On Mon, 2 Oct 2023, Patrick Palka wrote:

> Bootstrapped and regtested on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, does this look
> OK for trunk?
> 
> -- >8 --
> 
> The relationship between tsubst_copy_and_build and tsubst_copy (two of
> the main template argument substitution routines for expression trees)
> is rather hazy.  The former is mostly a superset of the latter, with
> some differences.
> 
> The main difference is that they handle many tree codes differently, but
> much of the tree code handling in tsubst_copy appears to be dead code[1].
> This is because tsubst_copy only gets directly called in a few places
> and mostly on id-expressions.  The interesting exceptions are PARM_DECL,
> VAR_DECL, BIT_NOT_EXPR, SCOPE_REF, TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR and IDENTIFIER_NODE:
> 
>  * for PARM_DECL and VAR_DECL, tsubst_copy_and_build calls tsubst_copy
>    followed by doing some extra handling of its own
>  * for BIT_NOT_EXPR tsubst_copy implicitly handles unresolved destructor
>    calls (i.e. the first operand is an identifier or a type)
>  * for SCOPE_REF, TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR and IDENTIFIER_NODE tsubst_copy
>    refrains from doing name lookup of the terminal name
> 
> Other more minor differences are that tsubst_copy exits early when
> 'args' is null, and it calls maybe_dependent_member_ref, and finally
> it dispatches to tsubst for type trees.
> 
> Thus tsubst_copy is (at this point) similar enough to tsubst_copy_and_build
> that it makes sense to merge the two functions, with the main difference
> being the name lookup behavior[2].  So this patch merges tsubst_copy into
> tsubst_copy_and_build via a new tsubst tf_no_name_lookup which controls
> name lookup and resolution of a (top-level) id-expression.
> 
> [1]: http://thrifty.mooo.com:8008/gcc-lcov/gcc/cp/pt.cc.gcov.html#17231
> [2]: I don't know the history of tsubst_copy but I would guess it was
> added before we settled on using processing_template_decl to control
> whether our AST building routines perform semantic checking and return
> non-templated trees, and so we needed a separate tsubst routine that
> avoids semantic checking and always returns a templated tree for e.g.
> partial substitution.

Oops, this is wrong -- tsubst_copy_and_build came after tsubst_copy,
and was introduced as an optimization with the intent of getting rid
of tsubst_copy eventually:
https://gcc.gnu.org/pipermail/gcc-patches/2003-January/093659.html

> 
> gcc/cp/ChangeLog:
> 
>       * cp-tree.h (enum tsubst_flags): Add tf_no_name_lookup.
>       * pt.cc (tsubst_copy):
>       (tsubst_pack_expansion): Use tsubst for substituting BASES_TYPE.
>       (tsubst_decl) <case USING_DECL>: Use tsubst_copy_and_build with
>       tf_no_name_lookup instead of tsubst_copy.
>       (tsubst) <case TEMPLATE_TYPE_PARM>: Use tsubst_copy_and_build
>       instead of tsubst_copy for substituting
>       CLASS_PLACEHOLDER_TEMPLATE.
>       <case TYPENAME_TYPE>: Use tsubst_copy_and_build with
>       tf_no_name_lookup instead of tsubst_copy for substituting
>       TYPENAME_TYPE_FULLNAME.
>       (tsubst_qualified_id): Likewise for substituting the component
>       name of a SCOPE_REF.
>       (tsubst_copy): Remove.
>       (tsubst_copy_and_build): Clear tf_no_name_lookup at the start,
>       and remember if it was set.  Call maybe_dependent_member_ref.
>       <case IDENTIFIER_NODE>: Don't do name lookup if tf_no_name_lookup
>       was set.
>       <case TEMLPATE_ID_EXPR>: Don't finish a template-id if
>       tf_no_name_lookup was set.
>       <case BIT_NOT_EXPR>: Handle identifier and type operand (if
>       tf_no_name_lookup was set).
>       <case SCOPE_REF>: Avoid trying to resolve a SCOPE_REF if
>       tf_no_name_lookup by calling build_qualified_name directly
>       instead of tsubst_qualified_id.
>       <case SIZEOF_EXPR>: Handling of sizeof...  copied from tsubst_copy.
>       <case CALL_EXPR>: Use tsubst_copy_and_build with
>       tf_no_name_lookup instead of tsubst_copy to substitute
>       a TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR callee naming an unresolved template.
>       <case COMPONENT_REF>: Likewise to substitute the member.
>       <case FUNCTION_DECL>: Copied from tsubst_copy and merged with ...
>       <case VAR_DECL, PARM_DECL>: ... these.  Initial handling copied
>       from tsubst_copy.  Optimize local variable substitution by
>       trying retrieve_local_specialization before checking
>       uses_template_parms.
>       <case CONST_DECL>: Copied from tsubst_copy.
>       <case FIELD_DECL>: Likewise.
>       <case NAMESPACE_DECL>: Likewise.
>       <case OVERLOAD>: Likewise.
>       <case TEMPLATE_DECL>: Likewise.
>       <case TEMPLATE_PARM_INDEX>: Likewise.
>       <case TYPE_DECL>: Likewise.
>       <case CLEANUP_POINT_EXPR>: Likewise.
>       <case OFFSET_REF>: Likewise.
>       <case EXPR_PACK_EXPANSION>: Likewise.
>       <case NONTYPE_ARGUMENT_PACK>: Likewise.
>       <case *_CST>: Likewise.
>       <case *_*_FOLD_EXPR>: Likewise.
>       <case DEBUG_BEGIN_STMT>: Likewise.
>       <case CO_AWAIT_EXPR>: Likewise.
>       <case TRAIT_EXPR>: Use tsubst and tsubst_copy_and_build instead
>       of tsubst_copy.
>       <default>: Copied from tsubst_copy.
>       (tsubst_initializer_list): Use tsubst and tsubst_copy_and_build
>       instead of tsubst_copy.
> ---
>  gcc/cp/cp-tree.h |    3 +
>  gcc/cp/pt.cc     | 1742 +++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
>  2 files changed, 719 insertions(+), 1026 deletions(-)
> 
> diff --git a/gcc/cp/cp-tree.h b/gcc/cp/cp-tree.h
> index 8b9a7d58462..919eab34803 100644
> --- a/gcc/cp/cp-tree.h
> +++ b/gcc/cp/cp-tree.h
> @@ -5619,6 +5619,9 @@ enum tsubst_flags {
>    tf_qualifying_scope = 1 << 14, /* Substituting the LHS of the :: operator.
>                                   Affects TYPENAME_TYPE resolution from
>                                   make_typename_type.  */
> +  tf_no_name_lookup = 1 << 15, /* Don't look up the terminal name of an
> +                               outermost id-expression, or resolve its
> +                               constituent template-ids or qualified-ids.  */
>    /* Convenient substitution flags combinations.  */
>    tf_warning_or_error = tf_warning | tf_error
>  };
> diff --git a/gcc/cp/pt.cc b/gcc/cp/pt.cc
> index 4400d429b6f..e1fb20994e3 100644
> --- a/gcc/cp/pt.cc
> +++ b/gcc/cp/pt.cc
> @@ -204,7 +204,6 @@ static void copy_default_args_to_explicit_spec (tree);
>  static bool invalid_nontype_parm_type_p (tree, tsubst_flags_t);
>  static bool dependent_template_arg_p (tree);
>  static bool dependent_type_p_r (tree);
> -static tree tsubst_copy      (tree, tree, tsubst_flags_t, tree);
>  static tree tsubst_decl (tree, tree, tsubst_flags_t, bool = true);
>  static tree tsubst_scope (tree, tree, tsubst_flags_t, tree);
>  static void perform_instantiation_time_access_checks (tree, tree);
> @@ -13373,15 +13372,11 @@ tsubst_pack_expansion (tree t, tree args, 
> tsubst_flags_t complain,
>        if (TREE_CODE (parm_pack) == BASES)
>       {
>         gcc_assert (parm_pack == pattern);
> +       tree type = tsubst (BASES_TYPE (parm_pack), args, complain, in_decl);
>         if (BASES_DIRECT (parm_pack))
> -         return calculate_direct_bases (tsubst_expr (BASES_TYPE (parm_pack),
> -                                                     args, complain,
> -                                                     in_decl),
> -                                        complain);
> +         return calculate_direct_bases (type, complain);
>         else
> -         return calculate_bases (tsubst_expr (BASES_TYPE (parm_pack),
> -                                              args, complain, in_decl),
> -                                 complain);
> +         return calculate_bases (type, complain);
>       }
>        else if (builtin_pack_call_p (parm_pack))
>       {
> @@ -15171,7 +15166,8 @@ tsubst_decl (tree t, tree args, tsubst_flags_t 
> complain,
>             variadic_p = true;
>           }
>         else
> -         name = tsubst_copy (name, args, complain, in_decl);
> +         name = tsubst_copy_and_build (name, args,
> +                                       complain | tf_no_name_lookup, 
> in_decl);
>  
>         int len;
>         if (!variadic_p)
> @@ -16108,7 +16104,7 @@ tsubst (tree t, tree args, tsubst_flags_t complain, 
> tree in_decl)
>        if (template_placeholder_p (t))
>       {
>         tree tmpl = CLASS_PLACEHOLDER_TEMPLATE (t);
> -       tmpl = tsubst_copy (tmpl, args, complain, in_decl);
> +       tmpl = tsubst_copy_and_build (tmpl, args, complain, in_decl);
>         if (TREE_CODE (tmpl) == TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM)
>           tmpl = TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM_TEMPLATE_DECL (tmpl);
>  
> @@ -16592,8 +16588,8 @@ tsubst (tree t, tree args, tsubst_flags_t complain, 
> tree in_decl)
>       if (ctx == error_mark_node)
>         return error_mark_node;
>  
> -     tree f = tsubst_copy (TYPENAME_TYPE_FULLNAME (t), args,
> -                           complain, in_decl);
> +     tree f = tsubst_copy_and_build (TYPENAME_TYPE_FULLNAME (t), args,
> +                                     complain | tf_no_name_lookup, in_decl);
>       if (f == error_mark_node)
>         return error_mark_node;
>  
> @@ -17045,7 +17041,8 @@ tsubst_qualified_id (tree qualified_id, tree args,
>    if (args)
>      {
>        scope = tsubst_scope (scope, args, complain, in_decl);
> -      expr = tsubst_copy (name, args, complain, in_decl);
> +      expr = tsubst_copy_and_build (name, args,
> +                                 complain | tf_no_name_lookup, in_decl);
>      }
>    else
>      expr = name;
> @@ -17277,878 +17274,177 @@ maybe_dependent_member_ref (tree t, tree args, 
> tsubst_flags_t complain,
>                                TREE_CODE (t) == TEMPLATE_DECL);
>  }
>  
> -/* Like tsubst, but deals with expressions.  This function just replaces
> -   template parms; to finish processing the resultant expression, use
> -   tsubst_copy_and_build or tsubst_expr.  */
> +/* Helper function for tsubst_omp_clauses, used for instantiation of
> +   OMP_CLAUSE_DECL of clauses.  */
>  
>  static tree
> -tsubst_copy (tree t, tree args, tsubst_flags_t complain, tree in_decl)
> +tsubst_omp_clause_decl (tree decl, tree args, tsubst_flags_t complain,
> +                     tree in_decl, tree *iterator_cache)
>  {
> -  enum tree_code code;
> -  tree r;
> -
> -  if (t == NULL_TREE || t == error_mark_node || args == NULL_TREE)
> -    return t;
> -
> -  if (TYPE_P (t))
> -    return tsubst (t, args, complain, in_decl);
> -
> -  if (tree d = maybe_dependent_member_ref (t, args, complain, in_decl))
