {
@@ -21728,8 +21408,11 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
 
     case TRAIT_EXPR:
       {
-       tree type1 = tsubst_copy (TRAIT_EXPR_TYPE1 (t), args,
-                                 complain, in_decl);
+       tree type1 = TRAIT_EXPR_TYPE1 (t);
+       if (TYPE_P (type1))
+         type1 = tsubst (type1, args, complain, in_decl);
+       else
+         type1 = tsubst_copy_and_build (type1, args, complain, in_decl);
        tree type2 = tsubst (TRAIT_EXPR_TYPE2 (t), args,
                             complain, in_decl);
        RETURN (finish_trait_expr (TRAIT_EXPR_LOCATION (t),
@@ -21856,7 +21539,10 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
        if (subst)
          RETURN (subst);
       }
-      RETURN (tsubst_copy (t, args, complain, in_decl));
+      /* We shouldn't get here, but keep going if !flag_checking.  */
+      if (flag_checking)
+       gcc_unreachable ();
+      RETURN (t);
     }
 
 #undef RECUR
@@ -27580,8 +27266,12 @@ tsubst_initializer_list (tree t, tree argvec)
           else
             {
              tree tmp;
-              decl = tsubst_copy (TREE_PURPOSE (t), argvec, 
-                                  tf_warning_or_error, NULL_TREE);
+             if (TYPE_P (TREE_PURPOSE (t)))
+               decl = tsubst (TREE_PURPOSE (t), argvec,
+                              tf_warning_or_error, NULL_TREE);
+             else
+               decl = tsubst_copy_and_build (TREE_PURPOSE (t), argvec,
+                                             tf_warning_or_error, NULL_TREE);
 
               decl = expand_member_init (decl);
               if (decl && !DECL_P (decl))
-- 
2.42.0.296.g493f462273

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