Dear Bill,

Simon Carn reports only 3-4 kt (0.003-0.004 Mt) of SO2 from the Icelandic eruption, as compared to 5 Mt from Katmai in 1912 and 20 Mt from Pinatubo. Furthermore, it only went into the troposphere, with a lifetime of a week or so. So I expect absolutely no climatic effect based on emissions so far.

Kasatochi in 2008 and Sarychev in 2009 each injected about 1.5 Mt of SO2 into the lower stratosphere, and we have not been able to detect any climate response. That is why a much larger injection for a period of years (essentially geoengineering implementation) would be needed to detect a climate response.

Alan

Alan Robock, Professor II
  Director, Meteorology Undergraduate Program
  Associate Director, Center for Environmental Prediction
Department of Environmental Sciences        Phone: +1-732-932-9800 x6222
Rutgers University                                  Fax: +1-732-932-8644
14 College Farm Road                   E-mail: [email protected]
New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8551  USA      http://envsci.rutgers.edu/~robock

On Fri, 16 Apr 2010, William Fulkerson wrote:

Dear Alan:
The Iceland volcano seems to be an excellent example of your point that,
³who knows where particles will go,² but shouldn¹t the impacts of the
volcano for the cooling of the Arctic be carefully monitored, or is it too
late?
With best regards,
Bill
Bill Fulkerson, Senior Fellow and LERDWG Chair
Institute for a Secure and Sustainable Environment
University of Tennessee
311 Conference Center Bldg.
Knoxville, TN 37996-4138
[email protected]
865-974-9221, -1838 FAX
Home
865-988-8084; 865-680-0937 CELL
2781 Wheat Road, Lenoir City, TN 37771




On 4/16/10 4:33 PM, "Alan Robock" <[email protected]> wrote:

This is an excellent paper.  And it says, "It makes little sense that only
eight countries‹even if they include both the largest country on the planet,
and the most powerful one‹should dictate the climate of our planet. Quite the
contrary: we argue that these countries have a fundamental responsibility to
address the biophysical foundations of climate change through mitigation." and
"If there are benefits to placing aerosol injection in an Arctic country, the
Council has good reason to become involved. But atmospheric particles know no
bounds: they habitually and indiscriminately violate other countries¹
airspace, so geoengineering anywhere in the northern hemisphere will have a
direct bearing on the Arctic."
Alan

Alan Robock, Professor II
  Director, Meteorology Undergraduate Program
  Associate Director, Center for Environmental Prediction
Department of Environmental Sciences        Phone: +1-732-932-9800 x6222
Rutgers University                                  Fax: +1-732-932-8644
14 College Farm Road                   E-mail: [email protected]
New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8551  USA      http://envsci.rutgers.edu/~robock

On 4/16/2010 3:31 PM, Bjornar Egede-Nissen wrote:

There is, in fact, a preliminary paper about issues surrounding
geoengineering and the Arctic Council, published by IISD, available at
http://www.iisd.org/publications/pub.aspx?pno=1162

Cheers,
Bjornar


On Apr 15, 9:56 pm, Joshua Horton <[email protected]>
<mailto:[email protected]>  wrote:



Alan,

Let me address a few of your statements:

"The Arctic Council has absolutely no jurisdiction over global climate." -
No one says it does, but a strong case can be made that it has jurisdiction
over Arctic climate.  Two Arctic Council Working Groups, Arctic Monitoring
and Assessment Program (AMAP) and Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and
Response (EPPR) are focused explicitly on the regional environment.  Climate
change is a "priority" issue for AMAP.

"you cannot confine geoengineering to the Arctic." - I am not a scientist,
but my understanding is that this is far from settled, as Mike indicates.

"You are jumping the gun." - It seems to me that dismissing this strategy
out of hand reflects "jumping the gun" more than suggesting one possible way
forward.

Josh

On Thu, Apr 15, 2010 at 8:56 PM, Alan Robock <[email protected]>
<mailto:[email protected]> wrote:






 Dear Mike,







Yes, but it was clear at the conference that there is a void in global
governance on this issue, and that new institutions need to be created to
deal with this issue.







Certainly the issue of Arctic influence needs to be investigated with
climate models, but the size of in situ experimentation that could be
deemed
safe and not needing consultation with others, was also not decided.
 People
discussed various parameters in time and space, but there was no consensus.
So until the governance of the research is in hand, it is certainly
premature for a group of gung-ho engineers to ask the Arctic Council about
anything.







Alan







Alan Robock, Professor II
  Director, Meteorology Undergraduate Program
  Associate Director, Center for Environmental Prediction
Department of Environmental Sciences        Phone: +1-732-932-9800 x6222
Rutgers University                                  Fax: +1-732-932-8644
14 College Farm Road                   E-mail: [email protected]
New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8551  USA      http://envsci.rutgers.edu/~robock







On 4/15/2010 8:47 PM, Mike MacCracken wrote:







Dear Alan et al‹Just a note that the Asilomar Conference was focused on
issues relating to guidelines for research, not to issues that need
investigation through research, as does the question of how much of an
influence in one region it might take to have a significant effect in
another region.







Mike MacCracken







On 4/15/10 8:28 PM, "Alan Robock" <[email protected]>
<mailto:[email protected]>  wrote:







 Dear Josh,







You forget one thing.  The Arctic Council has absolutely no jurisdiction
over global climate.  And you cannot confine geoengineering to the Arctic.
 These were clear conclusions from the Asilomar Conference.  You are
jumping
the gun.







The Icelandic volcano so far has put out very little SO2, and will have no
climatic impact.  Yet it shut down air traffic over Europe.
Alan







Alan Robock, Professor II
  Director, Meteorology Undergraduate Program
  Associate Director, Center for Environmental Prediction
Department of Environmental Sciences        Phone: +1-732-932-9800 x6222
Rutgers University                                  Fax: +1-732-932-8644
14 College Farm Road                   E-mail: [email protected]
New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8551  USA    
 http://envsci.rutgers.edu/~robock<http://envsci.rutgers.edu/%7Erobock>







On 4/15/2010 6:37 PM, Josh wrote:







Is anyone aware of organized efforts to place geoengineering on the
agenda of the Arctic Council?  Several commentators have raised this
possibility, but I am unaware of any systematic effort to accomplish
this.  Focusing on the Arctic Council offers a number of advantages:







- The Arctic Council is much less politicized than bodies like
UNFCCC.  Indeed, the AC is unknown to the general public.  The AC
would provide a forum that is less heated, less confrontational, and
less burdened by the weight of history.







- Membership in the AC is relatively small and manageable.  It is
composed of relatively developed countries with the resources to
pursue geoengineering.  Most of those countries that have indicated
some degree of openness to intervention belong to the AC.







- Given that the Arctic is disproportionately affected by climate
change, the AC and its member states would be more likely to consider
climate interventions.  In the Arctic, climate is changing and people
know it.  Native peoples may be supportive of geoengineering.







- Arctic climate change is an urgent issue, so geoengineering in the
Arctic is a logical place to begin.  A limited geographic focus would
diminish opposition and give the science a chance to prove itself.







For these and other reasons, the AC offers a promising venue for field
tests and possible deployment.  Nature has also provided us with a
potential public relations coup - the current Iceland volcano.  If
this eruption could be shown to result in reduced temperatures,
thicker sea ice, more polar bear cubs, etc., the argument for
stratospheric injections would look much more compelling.







Josh Horton




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