> -    return d;
> -
> -  code = TREE_CODE (t);
> +  if (decl == NULL_TREE || decl == ridpointers[RID_OMP_ALL_MEMORY])
> +    return decl;
>  
> -  switch (code)
> +  /* Handle OpenMP iterators.  */
> +  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == TREE_LIST
> +      && TREE_PURPOSE (decl)
> +      && TREE_CODE (TREE_PURPOSE (decl)) == TREE_VEC)
>      {
> -    case PARM_DECL:
> -      r = retrieve_local_specialization (t);
> -
> -      if (r == NULL_TREE)
> +      tree ret;
> +      if (iterator_cache[0] == TREE_PURPOSE (decl))
> +     ret = iterator_cache[1];
> +      else
>       {
> -       /* We get here for a use of 'this' in an NSDMI.  */
> -       if (DECL_NAME (t) == this_identifier && current_class_ptr)
> -         return current_class_ptr;
> -
> -       /* This can happen for a parameter name used later in a function
> -          declaration (such as in a late-specified return type).  Just
> -          make a dummy decl, since it's only used for its type.  */
> -       gcc_assert (cp_unevaluated_operand);
> -       r = tsubst_decl (t, args, complain);
> -       /* Give it the template pattern as its context; its true context
> -          hasn't been instantiated yet and this is good enough for
> -          mangling.  */
> -       DECL_CONTEXT (r) = DECL_CONTEXT (t);
> +       tree *tp = &ret;
> +       begin_scope (sk_omp, NULL);
> +       for (tree it = TREE_PURPOSE (decl); it; it = TREE_CHAIN (it))
> +         {
> +           *tp = copy_node (it);
> +           TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 0)
> +             = tsubst_decl (TREE_VEC_ELT (it, 0), args, complain);
> +           DECL_CONTEXT (TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 0)) = current_function_decl;
> +           pushdecl (TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 0));
> +           TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 1)
> +             = tsubst_expr (TREE_VEC_ELT (it, 1), args, complain, in_decl);
> +           TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 2)
> +             = tsubst_expr (TREE_VEC_ELT (it, 2), args, complain, in_decl);
> +           TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 3)
> +             = tsubst_expr (TREE_VEC_ELT (it, 3), args, complain, in_decl);
> +           TREE_CHAIN (*tp) = NULL_TREE;
> +           tp = &TREE_CHAIN (*tp);
> +         }
> +       TREE_VEC_ELT (ret, 5) = poplevel (1, 1, 0);
> +       iterator_cache[0] = TREE_PURPOSE (decl);
> +       iterator_cache[1] = ret;
>       }
> +      return build_tree_list (ret, tsubst_omp_clause_decl (TREE_VALUE (decl),
> +                                                        args, complain,
> +                                                        in_decl, NULL));
> +    }
>  
> -      if (TREE_CODE (r) == ARGUMENT_PACK_SELECT)
> -     r = argument_pack_select_arg (r);
> -      if (!mark_used (r, complain) && !(complain & tf_error))
> -     return error_mark_node;
> -      return r;
> -
> -    case CONST_DECL:
> -      {
> -     tree enum_type;
> -     tree v;
> -
> -     if (DECL_TEMPLATE_PARM_P (t))
> -       return tsubst_copy (DECL_INITIAL (t), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     if (!uses_template_parms (DECL_CONTEXT (t)))
> -       return t;
> -
> -     /* Unfortunately, we cannot just call lookup_name here.
> -        Consider:
> -
> -          template <int I> int f() {
> -          enum E { a = I };
> -          struct S { void g() { E e = a; } };
> -          };
> -
> -        When we instantiate f<7>::S::g(), say, lookup_name is not
> -        clever enough to find f<7>::a.  */
> -     enum_type
> -       = tsubst_aggr_type (DECL_CONTEXT (t), args, complain, in_decl,
> -                           /*entering_scope=*/0);
> -
> -     for (v = TYPE_VALUES (enum_type);
> -          v != NULL_TREE;
> -          v = TREE_CHAIN (v))
> -       if (TREE_PURPOSE (v) == DECL_NAME (t))
> -         return TREE_VALUE (v);
> -
> -       /* We didn't find the name.  That should never happen; if
> -          name-lookup found it during preliminary parsing, we
> -          should find it again here during instantiation.  */
> -     gcc_unreachable ();
> -      }
> -      return t;
> +  /* Handle an OpenMP array section represented as a TREE_LIST (or
> +     OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS_KIND).  An OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS (with a depend
> +     kind of OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS_SINK) can also be represented as a
> +     TREE_LIST.  We can handle it exactly the same as an array section
> +     (purpose, value, and a chain), even though the nomenclature
> +     (low_bound, length, etc) is different.  */
> +  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == TREE_LIST)
> +    {
> +      tree low_bound
> +     = tsubst_expr (TREE_PURPOSE (decl), args, complain, in_decl);
> +      tree length = tsubst_expr (TREE_VALUE (decl), args, complain, in_decl);
> +      tree chain = tsubst_omp_clause_decl (TREE_CHAIN (decl), args, complain,
> +                                        in_decl, NULL);
> +      if (TREE_PURPOSE (decl) == low_bound
> +       && TREE_VALUE (decl) == length
> +       && TREE_CHAIN (decl) == chain)
> +     return decl;
> +      tree ret = tree_cons (low_bound, length, chain);
> +      OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS_SINK_NEGATIVE (ret)
> +     = OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS_SINK_NEGATIVE (decl);
> +      return ret;
> +    }
> +  tree ret = tsubst_expr (decl, args, complain, in_decl);
> +  /* Undo convert_from_reference tsubst_expr could have called.  */
> +  if (decl
> +      && REFERENCE_REF_P (ret)
> +      && !REFERENCE_REF_P (decl))
> +    ret = TREE_OPERAND (ret, 0);
> +  return ret;
> +}
>  
> -    case FIELD_DECL:
> -      if (DECL_CONTEXT (t))
> -     {
> -       tree ctx;
> +/* Like tsubst_copy, but specifically for OpenMP clauses.  */
>  
> -       ctx = tsubst_aggr_type (DECL_CONTEXT (t), args, complain, in_decl,
> -                               /*entering_scope=*/1);
> -       if (ctx != DECL_CONTEXT (t))
> -         {
> -           tree r = lookup_field (ctx, DECL_NAME (t), 0, false);
> -           if (!r)
> -             {
> -               if (complain & tf_error)
> -                 error ("using invalid field %qD", t);
> -               return error_mark_node;
> -             }
> -           return r;
> -         }
> -     }
> +static tree
> +tsubst_omp_clauses (tree clauses, enum c_omp_region_type ort,
> +                 tree args, tsubst_flags_t complain, tree in_decl)
> +{
> +  tree new_clauses = NULL_TREE, nc, oc;
> +  tree linear_no_step = NULL_TREE;
> +  tree iterator_cache[2] = { NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE };
>  
> -      return t;
> +  for (oc = clauses; oc ; oc = OMP_CLAUSE_CHAIN (oc))
> +    {
> +      nc = copy_node (oc);
> +      OMP_CLAUSE_CHAIN (nc) = new_clauses;
> +      new_clauses = nc;
>  
> -    case VAR_DECL:
> -    case FUNCTION_DECL:
> -      if (DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (t) && DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (t))
> -     r = tsubst (t, args, complain, in_decl);
> -      else if (DECL_LOCAL_DECL_P (t))
> +      switch (OMP_CLAUSE_CODE (nc))
>       {
> -       /* Local specialization will usually have been created when
> -          we instantiated the DECL_EXPR_DECL. */
> -       r = retrieve_local_specialization (t);
> -       if (!r)
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE:
> +       if (OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (oc))
>           {
> -           /* We're in a generic lambda referencing a local extern
> -              from an outer block-scope of a non-template.  */
> -           gcc_checking_assert (LAMBDA_FUNCTION_P (current_function_decl));
> -           r = t;
> +           OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (nc) = push_stmt_list ();
> +           tsubst_expr (OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (oc), args,
> +                        complain, in_decl);
> +           OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (nc)
> +             = pop_stmt_list (OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (nc));
>           }
> -     }
> -      else if (local_variable_p (t)
> -            && uses_template_parms (DECL_CONTEXT (t)))
> -     {
> -       r = retrieve_local_specialization (t);
> -       if (r == NULL_TREE)
> +       /* FALLTHRU */
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_PRIVATE:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_SHARED:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_FIRSTPRIVATE:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_COPYIN:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_COPYPRIVATE:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_UNIFORM:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_DEPEND:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_AFFINITY:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_FROM:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_TO:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_MAP:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE__CACHE_:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_NONTEMPORAL:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_USE_DEVICE_PTR:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_USE_DEVICE_ADDR:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_IS_DEVICE_PTR:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_HAS_DEVICE_ADDR:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_INCLUSIVE:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_EXCLUSIVE:
> +       OMP_CLAUSE_DECL (nc)
> +         = tsubst_omp_clause_decl (OMP_CLAUSE_DECL (oc), args, complain,
> +                                   in_decl, iterator_cache);
> +       break;
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TEAMS:
> +       if (OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TEAMS_LOWER_EXPR (oc))
> +         OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TEAMS_LOWER_EXPR (nc)
> +           = tsubst_expr (OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TEAMS_LOWER_EXPR (oc), args,
> +                          complain, in_decl);
> +       /* FALLTHRU */
