>  My question is about x being a directed graph.
>  Do all directed graphs consist of as many links as there are nodes?
>  Or is this example in some sense a special case?

Directed out tree with root I.@([EMAIL PROTECTED]) x

x=:1 4 5 5 7 6 9 9 10 12 11 14 14 15 16 18 18 18 20 20 20
in this case 20 is root.

 ┌─┐
 └─20─┬─18─┬─15───13
      │    ├─16───14─┬─11───10─── 8
      │    │         └─12─── 9─┬─ 6─── 5─┬─ 2
      │    │                   │         └─ 3
      │    │                   └─ 7─── 4─── 1─── 0
      │    └─17
      └─19
   --
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