Hi Andrew

Thanks for pointing this out. I've contacted the author and staff, as 
you've seen, separately. I thought that otherwise the article was really 
quite good actually.

Best, Matthias

Am Montag, 8. Oktober 2018 18:05:39 UTC-4 schrieb Andrew Lockley:
>
> Nobody is proposing releasing nitrous oxide! Someone should write in and 
> tell them. I can't be bothered, it's a rabbit hole of wrong. 
>
> The Guardian: wrong about everything, all the time  
> https://www.moretvicar.com/products/the-guardian-mens-white-t-shirt
>
> On Mon, 8 Oct 2018, 22:57 Matthias Honegger, <[email protected] 
> <javascript:>> wrote:
>
>>
>> Link to the article online 
>> <https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/08/geoengineering-global-warming-ipcc>
>>
>> Geoengineering may be used to combat global warming, experts say
>>
>> IPCC authors suggest there is high agreement that injection of chemicals 
>> into stratosphere could help limit rises
>>
>>
>> Jonathan Watts, the guardian, 8. Oct. 18
>>
>>    
>> The world may increasingly look to geoengineering in the wake of the 
>> latest UN climate report, which says it could be adopted as a temporary 
>> “remedial measure” if the world heads towards dangerous levels of warming.
>> The authors of the new 1.5C study by the Intergovernmental Panel on 
>> Climate Change say there is high agreement that the injection of millions 
>> of tonnes of sulphur dioxide or nitrous oxide into the stratosphere could 
>> help limit temperature rises to the most ambitious target of the Paris 
>> accord.
>> But the authors warn there are major uncertainties about the social, 
>> environmental and ecological impacts, which mean the world would be far 
>> better off if policymakers strengthened natural cooling systems such as 
>> forest cover and accelerated efforts to reduce carbon emissions.
>> The lengthy document – which was approved at the weekend by all 195 
>> nations in the UN – mentions several options for man-made interference in 
>> climate systems, including ocean fertilisation, carbon dioxide removal, 
>> marine cloud brightening, cirrus cloud thinning and ground-based albedo 
>> modification.
>> But it focused most on stratospheric aerosol injection, a technique that 
>> essentially mimics the effect of a volcano by pumping gas into the sky that 
>> turns into aerosols, which reflect part of the sun’s heat.
>> Although the authors do not include such strategies in their pathways to 
>> 1.5C above pre-industrial temperatures, they raise the possibility that it 
>> could be used as a supplementary measure if this target is missed.
>> “If mitigation efforts do not keep global mean temperature below 1.5C, 
>> solar radiation modification can potentially reduce the climate impacts of 
>> a temporary temperature overshoot, in particular extreme temperatures, rate 
>> of sea level rise and intensity of tropical cyclones, alongside intense 
>> mitigation and adaptation efforts,” the report observes.
>> A search for palliatives will be necessary as the world is almost certain 
>> to miss the 1.5C goal. Current national pledges are forecast to lead to at 
>> least 3C of warming by the end of the century – and that is if governments 
>> keep their commitments.
>> The IPCC is clearly hesitant to endorse such emergency measures in part 
>> because this could allow government leaders to continue pushing problems 
>> into the future, but also because of the immense risks involved.
>> The report notes that the injection of sulphur dioxide would change 
>> rainfall patterns and weather circulation as well as disrupting 
>> stratospheric chemistry and ice formation. It could also result in more 
>> ultraviolet light exposure, which would have a negative impact on human 
>> health.
>> Ethical and institutional questions also arise over who would oversee 
>> such operations and which areas would be affected. The report suggests a 
>> number of UN organisations as possible supervisory bodies. But authors also 
>> observe that there are scarcely any laws or regulations to stop any country 
>> that wants to push ahead by itself. The only guideline cited was the 
>> Convention on Biodiversity which states “no climate-related geoengineering 
>> activity that affects biodiversity may take place.”
>> There are doubts also over effectiveness. While the aerosols might 
>> constrain temperature rises, they would not stop the accumulation of carbon 
>> dioxide in the atmosphere and the acidification of the oceans. What happens 
>> when this “temporary measure” is halted is also an area of concern, as the 
>> planetary system might suddenly be hit by a surge in temperature.
>> The IPCC says these uncertainties constrain the ability to implement 
>> solar radiation management in the near future. But with the 1.5C target 
>> current on course to be overshot at some point between 2030 and 2052, the 
>> urgency is likely to grow.
>> Johan Rockström, coauthor of the recent Hothouse Earth study, said the 
>> IPCC report was likely to stimulate discussion of these extreme emergency 
>> measures.
>> “I think this will raise solar radiation management to the highest 
>> political level. We currently have no framework for this,” he said. “I’m 
>> very scared of this technology but we need to turn every stone now.”
>> James Hansen said the tipping point in public opinion was more likely to 
>> come at a slightly higher temperature, but by then it may already be too 
>> late.
>> “2C would force geoengineering on today’s young people. Geoengineering, 
>> if global temperature passes 2C, would start, at the latest, once ice sheet 
>> collapse begins,” he told the Guardian. “Unfortunately, because of the 
>> inertia of the system, geoengineering then would probably be too late to 
>> prevent locking in the eventual loss of coastal cities.”
>>
>> Link to the article online
>>
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