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_TILE:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_IF:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_THREADS:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_SCHEDULE:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_COLLAPSE:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_FINAL:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_DEVICE:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_DIST_SCHEDULE:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_THREAD_LIMIT:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_SAFELEN:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_SIMDLEN:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TASKS:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_GRAINSIZE:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_PRIORITY:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_ORDERED:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_HINT:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_FILTER:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_GANGS:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_WORKERS:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_VECTOR_LENGTH:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_WORKER:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_VECTOR:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_ASYNC:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_WAIT:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_DETACH:
> +       OMP_CLAUSE_OPERAND (nc, 0)
> +         = tsubst_expr (OMP_CLAUSE_OPERAND (oc, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
> +       break;
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_REDUCTION:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_IN_REDUCTION:
> +     case OMP_CLAUSE_TASK_REDUCTION:
> +       if (OMP_CLAUSE_REDUCTION_PLACEHOLDER (oc))
>           {
> -           /* First try name lookup to find the instantiation.  */
> -           r = lookup_name (DECL_NAME (t));
> -           if (r)
> -             {
> -               if (!VAR_P (r))
> -                 {
> -                   /* During error-recovery we may find a non-variable,
> -                      even an OVERLOAD: just bail out and avoid ICEs and
> -                      duplicate diagnostics (c++/62207).  */
> -                   gcc_assert (seen_error ());
> -                   return error_mark_node;
> -                 }
> -               if (!is_capture_proxy (r))
> -                 {
> -                   /* Make sure the one we found is the one we want.  */
> -                   tree ctx = enclosing_instantiation_of (DECL_CONTEXT (t));
> -                   if (ctx != DECL_CONTEXT (r))
> -                     r = NULL_TREE;
> -                 }
> -             }
> -
> -           if (r)
> -             /* OK */;
> -           else
> -             {
> -               /* This can happen for a variable used in a
> -                  late-specified return type of a local lambda, or for a
> -                  local static or constant.  Building a new VAR_DECL
> -                  should be OK in all those cases.  */
> -               r = tsubst_decl (t, args, complain);
> -               if (local_specializations)
> -                 /* Avoid infinite recursion (79640).  */
> -                 register_local_specialization (r, t);
> -               if (decl_maybe_constant_var_p (r))
> -                 {
> -                   /* We can't call cp_finish_decl, so handle the
> -                      initializer by hand.  */
> -                   tree init = tsubst_init (DECL_INITIAL (t), r, args,
> -                                            complain, in_decl);
> -                   if (!processing_template_decl)
> -                     init = maybe_constant_init (init);
> -                   if (processing_template_decl
> -                       ? potential_constant_expression (init)
> -                       : reduced_constant_expression_p (init))
> -                     DECL_INITIALIZED_BY_CONSTANT_EXPRESSION_P (r)
> -                       = TREE_CONSTANT (r) = true;
> -                   DECL_INITIAL (r) = init;
> -                   if (tree auto_node = type_uses_auto (TREE_TYPE (r)))
> -                     TREE_TYPE (r)
> -                       = do_auto_deduction (TREE_TYPE (r), init, auto_node,
> -                                            complain, adc_variable_type);
> -                 }
> -               gcc_assert (cp_unevaluated_operand
> -                           || processing_contract_condition
> -                           || TREE_STATIC (r)
> -                           || decl_constant_var_p (r)
> -                           || seen_error ());
> -               if (!processing_template_decl
> -                   && !TREE_STATIC (r))
> -                 r = process_outer_var_ref (r, complain);
> -             }
> -           /* Remember this for subsequent uses.  */
> -           if (local_specializations)
> -             register_local_specialization (r, t);
> -         }
> -       if (TREE_CODE (r) == ARGUMENT_PACK_SELECT)
> -         r = argument_pack_select_arg (r);
> -     }
> -      else
> -     r = t;
> -      if (!mark_used (r, complain))
> -     return error_mark_node;
> -      return r;
> -
> -    case NAMESPACE_DECL:
> -      return t;
> -
> -    case OVERLOAD:
> -      return t;
> -
> -    case BASELINK:
> -      return tsubst_baselink (t, current_nonlambda_class_type (),
> -                           args, complain, in_decl);
> -
> -    case TEMPLATE_DECL:
> -      if (DECL_TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM_P (t))
> -     return tsubst (TREE_TYPE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (t)),
> -                    args, complain, in_decl);
> -      else if (DECL_FUNCTION_TEMPLATE_P (t) && DECL_MEMBER_TEMPLATE_P (t))
> -     return tsubst (t, args, complain, in_decl);
> -      else if (DECL_CLASS_SCOPE_P (t)
> -            && uses_template_parms (DECL_CONTEXT (t)))
> -     {
> -       /* Template template argument like the following example need
> -          special treatment:
> -
> -            template <template <class> class TT> struct C {};
> -            template <class T> struct D {
> -              template <class U> struct E {};
> -              C<E> c;                                // #1
> -            };
> -            D<int> d;                                // #2
> -
> -          We are processing the template argument `E' in #1 for
> -          the template instantiation #2.  Originally, `E' is a
> -          TEMPLATE_DECL with `D<T>' as its DECL_CONTEXT.  Now we
> -          have to substitute this with one having context `D<int>'.  */
> -
> -       tree context = tsubst_aggr_type (DECL_CONTEXT (t), args, complain,
> -                                        in_decl, /*entering_scope=*/true);
> -       return lookup_field (context, DECL_NAME(t), 0, false);
> -     }
> -      else
> -     /* Ordinary template template argument.  */
> -     return t;
> -
> -    case NON_LVALUE_EXPR:
> -    case VIEW_CONVERT_EXPR:
> -     {
> -       /* Handle location wrappers by substituting the wrapped node
> -          first, *then* reusing the resulting type.  Doing the type
> -          first ensures that we handle template parameters and
> -          parameter pack expansions.  */
> -       if (location_wrapper_p (t))
> -         {
> -           tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args,
> -                                   complain, in_decl);
> -           return maybe_wrap_with_location (op0, EXPR_LOCATION (t));
> -         }
> -       tree op = TREE_OPERAND (t, 0);
> -       /* force_paren_expr can also create a VIEW_CONVERT_EXPR.  */
> -       if (code == VIEW_CONVERT_EXPR && REF_PARENTHESIZED_P (t))
> -         {
> -           op = tsubst_copy (op, args, complain, in_decl);
> -           op = build1 (code, TREE_TYPE (op), op);
> -           REF_PARENTHESIZED_P (op) = true;
> -           return op;
> -         }
> -       /* We shouldn't see any other uses of these in templates
> -          (tsubst_copy_and_build handles C++20 tparm object wrappers).  */
> -       gcc_unreachable ();
> -     }
> -
> -    case CAST_EXPR:
> -    case REINTERPRET_CAST_EXPR:
> -    case CONST_CAST_EXPR:
> -    case STATIC_CAST_EXPR:
> -    case DYNAMIC_CAST_EXPR:
> -    case IMPLICIT_CONV_EXPR:
> -    CASE_CONVERT:
> -      {
> -     tsubst_flags_t tcomplain = complain;
> -     if (code == CAST_EXPR)
> -       tcomplain |= tf_tst_ok;
> -     tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, tcomplain, in_decl);
> -     tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     return build1 (code, type, op0);
> -      }
> -
> -    case BIT_CAST_EXPR:
> -      {
> -     tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     r = build_min (BIT_CAST_EXPR, type, op0);
> -     SET_EXPR_LOCATION (r, EXPR_LOCATION (t));
> -     return r;
> -      }
> -
> -    case SIZEOF_EXPR:
> -      if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0))
> -       || ARGUMENT_PACK_P (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0)))
> -        {
> -          tree expanded, op = TREE_OPERAND (t, 0);
> -       int len = 0;
> -
> -       if (SIZEOF_EXPR_TYPE_P (t))
> -         op = TREE_TYPE (op);
> -
> -       ++cp_unevaluated_operand;
> -       ++c_inhibit_evaluation_warnings;
> -       /* We only want to compute the number of arguments.  */
> -       if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (op))
> -         expanded = tsubst_pack_expansion (op, args, complain, in_decl);
> -       else
> -         expanded = tsubst_template_args (ARGUMENT_PACK_ARGS (op),
> -                                          args, complain, in_decl);
> -       --cp_unevaluated_operand;
> -       --c_inhibit_evaluation_warnings;
> -
> -       if (TREE_CODE (expanded) == TREE_VEC)
> -         {
> -           len = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (expanded);
> -           /* Set TREE_USED for the benefit of -Wunused.  */
> -           for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
> -             if (DECL_P (TREE_VEC_ELT (expanded, i)))
> -               TREE_USED (TREE_VEC_ELT (expanded, i)) = true;
> -         }
> -
> -       if (expanded == error_mark_node)
> -         return error_mark_node;
> -       else if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (expanded)
> -                || (TREE_CODE (expanded) == TREE_VEC
> -                    && pack_expansion_args_count (expanded)))
> -
> -         {
> -           if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (expanded))
> -             /* OK.  */;
> -           else if (TREE_VEC_LENGTH (expanded) == 1)
> -             expanded = TREE_VEC_ELT (expanded, 0);
> -           else
> -             expanded = make_argument_pack (expanded);
> -
> -           if (TYPE_P (expanded))
> -             return cxx_sizeof_or_alignof_type (input_location,
> -                                                expanded, SIZEOF_EXPR,
> -                                                false,
> -                                                complain & tf_error);
> -           else
> -             return cxx_sizeof_or_alignof_expr (input_location,
> -                                                expanded, SIZEOF_EXPR,
> -                                                false,
> -                                                   complain & tf_error);
> -         }
> -       else
> -         return build_int_cst (size_type_node, len);
> -        }
> -      if (SIZEOF_EXPR_TYPE_P (t))
> -     {
> -       r = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0)),
> -                   args, complain, in_decl);
> -       r = build1 (NOP_EXPR, r, error_mark_node);
> -       r = build1 (SIZEOF_EXPR,
> -                   tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl), r);
> -       SIZEOF_EXPR_TYPE_P (r) = 1;
> -       return r;
> -     }
> -      /* Fall through */
> -
> -    case INDIRECT_REF:
> -    case NEGATE_EXPR:
> -    case TRUTH_NOT_EXPR:
> -    case BIT_NOT_EXPR:
> -    case ADDR_EXPR:
> -    case UNARY_PLUS_EXPR:      /* Unary + */
> -    case ALIGNOF_EXPR:
> -    case AT_ENCODE_EXPR:
> -    case ARROW_EXPR:
> -    case THROW_EXPR:
> -    case TYPEID_EXPR:
> -    case REALPART_EXPR:
> -    case IMAGPART_EXPR:
> -    case PAREN_EXPR:
> -      {
> -     tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     r = build1_loc (EXPR_LOCATION (t), code, type, op0);
> -     if (code == ALIGNOF_EXPR)
> -       ALIGNOF_EXPR_STD_P (r) = ALIGNOF_EXPR_STD_P (t);
> -     /* For addresses of immediate functions ensure we have EXPR_LOCATION
> -        set for possible later diagnostics.  */
> -     if (code == ADDR_EXPR
> -         && EXPR_LOCATION (r) == UNKNOWN_LOCATION
> -         && TREE_CODE (op0) == FUNCTION_DECL
> -         && DECL_IMMEDIATE_FUNCTION_P (op0))
> -       SET_EXPR_LOCATION (r, input_location);
> -     return r;
> -      }
> -
> -    case EXCESS_PRECISION_EXPR:
> -      {
> -     tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     if (TREE_CODE (op0) == EXCESS_PRECISION_EXPR)
> -       {
> -         gcc_checking_assert (same_type_p (type, TREE_TYPE (op0)));
> -         return op0;
> -       }
> -     return build1_loc (EXPR_LOCATION (t), code, type, op0);
> -      }
> -
> -    case COMPONENT_REF:
> -      {
> -     tree object;
> -     tree name;
> -
> -     object = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     name = TREE_OPERAND (t, 1);
> -     if (TREE_CODE (name) == BIT_NOT_EXPR)
> -       {
> -         name = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (name, 0), args,
> -                             complain, in_decl);
> -         name = build1 (BIT_NOT_EXPR, NULL_TREE, name);
> -       }
> -     else if (TREE_CODE (name) == SCOPE_REF
> -              && TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (name, 1)) == BIT_NOT_EXPR)
> -       {
> -         tree base = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (name, 0), args,
> -                                  complain, in_decl);
> -         name = TREE_OPERAND (name, 1);
> -         name = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (name, 0), args,
> -                             complain, in_decl);
> -         name = build1 (BIT_NOT_EXPR, NULL_TREE, name);
> -         name = build_qualified_name (/*type=*/NULL_TREE,
> -                                      base, name,
> -                                      /*template_p=*/false);
> -       }
> -     else if (BASELINK_P (name))
> -       name = tsubst_baselink (name,
> -                               non_reference (TREE_TYPE (object)),
> -                               args, complain,
> -                               in_decl);
> -     else
> -       name = tsubst_copy (name, args, complain, in_decl);
> -     return build_nt (COMPONENT_REF, object, name, NULL_TREE);
> -      }
> -
> -    case PLUS_EXPR:
> -    case MINUS_EXPR:
> -    case MULT_EXPR:
> -    case TRUNC_DIV_EXPR:
> -    case CEIL_DIV_EXPR:
> -    case FLOOR_DIV_EXPR:
> -    case ROUND_DIV_EXPR:
> -    case EXACT_DIV_EXPR:
> -    case BIT_AND_EXPR:
> -    case BIT_IOR_EXPR:
> -    case BIT_XOR_EXPR:
> -    case TRUNC_MOD_EXPR:
> -    case FLOOR_MOD_EXPR:
> -    case TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR:
> -    case TRUTH_ORIF_EXPR:
> -    case TRUTH_AND_EXPR:
> -    case TRUTH_OR_EXPR:
> -    case RSHIFT_EXPR:
> -    case LSHIFT_EXPR:
> -    case EQ_EXPR:
> -    case NE_EXPR:
> -    case MAX_EXPR:
> -    case MIN_EXPR:
> -    case LE_EXPR:
> -    case GE_EXPR:
> -    case LT_EXPR:
> -    case GT_EXPR:
> -    case COMPOUND_EXPR:
> -    case DOTSTAR_EXPR:
> -    case MEMBER_REF:
> -    case PREDECREMENT_EXPR:
> -    case PREINCREMENT_EXPR:
> -    case POSTDECREMENT_EXPR:
> -    case POSTINCREMENT_EXPR:
> -      {
> -     tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     tree op1 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     return build_nt (code, op0, op1);
> -      }
> -
> -    case SCOPE_REF:
> -      {
> -     tree op0 = tsubst_scope (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     tree op1 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     return build_qualified_name (/*type=*/NULL_TREE, op0, op1,
> -                                  QUALIFIED_NAME_IS_TEMPLATE (t));
> -      }
> -
> -    case ARRAY_REF:
> -      {
> -     tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     tree op1 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     return build_nt (ARRAY_REF, op0, op1, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);
> -      }
> -
> -    case CALL_EXPR:
> -      {
> -     int n = VL_EXP_OPERAND_LENGTH (t);
> -     tree result = build_vl_exp (CALL_EXPR, n);
> -     int i;
> -     for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
> -       TREE_OPERAND (t, i) = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, i), args,
> -                                          complain, in_decl);
> -     return result;
> -      }
> -
> -    case COND_EXPR:
> -    case MODOP_EXPR:
> -    case PSEUDO_DTOR_EXPR:
> -    case VEC_PERM_EXPR:
> -      {
> -     tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     tree op1 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     tree op2 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 2), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     r = build_nt (code, op0, op1, op2);
> -     copy_warning (r, t);
> -     return r;
> -      }
> -
> -    case NEW_EXPR:
> -      {
> -     tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     tree op1 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     tree op2 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 2), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     r = build_nt (code, op0, op1, op2);
> -     NEW_EXPR_USE_GLOBAL (r) = NEW_EXPR_USE_GLOBAL (t);
> -     return r;
> -      }
> -
> -    case DELETE_EXPR:
> -      {
> -     tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     tree op1 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     r = build_nt (code, op0, op1);
> -     DELETE_EXPR_USE_GLOBAL (r) = DELETE_EXPR_USE_GLOBAL (t);
> -     DELETE_EXPR_USE_VEC (r) = DELETE_EXPR_USE_VEC (t);
> -     return r;
> -      }
> -
> -    case TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR:
> -      {
> -     /* Substituted template arguments */
> -     tree tmpl = TREE_OPERAND (t, 0);
> -     tree targs = TREE_OPERAND (t, 1);
> -
> -     tmpl = tsubst_copy (tmpl, args, complain, in_decl);
> -     if (targs)
> -       targs = tsubst_template_args (targs, args, complain, in_decl);
> -
> -     if (variable_template_p (tmpl))
> -       return lookup_template_variable (tmpl, targs, complain);
> -     else
> -       return lookup_template_function (tmpl, targs);
> -      }
> -
> -    case TREE_LIST:
> -      {
> -     tree purpose, value, chain;
> -
> -     if (t == void_list_node)
> -       return t;
> -
> -     purpose = TREE_PURPOSE (t);
> -     if (purpose)
> -       purpose = tsubst_copy (purpose, args, complain, in_decl);
> -     value = TREE_VALUE (t);
> -     if (value)
> -       value = tsubst_copy (value, args, complain, in_decl);
> -     chain = TREE_CHAIN (t);
> -     if (chain && chain != void_type_node)
> -       chain = tsubst_copy (chain, args, complain, in_decl);
> -     if (purpose == TREE_PURPOSE (t)
> -         && value == TREE_VALUE (t)
> -         && chain == TREE_CHAIN (t))
> -       return t;
> -     return tree_cons (purpose, value, chain);
> -      }
> -
> -    case TEMPLATE_PARM_INDEX:
> -    case TYPE_DECL:
> -      return tsubst (t, args, complain, in_decl);
> -
> -    case USING_DECL:
> -      t = DECL_NAME (t);
> -      /* Fall through.  */
> -    case IDENTIFIER_NODE:
> -      if (IDENTIFIER_CONV_OP_P (t))
> -     {
> -       tree new_type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
> -       return make_conv_op_name (new_type);
> -     }
> -      else
> -     return t;
> -
> -    case CONSTRUCTOR:
> -      /* This is handled by tsubst_copy_and_build.  */
> -      gcc_unreachable ();
> -
> -    case VA_ARG_EXPR:
> -      {
> -     tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     return build_x_va_arg (EXPR_LOCATION (t), op0, type);
> -      }
> -
> -    case CLEANUP_POINT_EXPR:
> -      /* We shouldn't have built any of these during initial template
> -      generation.  Instead, they should be built during instantiation
> -      in response to the saved STMT_IS_FULL_EXPR_P setting.  */
> -      gcc_unreachable ();
> -
> -    case OFFSET_REF:
> -      {
> -     tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     tree op0 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     tree op1 = tsubst_copy (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     r = build2 (code, type, op0, op1);
> -     PTRMEM_OK_P (r) = PTRMEM_OK_P (t);
> -     if (!mark_used (TREE_OPERAND (r, 1), complain)
> -         && !(complain & tf_error))
> -       return error_mark_node;
> -     return r;
> -      }
> -
> -    case EXPR_PACK_EXPANSION:
> -      error ("invalid use of pack expansion expression");
> -      return error_mark_node;
> -
> -    case NONTYPE_ARGUMENT_PACK:
> -      error ("use %<...%> to expand argument pack");
> -      return error_mark_node;
> -
> -    case VOID_CST:
> -      gcc_checking_assert (t == void_node && VOID_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (t)));
> -      return t;
> -
> -    case INTEGER_CST:
> -    case REAL_CST:
> -    case COMPLEX_CST:
> -    case VECTOR_CST:
> -      {
> -     /* Instantiate any typedefs in the type.  */
> -     tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     r = fold_convert (type, t);
> -     gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (r) == code);
> -     return r;
> -      }
> -
> -    case STRING_CST:
> -      {
> -     tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
> -     r = t;
> -     if (type != TREE_TYPE (t))
> -       {
> -         r = copy_node (t);
> -         TREE_TYPE (r) = type;
> -       }
> -     return r;
> -      }
> -
> -    case PTRMEM_CST:
> -      /* These can sometimes show up in a partial instantiation, but never
> -      involve template parms.  */
> -      gcc_assert (!uses_template_parms (t));
> -      return t;
> -
> -    case UNARY_LEFT_FOLD_EXPR:
> -      return tsubst_unary_left_fold (t, args, complain, in_decl);
> -    case UNARY_RIGHT_FOLD_EXPR:
> -      return tsubst_unary_right_fold (t, args, complain, in_decl);
> -    case BINARY_LEFT_FOLD_EXPR:
> -      return tsubst_binary_left_fold (t, args, complain, in_decl);
> -    case BINARY_RIGHT_FOLD_EXPR:
> -      return tsubst_binary_right_fold (t, args, complain, in_decl);
> -    case PREDICT_EXPR:
> -      return t;
> -
> -    case DEBUG_BEGIN_STMT:
> -      /* ??? There's no point in copying it for now, but maybe some
> -      day it will contain more information, such as a pointer back
> -      to the containing function, inlined copy or so.  */
> -      return t;
> -
> -    case CO_AWAIT_EXPR:
> -      return tsubst_expr (t, args, complain, in_decl);
> -
> -    default:
> -      /* We shouldn't get here, but keep going if !flag_checking.  */
> -      if (flag_checking)
> -     gcc_unreachable ();
> -      return t;
> -    }
> -}
> -
> -/* Helper function for tsubst_omp_clauses, used for instantiation of
> -   OMP_CLAUSE_DECL of clauses.  */
> -
> -static tree
> -tsubst_omp_clause_decl (tree decl, tree args, tsubst_flags_t complain,
> -                     tree in_decl, tree *iterator_cache)
> -{
> -  if (decl == NULL_TREE || decl == ridpointers[RID_OMP_ALL_MEMORY])
> -    return decl;
> -
> -  /* Handle OpenMP iterators.  */
> -  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == TREE_LIST
> -      && TREE_PURPOSE (decl)
> -      && TREE_CODE (TREE_PURPOSE (decl)) == TREE_VEC)
> -    {
> -      tree ret;
> -      if (iterator_cache[0] == TREE_PURPOSE (decl))
> -     ret = iterator_cache[1];
> -      else
> -     {
> -       tree *tp = &ret;
> -       begin_scope (sk_omp, NULL);
> -       for (tree it = TREE_PURPOSE (decl); it; it = TREE_CHAIN (it))
> -         {
> -           *tp = copy_node (it);
> -           TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 0)
> -             = tsubst_decl (TREE_VEC_ELT (it, 0), args, complain);
> -           DECL_CONTEXT (TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 0)) = current_function_decl;
> -           pushdecl (TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 0));
> -           TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 1)
> -             = tsubst_expr (TREE_VEC_ELT (it, 1), args, complain, in_decl);
> -           TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 2)
> -             = tsubst_expr (TREE_VEC_ELT (it, 2), args, complain, in_decl);
> -           TREE_VEC_ELT (*tp, 3)
> -             = tsubst_expr (TREE_VEC_ELT (it, 3), args, complain, in_decl);
> -           TREE_CHAIN (*tp) = NULL_TREE;
> -           tp = &TREE_CHAIN (*tp);
> -         }
> -       TREE_VEC_ELT (ret, 5) = poplevel (1, 1, 0);
> -       iterator_cache[0] = TREE_PURPOSE (decl);
> -       iterator_cache[1] = ret;
> -     }
> -      return build_tree_list (ret, tsubst_omp_clause_decl (TREE_VALUE (decl),
> -                                                        args, complain,
> -                                                        in_decl, NULL));
> -    }
> -
> -  /* Handle an OpenMP array section represented as a TREE_LIST (or
> -     OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS_KIND).  An OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS (with a depend
> -     kind of OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS_SINK) can also be represented as a
> -     TREE_LIST.  We can handle it exactly the same as an array section
> -     (purpose, value, and a chain), even though the nomenclature
> -     (low_bound, length, etc) is different.  */
> -  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == TREE_LIST)
> -    {
> -      tree low_bound
> -     = tsubst_expr (TREE_PURPOSE (decl), args, complain, in_decl);
> -      tree length = tsubst_expr (TREE_VALUE (decl), args, complain, in_decl);
> -      tree chain = tsubst_omp_clause_decl (TREE_CHAIN (decl), args, complain,
> -                                        in_decl, NULL);
> -      if (TREE_PURPOSE (decl) == low_bound
> -       && TREE_VALUE (decl) == length
> -       && TREE_CHAIN (decl) == chain)
> -     return decl;
> -      tree ret = tree_cons (low_bound, length, chain);
> -      OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS_SINK_NEGATIVE (ret)
> -     = OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS_SINK_NEGATIVE (decl);
> -      return ret;
> -    }
> -  tree ret = tsubst_expr (decl, args, complain, in_decl);
> -  /* Undo convert_from_reference tsubst_expr could have called.  */
> -  if (decl
> -      && REFERENCE_REF_P (ret)
> -      && !REFERENCE_REF_P (decl))
> -    ret = TREE_OPERAND (ret, 0);
> -  return ret;
> -}
> -
> -/* Like tsubst_copy, but specifically for OpenMP clauses.  */
> -
> -static tree
> -tsubst_omp_clauses (tree clauses, enum c_omp_region_type ort,
> -                 tree args, tsubst_flags_t complain, tree in_decl)
> -{
> -  tree new_clauses = NULL_TREE, nc, oc;
> -  tree linear_no_step = NULL_TREE;
> -  tree iterator_cache[2] = { NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE };
> -
> -  for (oc = clauses; oc ; oc = OMP_CLAUSE_CHAIN (oc))
> -    {
> -      nc = copy_node (oc);
> -      OMP_CLAUSE_CHAIN (nc) = new_clauses;
> -      new_clauses = nc;
> -
> -      switch (OMP_CLAUSE_CODE (nc))
> -     {
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE:
> -       if (OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (oc))
> -         {
> -           OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (nc) = push_stmt_list ();
> -           tsubst_expr (OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (oc), args,
> -                        complain, in_decl);
> -           OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (nc)
> -             = pop_stmt_list (OMP_CLAUSE_LASTPRIVATE_STMT (nc));
> -         }
> -       /* FALLTHRU */
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_PRIVATE:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_SHARED:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_FIRSTPRIVATE:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_COPYIN:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_COPYPRIVATE:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_UNIFORM:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_DEPEND:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_DOACROSS:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_AFFINITY:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_FROM:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_TO:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_MAP:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE__CACHE_:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_NONTEMPORAL:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_USE_DEVICE_PTR:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_USE_DEVICE_ADDR:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_IS_DEVICE_PTR:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_HAS_DEVICE_ADDR:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_INCLUSIVE:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_EXCLUSIVE:
> -       OMP_CLAUSE_DECL (nc)
> -         = tsubst_omp_clause_decl (OMP_CLAUSE_DECL (oc), args, complain,
> -                                   in_decl, iterator_cache);
> -       break;
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TEAMS:
> -       if (OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TEAMS_LOWER_EXPR (oc))
> -         OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TEAMS_LOWER_EXPR (nc)
> -           = tsubst_expr (OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TEAMS_LOWER_EXPR (oc), args,
> -                          complain, in_decl);
> -       /* FALLTHRU */
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_TILE:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_IF:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_THREADS:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_SCHEDULE:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_COLLAPSE:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_FINAL:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_DEVICE:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_DIST_SCHEDULE:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_THREAD_LIMIT:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_SAFELEN:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_SIMDLEN:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_TASKS:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_GRAINSIZE:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_PRIORITY:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_ORDERED:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_HINT:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_FILTER:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_GANGS:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_NUM_WORKERS:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_VECTOR_LENGTH:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_WORKER:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_VECTOR:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_ASYNC:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_WAIT:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_DETACH:
> -       OMP_CLAUSE_OPERAND (nc, 0)
> -         = tsubst_expr (OMP_CLAUSE_OPERAND (oc, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
> -       break;
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_REDUCTION:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_IN_REDUCTION:
> -     case OMP_CLAUSE_TASK_REDUCTION:
> -       if (OMP_CLAUSE_REDUCTION_PLACEHOLDER (oc))
> -         {
> -           tree placeholder = OMP_CLAUSE_REDUCTION_PLACEHOLDER (oc);
> -           if (TREE_CODE (placeholder) == SCOPE_REF)
> +           tree placeholder = OMP_CLAUSE_REDUCTION_PLACEHOLDER (oc);
> +           if (TREE_CODE (placeholder) == SCOPE_REF)
>               {
>                 tree scope = tsubst (TREE_OPERAND (placeholder, 0), args,
>                                      complain, in_decl);
> @@ -20420,6 +19716,13 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
>    tsubst_flags_t decltype_flag = (complain & tf_decltype);
>    complain &= ~tf_decltype;
>  
> +  /* This flag only applies to id-expressions at the top level.  */
> +  tsubst_flags_t no_name_lookup_flag = (complain & tf_no_name_lookup);
> +  complain &= ~tf_no_name_lookup;
> +
> +  if (tree d = maybe_dependent_member_ref (t, args, complain, in_decl))
> +    return d;
> +
>    switch (TREE_CODE (t))
>      {
>      case USING_DECL:
> @@ -20437,6 +19740,9 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
>           t = make_conv_op_name (new_type);
>         }
>  
> +     if (no_name_lookup_flag)
> +       RETURN (t);
> +
>       /* Look up the name.  */
>       decl = lookup_name (t);
>  
> @@ -20471,7 +19777,8 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
>        {
>       tree object;
>       tree templ = tsubst_copy_and_build (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args,
> -                                         complain, in_decl);
> +                                         complain | no_name_lookup_flag,
> +                                         in_decl);
>       tree targs = TREE_OPERAND (t, 1);
>  
>       if (targs)
> @@ -20505,6 +19812,9 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
>  
>       if (variable_template_p (templ))
>         {
> +         if (no_name_lookup_flag)
> +           RETURN (lookup_template_variable (templ, targs, complain));
> +
>           tree r = lookup_and_finish_template_variable (templ, targs,
>                                                         complain);
>           r = convert_from_reference (r);
> @@ -20526,6 +19836,8 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
>       if (object)
>         RETURN (build3 (COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE (tid),
>                        object, tid, NULL_TREE));
> +     else if (no_name_lookup_flag)
> +       RETURN (tid);
>       else if (identifier_p (templ))
>         {
>           /* C++20 P0846: we can encounter an IDENTIFIER_NODE here when
> @@ -20659,10 +19971,22 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
>                               templated_operator_saved_lookups (t),
>                               complain|decltype_flag));
>  
> +    case BIT_NOT_EXPR:
> +      if (identifier_p (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0)))
> +     {
> +       gcc_checking_assert (no_name_lookup_flag);
> +       RETURN (t);
> +     }
> +      else if (TYPE_P (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0)))
> +     {
> +       gcc_checking_assert (no_name_lookup_flag);
> +       tree op0 = tsubst (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, in_decl);
> +       RETURN (build_min_nt_loc (EXPR_LOCATION (t), BIT_NOT_EXPR, op0));
> +     }
> +      /* Fall through.  */
>      case PREDECREMENT_EXPR:
>      case PREINCREMENT_EXPR:
>      case NEGATE_EXPR:
> -    case BIT_NOT_EXPR:
>      case ABS_EXPR:
>      case TRUTH_NOT_EXPR:
>      case UNARY_PLUS_EXPR:  /* Unary + */
> @@ -20779,8 +20103,18 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
>        }
>  
>      case SCOPE_REF:
> -      RETURN (tsubst_qualified_id (t, args, complain, in_decl, /*done=*/true,
> -                               /*address_p=*/false));
> +      if (no_name_lookup_flag)
> +     {
> +       tree op0 = tsubst_scope (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), args, complain, 
> in_decl);
> +       tree op1 = tsubst_copy_and_build (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1), args,
> +                                         complain | no_name_lookup_flag,
> +                                         in_decl);
> +       RETURN (build_qualified_name (/*type=*/NULL_TREE, op0, op1,
> +                                     QUALIFIED_NAME_IS_TEMPLATE (t)));
> +     }
> +      else
> +     RETURN (tsubst_qualified_id (t, args, complain, in_decl, /*done=*/true,
> +                                 /*address_p=*/false));
>  
>      case BASELINK:
>        RETURN (tsubst_baselink (t, current_nonlambda_class_type (),
> @@ -20798,26 +20132,80 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
>         tsubst_copy_and_build_call_args (c, args, complain, in_decl,
>                                          index_exp_list);
>  
> -       tree r;
> -       if (vec_safe_length (index_exp_list) == 1
> -           && !PACK_EXPANSION_P (index_exp_list[0]))
> -         r = grok_array_decl (EXPR_LOCATION (t), op1,
> -                              index_exp_list[0], NULL,
> -                              complain | decltype_flag);
> +       tree r;
> +       if (vec_safe_length (index_exp_list) == 1
> +           && !PACK_EXPANSION_P (index_exp_list[0]))
> +         r = grok_array_decl (EXPR_LOCATION (t), op1,
> +                              index_exp_list[0], NULL,
> +                              complain | decltype_flag);
> +       else
> +         r = grok_array_decl (EXPR_LOCATION (t), op1,
> +                              NULL_TREE, &index_exp_list,
> +                              complain | decltype_flag);
> +       RETURN (r);
> +     }
> +      RETURN (build_x_array_ref (EXPR_LOCATION (t), op1,
> +                              RECUR (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1)),
> +                              complain|decltype_flag));
> +
> +    case SIZEOF_EXPR:
> +      if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0))
> +       || ARGUMENT_PACK_P (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0)))
> +     {
> +       tree expanded, op = TREE_OPERAND (t, 0);
> +       int len = 0;
> +
> +       if (SIZEOF_EXPR_TYPE_P (t))
> +         op = TREE_TYPE (op);
> +
> +       ++cp_unevaluated_operand;
> +       ++c_inhibit_evaluation_warnings;
> +       /* We only want to compute the number of arguments.  */
> +       if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (op))
> +         expanded = tsubst_pack_expansion (op, args, complain, in_decl);
> +       else
> +         expanded = tsubst_template_args (ARGUMENT_PACK_ARGS (op),
> +                                          args, complain, in_decl);
> +       --cp_unevaluated_operand;
> +       --c_inhibit_evaluation_warnings;
> +
> +       if (TREE_CODE (expanded) == TREE_VEC)
> +         {
> +           len = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (expanded);
> +           /* Set TREE_USED for the benefit of -Wunused.  */
> +           for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
> +             if (DECL_P (TREE_VEC_ELT (expanded, i)))
> +               TREE_USED (TREE_VEC_ELT (expanded, i)) = true;
> +         }
> +
> +       if (expanded == error_mark_node)
> +         RETURN (error_mark_node);
> +       else if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (expanded)
> +                || (TREE_CODE (expanded) == TREE_VEC
> +                    && pack_expansion_args_count (expanded)))
> +
> +         {
> +           if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (expanded))
> +             /* OK.  */;
> +           else if (TREE_VEC_LENGTH (expanded) == 1)
> +             expanded = TREE_VEC_ELT (expanded, 0);
> +           else
> +             expanded = make_argument_pack (expanded);
> +
> +           if (TYPE_P (expanded))
> +             RETURN (cxx_sizeof_or_alignof_type (input_location,
> +                                                 expanded, SIZEOF_EXPR,
> +                                                 false,
> +                                                 complain & tf_error));
> +           else
> +             RETURN (cxx_sizeof_or_alignof_expr (input_location,
> +                                                 expanded, SIZEOF_EXPR,
> +                                                 false,
> +                                                 complain & tf_error));
> +         }
>         else
> -         r = grok_array_decl (EXPR_LOCATION (t), op1,
> -                              NULL_TREE, &index_exp_list,
> -                              complain | decltype_flag);
> -       RETURN (r);
> +         RETURN (build_int_cst (size_type_node, len));
>       }
> -      RETURN (build_x_array_ref (EXPR_LOCATION (t), op1,
> -                              RECUR (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1)),
> -                              complain|decltype_flag));
> -
> -    case SIZEOF_EXPR:
> -      if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0))
> -       || ARGUMENT_PACK_P (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0)))
> -     RETURN (tsubst_copy (t, args, complain, in_decl));
>        /* Fall through */
>  
>      case ALIGNOF_EXPR:
> @@ -21072,10 +20460,9 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
>           qualified_p = false;
>  
>           if (TREE_CODE (function) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR)
> -           /* Use tsubst_copy to substitute through the template arguments
> -              of the template-id without performing unqualified lookup of
> -              the template name.  */
> -           function = tsubst_copy (function, args, complain, in_decl);
> +           function = tsubst_copy_and_build (function, args,
> +                                             complain | tf_no_name_lookup,
> +                                             in_decl);
>         }
>       else
>         {
> @@ -21473,7 +20860,8 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
>                                   non_reference (TREE_TYPE (object)),
>                                   args, complain, in_decl);
>       else
> -       member = tsubst_copy (member, args, complain, in_decl);
> +       member = tsubst_copy_and_build (member, args,
> +                                       complain | tf_no_name_lookup, 
> in_decl);
>       if (member == error_mark_node)
>         RETURN (error_mark_node);
>  
> @@ -21556,154 +20944,446 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
>           RETURN (error_mark_node);
>         }
>  
> -     r = finish_class_member_access_expr (object, member,
> -                                          /*template_p=*/false,
> -                                          complain);
> -     if (REF_PARENTHESIZED_P (t))
> -       r = force_paren_expr (r);
> -     RETURN (r);
> +     r = finish_class_member_access_expr (object, member,
> +                                          /*template_p=*/false,
> +                                          complain);
> +     if (REF_PARENTHESIZED_P (t))
> +       r = force_paren_expr (r);
> +     RETURN (r);
> +      }
> +
> +    case THROW_EXPR:
> +      RETURN (build_throw
> +       (input_location, RECUR (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0))));
> +
> +    case CONSTRUCTOR:
> +      {
> +     vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *n;
> +     constructor_elt *ce;
> +     unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT idx;
> +     bool process_index_p;
> +        int newlen;
> +        bool need_copy_p = false;
> +     tree r;
> +
> +     tsubst_flags_t tcomplain = complain;
> +     if (COMPOUND_LITERAL_P (t))
> +       tcomplain |= tf_tst_ok;
> +     tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, tcomplain, in_decl);
> +     if (type == error_mark_node)
> +       RETURN (error_mark_node);
> +
> +     /* We do not want to process the index of aggregate
> +        initializers as they are identifier nodes which will be
> +        looked up by digest_init.  */
> +     process_index_p = !(type && MAYBE_CLASS_TYPE_P (type));
> +
> +     if (null_member_pointer_value_p (t))
> +       {
> +         gcc_assert (same_type_p (type, TREE_TYPE (t)));
> +         RETURN (t);
> +       }
> +
> +     n = vec_safe_copy (CONSTRUCTOR_ELTS (t));
> +        newlen = vec_safe_length (n);
> +     FOR_EACH_VEC_SAFE_ELT (n, idx, ce)
> +       {
> +         if (ce->index && process_index_p
> +             /* An identifier index is looked up in the type
> +                being initialized, not the current scope.  */
> +             && TREE_CODE (ce->index) != IDENTIFIER_NODE)
> +           ce->index = RECUR (ce->index);
> +
> +            if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (ce->value))
> +              {
> +                /* Substitute into the pack expansion.  */
> +                ce->value = tsubst_pack_expansion (ce->value, args, complain,
> +                                                  in_decl);
> +
> +             if (ce->value == error_mark_node
> +                 || PACK_EXPANSION_P (ce->value))
> +               ;
> +             else if (TREE_VEC_LENGTH (ce->value) == 1)
> +                  /* Just move the argument into place.  */
> +                  ce->value = TREE_VEC_ELT (ce->value, 0);
> +                else
> +                  {
> +                    /* Update the length of the final CONSTRUCTOR
> +                       arguments vector, and note that we will need to
> +                       copy.*/
> +                    newlen = newlen + TREE_VEC_LENGTH (ce->value) - 1;
> +                    need_copy_p = true;
> +                  }
> +              }
> +            else
> +              ce->value = RECUR (ce->value);
> +       }
> +
> +        if (need_copy_p)
> +          {
> +            vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *old_n = n;
> +
> +            vec_alloc (n, newlen);
> +            FOR_EACH_VEC_ELT (*old_n, idx, ce)
> +              {
> +                if (TREE_CODE (ce->value) == TREE_VEC)
> +                  {
> +                    int i, len = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (ce->value);
> +                    for (i = 0; i < len; ++i)
> +                      CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (n, 0,
> +                                              TREE_VEC_ELT (ce->value, i));
> +                  }
> +                else
> +                  CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (n, 0, ce->value);
> +              }
> +          }
> +
> +     r = build_constructor (init_list_type_node, n);
> +     CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DIRECT_INIT (r) = CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DIRECT_INIT (t);
> +     CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DESIGNATED_INIT (r)
> +       = CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DESIGNATED_INIT (t);
> +
> +     if (TREE_HAS_CONSTRUCTOR (t))
> +       {
> +         fcl_t cl = fcl_functional;
> +         if (CONSTRUCTOR_C99_COMPOUND_LITERAL (t))
> +           cl = fcl_c99;
> +         RETURN (finish_compound_literal (type, r, complain, cl));
> +       }
> +
> +     TREE_TYPE (r) = type;
> +     RETURN (r);
> +      }
> +
> +    case TYPEID_EXPR:
> +      {
> +     tree operand_0 = TREE_OPERAND (t, 0);
> +     if (TYPE_P (operand_0))
> +       {
> +         operand_0 = tsubst (operand_0, args, complain, in_decl);
> +         RETURN (get_typeid (operand_0, complain));
> +       }
> +     else
> +       {
> +         operand_0 = RECUR (operand_0);
> +         RETURN (build_typeid (operand_0, complain));
> +       }
> +      }
> +
> +    case FUNCTION_DECL:
> +    case PARM_DECL:
> +    case VAR_DECL:
> +      if (!args)
> +     RETURN (t);
> +      tree r;
> +      if (VAR_OR_FUNCTION_DECL_P (t)
> +       && DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (t) && DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (t))
> +     r = tsubst_decl (t, args, complain);
> +      else if (VAR_OR_FUNCTION_DECL_P (t) && DECL_LOCAL_DECL_P (t))
> +     {
> +       /* Local specialization will usually have been created when
> +          we instantiated the DECL_EXPR_DECL. */
> +       r = retrieve_local_specialization (t);
> +       if (!r)
> +         {
> +           /* We're in a generic lambda referencing a local extern
> +              from an outer block-scope of a non-template.  */
> +           gcc_checking_assert (LAMBDA_FUNCTION_P (current_function_decl));
> +           r = t;
> +         }
> +     }
> +      else if (local_variable_p (t)
> +            && ((r = retrieve_local_specialization (t))
> +                || TREE_CODE (t) == PARM_DECL
> +                || uses_template_parms (DECL_CONTEXT (t))))
> +     {
> +       if (r == NULL_TREE && TREE_CODE (t) == PARM_DECL)
> +         {
> +           /* We get here for a use of 'this' in an NSDMI.  */
> +           if (DECL_NAME (t) == this_identifier && current_class_ptr)
> +             RETURN (current_class_ptr);
> +
> +           /* This can happen for a parameter name used later in a function
> +              declaration (such as in a late-specified return type).  Just
> +              make a dummy decl, since it's only used for its type.  */
> +           gcc_assert (cp_unevaluated_operand);
> +           r = tsubst_decl (t, args, complain);
> +           /* Give it the template pattern as its context; its true context
> +              hasn't been instantiated yet and this is good enough for
> +              mangling.  */
> +           DECL_CONTEXT (r) = DECL_CONTEXT (t);
> +         }
> +       else if (r == NULL_TREE)
> +         {
> +           /* First try name lookup to find the instantiation.  */
> +           r = lookup_name (DECL_NAME (t));
> +           if (r)
> +             {
> +               if (!VAR_P (r))
> +                 {
> +                   /* During error-recovery we may find a non-variable,
> +                      even an OVERLOAD: just bail out and avoid ICEs and
> +                      duplicate diagnostics (c++/62207).  */
> +                   gcc_assert (seen_error ());
> +                   RETURN (error_mark_node);
> +                 }
> +               if (!is_capture_proxy (r))
> +                 {
> +                   /* Make sure the one we found is the one we want.  */
> +                   tree ctx = enclosing_instantiation_of (DECL_CONTEXT (t));
> +                   if (ctx != DECL_CONTEXT (r))
> +                     r = NULL_TREE;
> +                 }
> +             }
> +
> +           if (r)
> +             /* OK */;
> +           else
> +             {
> +               /* This can happen for a variable used in a
> +                  late-specified return type of a local lambda, or for a
> +                  local static or constant.  Building a new VAR_DECL
> +                  should be OK in all those cases.  */
> +               r = tsubst_decl (t, args, complain);
> +               if (local_specializations)
> +                 /* Avoid infinite recursion (79640).  */
> +                 register_local_specialization (r, t);
> +               if (decl_maybe_constant_var_p (r))
> +                 {
> +                   /* We can't call cp_finish_decl, so handle the
> +                      initializer by hand.  */
> +                   tree init = tsubst_init (DECL_INITIAL (t), r, args,
> +                                            complain, in_decl);
> +                   if (!processing_template_decl)
> +                     init = maybe_constant_init (init);
> +                   if (processing_template_decl
> +                       ? potential_constant_expression (init)
> +                       : reduced_constant_expression_p (init))
> +                     DECL_INITIALIZED_BY_CONSTANT_EXPRESSION_P (r)
> +                       = TREE_CONSTANT (r) = true;
> +                   DECL_INITIAL (r) = init;
> +                   if (tree auto_node = type_uses_auto (TREE_TYPE (r)))
> +                     TREE_TYPE (r)
> +                       = do_auto_deduction (TREE_TYPE (r), init, auto_node,
> +                                            complain, adc_variable_type);
> +                 }
> +               gcc_assert (cp_unevaluated_operand
> +                           || processing_contract_condition
> +                           || TREE_STATIC (r)
> +                           || decl_constant_var_p (r)
> +                           || seen_error ());
> +               if (!processing_template_decl
> +                   && !TREE_STATIC (r))
> +                 r = process_outer_var_ref (r, complain);
> +             }
> +           /* Remember this for subsequent uses.  */
> +           if (local_specializations)
> +             register_local_specialization (r, t);
> +         }
> +       if (TREE_CODE (r) == ARGUMENT_PACK_SELECT)
> +         r = argument_pack_select_arg (r);
> +     }
> +      else
> +     r = t;
> +      if (!mark_used (r, complain))
> +     RETURN (error_mark_node);
> +
> +      if (!no_name_lookup_flag
> +       && (TREE_CODE (t) == PARM_DECL || TREE_CODE (t) == VAR_DECL))
> +     {
> +       /* ??? We're doing a subset  of finish_id_expression here.  */
> +       if (tree wrap = maybe_get_tls_wrapper_call (r))
> +         /* Replace an evaluated use of the thread_local variable with
> +            a call to its wrapper.  */
> +         r = wrap;
> +       else if (outer_automatic_var_p (r))
> +         r = process_outer_var_ref (r, complain);
> +
> +       if (!TYPE_REF_P (TREE_TYPE (t)))
> +         /* If the original type was a reference, we'll be wrapped in
> +            the appropriate INDIRECT_REF.  */
> +         r = convert_from_reference (r);
> +     }
> +      RETURN (r);
> +
> +    case CONST_DECL:
> +      {
> +     tree enum_type;
> +     tree v;
> +
> +     if (DECL_TEMPLATE_PARM_P (t))
> +       RETURN (RECUR (DECL_INITIAL (t)));
> +     if (!uses_template_parms (DECL_CONTEXT (t)))
> +       RETURN (t);
> +
> +     /* Unfortunately, we cannot just call lookup_name here.
> +        Consider:
> +
> +          template <int I> int f() {
> +          enum E { a = I };
> +          struct S { void g() { E e = a; } };
> +          };
> +
> +        When we instantiate f<7>::S::g(), say, lookup_name is not
> +        clever enough to find f<7>::a.  */
> +     enum_type
> +       = tsubst_aggr_type (DECL_CONTEXT (t), args, complain, in_decl,
> +                           /*entering_scope=*/0);
> +
> +     for (v = TYPE_VALUES (enum_type);
> +          v != NULL_TREE;
> +          v = TREE_CHAIN (v))
> +       if (TREE_PURPOSE (v) == DECL_NAME (t))
> +         RETURN (TREE_VALUE (v));
> +
> +       /* We didn't find the name.  That should never happen; if
> +          name-lookup found it during preliminary parsing, we
> +          should find it again here during instantiation.  */
> +     gcc_unreachable ();
> +     RETURN (t);
>        }
>  
> -    case THROW_EXPR:
> -      RETURN (build_throw
> -       (input_location, RECUR (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0))));
> +    case FIELD_DECL:
> +      if (DECL_CONTEXT (t))
> +     {
> +       tree ctx;
>  
> -    case CONSTRUCTOR:
> -      {
> -     vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *n;
> -     constructor_elt *ce;
> -     unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT idx;
> -     bool process_index_p;
> -        int newlen;
> -        bool need_copy_p = false;
> -     tree r;
> +       ctx = tsubst_aggr_type (DECL_CONTEXT (t), args, complain, in_decl,
> +                               /*entering_scope=*/1);
> +       if (ctx != DECL_CONTEXT (t))
> +         {
> +           tree r = lookup_field (ctx, DECL_NAME (t), 0, false);
> +           if (!r)
> +             {
> +               if (complain & tf_error)
> +                 error ("using invalid field %qD", t);
> +               RETURN (error_mark_node);
> +             }
> +           RETURN (r);
> +         }
> +     }
> +      RETURN (t);
>  
> -     tsubst_flags_t tcomplain = complain;
> -     if (COMPOUND_LITERAL_P (t))
> -       tcomplain |= tf_tst_ok;
> -     tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, tcomplain, in_decl);
> -     if (type == error_mark_node)
> -       RETURN (error_mark_node);
> +    case NAMESPACE_DECL:
> +    case OVERLOAD:
> +      RETURN (t);
>  
> -     /* We do not want to process the index of aggregate
> -        initializers as they are identifier nodes which will be
> -        looked up by digest_init.  */
> -     process_index_p = !(type && MAYBE_CLASS_TYPE_P (type));
> +    case TEMPLATE_DECL:
> +      if (DECL_TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM_P (t))
> +     RETURN (tsubst (TREE_TYPE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (t)),
> +                     args, complain, in_decl));
> +      else if (DECL_FUNCTION_TEMPLATE_P (t) && DECL_MEMBER_TEMPLATE_P (t))
> +     RETURN (tsubst (t, args, complain, in_decl));
> +      else if (DECL_CLASS_SCOPE_P (t)
> +            && uses_template_parms (DECL_CONTEXT (t)))
> +     {
> +       /* Template template argument like the following example need
> +          special treatment:
>  
> -     if (null_member_pointer_value_p (t))
> -       {
> -         gcc_assert (same_type_p (type, TREE_TYPE (t)));
> -         RETURN (t);
> -       }
> +            template <template <class> class TT> struct C {};
> +            template <class T> struct D {
> +              template <class U> struct E {};
> +              C<E> c;                                // #1
> +            };
> +            D<int> d;                                // #2
>  
> -     n = vec_safe_copy (CONSTRUCTOR_ELTS (t));
> -        newlen = vec_safe_length (n);
> -     FOR_EACH_VEC_SAFE_ELT (n, idx, ce)
> -       {
> -         if (ce->index && process_index_p
> -             /* An identifier index is looked up in the type
> -                being initialized, not the current scope.  */
> -             && TREE_CODE (ce->index) != IDENTIFIER_NODE)
> -           ce->index = RECUR (ce->index);
> +          We are processing the template argument `E' in #1 for
> +          the template instantiation #2.  Originally, `E' is a
> +          TEMPLATE_DECL with `D<T>' as its DECL_CONTEXT.  Now we
> +          have to substitute this with one having context `D<int>'.  */
>  
> -            if (PACK_EXPANSION_P (ce->value))
> -              {
> -                /* Substitute into the pack expansion.  */
> -                ce->value = tsubst_pack_expansion (ce->value, args, complain,
> -                                                  in_decl);
> +       tree context = tsubst_aggr_type (DECL_CONTEXT (t), args, complain,
> +                                        in_decl, /*entering_scope=*/true);
> +       RETURN (lookup_field (context, DECL_NAME(t), 0, false));
> +     }
> +      else
> +     /* Ordinary template template argument.  */
> +     RETURN (t);
>  
> -             if (ce->value == error_mark_node
> -                 || PACK_EXPANSION_P (ce->value))
> -               ;
> -             else if (TREE_VEC_LENGTH (ce->value) == 1)
> -                  /* Just move the argument into place.  */
> -                  ce->value = TREE_VEC_ELT (ce->value, 0);
> -                else
> -                  {
> -                    /* Update the length of the final CONSTRUCTOR
> -                       arguments vector, and note that we will need to
> -                       copy.*/
> -                    newlen = newlen + TREE_VEC_LENGTH (ce->value) - 1;
> -                    need_copy_p = true;
> -                  }
> -              }
> -            else
> -              ce->value = RECUR (ce->value);
> -       }
> +    case TEMPLATE_PARM_INDEX:
> +    case TYPE_DECL:
> +      RETURN (tsubst (t, args, complain, in_decl));
>  
> -        if (need_copy_p)
> -          {
> -            vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *old_n = n;
> +    case CLEANUP_POINT_EXPR:
> +      /* We shouldn't have built any of these during initial template
> +      generation.  Instead, they should be built during instantiation
> +      in response to the saved STMT_IS_FULL_EXPR_P setting.  */
> +      gcc_unreachable ();
>  
> -            vec_alloc (n, newlen);
> -            FOR_EACH_VEC_ELT (*old_n, idx, ce)
> -              {
> -                if (TREE_CODE (ce->value) == TREE_VEC)
> -                  {
> -                    int i, len = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (ce->value);
> -                    for (i = 0; i < len; ++i)
> -                      CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (n, 0,
> -                                              TREE_VEC_ELT (ce->value, i));
> -                  }
> -                else
> -                  CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (n, 0, ce->value);
> -              }
> -          }
> +    case OFFSET_REF:
> +      {
> +     tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
> +     tree op0 = RECUR (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0));
> +     tree op1 = RECUR (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1));
> +     r = build2 (OFFSET_REF, type, op0, op1);
> +     PTRMEM_OK_P (r) = PTRMEM_OK_P (t);
> +     if (!mark_used (TREE_OPERAND (r, 1), complain)
> +         && !(complain & tf_error))
> +       RETURN (error_mark_node);
> +     RETURN (r);
> +      }
>  
> -     r = build_constructor (init_list_type_node, n);
> -     CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DIRECT_INIT (r) = CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DIRECT_INIT (t);
> -     CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DESIGNATED_INIT (r)
> -       = CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DESIGNATED_INIT (t);
> +    case EXPR_PACK_EXPANSION:
> +      error ("invalid use of pack expansion expression");
> +      RETURN (error_mark_node);
>  
> -     if (TREE_HAS_CONSTRUCTOR (t))
> -       {
> -         fcl_t cl = fcl_functional;
> -         if (CONSTRUCTOR_C99_COMPOUND_LITERAL (t))
> -           cl = fcl_c99;
> -         RETURN (finish_compound_literal (type, r, complain, cl));
> -       }
> +    case NONTYPE_ARGUMENT_PACK:
> +      error ("use %<...%> to expand argument pack");
> +      RETURN (error_mark_node);
>  
> -     TREE_TYPE (r) = type;
> +    case VOID_CST:
> +      gcc_checking_assert (t == void_node && VOID_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (t)));
> +      RETURN (t);
> +
> +    case INTEGER_CST:
> +    case REAL_CST:
> +    case COMPLEX_CST:
> +    case VECTOR_CST:
> +      {
> +     /* Instantiate any typedefs in the type.  */
> +     tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
> +     r = fold_convert (type, t);
> +     gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (r) == TREE_CODE (t));
>       RETURN (r);
>        }
>  
> -    case TYPEID_EXPR:
> +    case STRING_CST:
>        {
> -     tree operand_0 = TREE_OPERAND (t, 0);
> -     if (TYPE_P (operand_0))
> -       {
> -         operand_0 = tsubst (operand_0, args, complain, in_decl);
> -         RETURN (get_typeid (operand_0, complain));
> -       }
> -     else
> +     tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
> +     r = t;
> +     if (type != TREE_TYPE (t))
>         {
> -         operand_0 = RECUR (operand_0);
> -         RETURN (build_typeid (operand_0, complain));
> +         r = copy_node (t);
> +         TREE_TYPE (r) = type;
>         }
> +     RETURN (r);
>        }
>  
> -    case VAR_DECL:
> -      if (!args)
> -     RETURN (t);
> -      /* Fall through */
> +    case PTRMEM_CST:
> +      /* These can sometimes show up in a partial instantiation, but never
> +      involve template parms.  */
> +      gcc_assert (!uses_template_parms (t));
> +      RETURN (t);
>  
> -    case PARM_DECL:
> -      {
> -     tree r = tsubst_copy (t, args, complain, in_decl);
> -     /* ??? We're doing a subset of finish_id_expression here.  */
> -     if (tree wrap = maybe_get_tls_wrapper_call (r))
> -       /* Replace an evaluated use of the thread_local variable with
> -          a call to its wrapper.  */
> -       r = wrap;
> -     else if (outer_automatic_var_p (r))
> -       r = process_outer_var_ref (r, complain);
> -
> -     if (!TYPE_REF_P (TREE_TYPE (t)))
> -       /* If the original type was a reference, we'll be wrapped in
> -          the appropriate INDIRECT_REF.  */
> -       r = convert_from_reference (r);
> -     RETURN (r);
> -      }
> +    case UNARY_LEFT_FOLD_EXPR:
> +      RETURN (tsubst_unary_left_fold (t, args, complain, in_decl));
> +    case UNARY_RIGHT_FOLD_EXPR:
> +      RETURN (tsubst_unary_right_fold (t, args, complain, in_decl));
> +    case BINARY_LEFT_FOLD_EXPR:
> +      RETURN (tsubst_binary_left_fold (t, args, complain, in_decl));
> +    case BINARY_RIGHT_FOLD_EXPR:
> +      RETURN (tsubst_binary_right_fold (t, args, complain, in_decl));
> +    case PREDICT_EXPR:
> +      RETURN (t);
> +
> +    case DEBUG_BEGIN_STMT:
> +      /* ??? There's no point in copying it for now, but maybe some
> +      day it will contain more information, such as a pointer back
> +      to the containing function, inlined copy or so.  */
> +      RETURN (t);
> +
> +    case CO_AWAIT_EXPR:
> +      RETURN (tsubst_expr (t, args, complain, in_decl));
>  
>      case VA_ARG_EXPR:
>        {
> @@ -21728,8 +21408,11 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
>  
>      case TRAIT_EXPR:
>        {
> -     tree type1 = tsubst_copy (TRAIT_EXPR_TYPE1 (t), args,
> -                               complain, in_decl);
> +     tree type1 = TRAIT_EXPR_TYPE1 (t);
> +     if (TYPE_P (type1))
> +       type1 = tsubst (type1, args, complain, in_decl);
> +     else
> +       type1 = tsubst_copy_and_build (type1, args, complain, in_decl);
>       tree type2 = tsubst (TRAIT_EXPR_TYPE2 (t), args,
>                            complain, in_decl);
>       RETURN (finish_trait_expr (TRAIT_EXPR_LOCATION (t),
> @@ -21856,7 +21539,10 @@ tsubst_copy_and_build (tree t,
>       if (subst)
>         RETURN (subst);
>        }
> -      RETURN (tsubst_copy (t, args, complain, in_decl));
> +      /* We shouldn't get here, but keep going if !flag_checking.  */
> +      if (flag_checking)
> +     gcc_unreachable ();
> +      RETURN (t);
>      }
>  
>  #undef RECUR
> @@ -27580,8 +27266,12 @@ tsubst_initializer_list (tree t, tree argvec)
>            else
>              {
>             tree tmp;
> -              decl = tsubst_copy (TREE_PURPOSE (t), argvec, 
> -                                  tf_warning_or_error, NULL_TREE);
> +           if (TYPE_P (TREE_PURPOSE (t)))
> +             decl = tsubst (TREE_PURPOSE (t), argvec,
> +                            tf_warning_or_error, NULL_TREE);
> +           else
> +             decl = tsubst_copy_and_build (TREE_PURPOSE (t), argvec,
> +                                           tf_warning_or_error, NULL_TREE);
>  
>                decl = expand_member_init (decl);
>                if (decl && !DECL_P (decl))
> -- 
> 2.42.0.296.g493f462273
> 
> 


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