jecsand838 commented on code in PR #8006:
URL: https://github.com/apache/arrow-rs/pull/8006#discussion_r2248632689


##########
arrow-avro/src/reader/mod.rs:
##########
@@ -154,39 +158,178 @@ impl Decoder {
     ///
     /// Returns the number of bytes consumed.
     pub fn decode(&mut self, data: &[u8]) -> Result<usize, ArrowError> {
+        if self.active_fingerprint.is_none()
+            && self.writer_schema_store.is_some()
+            && data.len() >= SINGLE_OBJECT_MAGIC.len()
+            && !data.starts_with(&SINGLE_OBJECT_MAGIC)
+        {
+            return Err(ArrowError::ParseError(
+                "Expected single‑object encoding fingerprint prefix for first 
message \
+                 (writer_schema_store is set but active_fingerprint is None)"
+                    .into(),
+            ));
+        }
         let mut total_consumed = 0usize;
-        while total_consumed < data.len() && self.decoded_rows < 
self.batch_size {
-            let consumed = self.record_decoder.decode(&data[total_consumed..], 
1)?;
-            // A successful call to record_decoder.decode means one row was 
decoded.
-            // If `consumed` is 0 on a non-empty buffer, it implies a valid 
zero-byte record.
-            // We increment `decoded_rows` to mark progress and avoid an 
infinite loop.
-            // We add `consumed` (which can be 0) to `total_consumed`.
-            total_consumed += consumed;
-            self.decoded_rows += 1;
+        let hash_type = self.writer_schema_store.as_ref().map_or(
+            FingerprintAlgorithm::Rabin,
+            SchemaStore::fingerprint_algorithm,
+        );
+        // The loop stops when the batch is full, a schema change is staged,
+        // or handle_prefix indicates we need more bytes (Some(0)).
+        while total_consumed < data.len() && self.remaining_capacity > 0 {
+            match self.handle_prefix(&data[total_consumed..], hash_type)? {
+                None => {
+                    // No prefix: decode one row.
+                    let n = 
self.active_decoder.decode(&data[total_consumed..], 1)?;
+                    total_consumed += n;
+                    self.remaining_capacity -= 1;
+                }
+                Some(0) => {
+                    // Detected start of a prefix but need more bytes.
+                    break;
+                }
+                Some(n) => {
+                    // Consumed a complete prefix (n > 0). Stage flush and 
stop.
+                    total_consumed += n;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
         }
         Ok(total_consumed)
     }
 
+    // Attempt to handle a single‑object‑encoding prefix at the current 
position.
+    //
+    // * Ok(None) – buffer does not start with the prefix.
+    // * Ok(Some(0)) – prefix detected, but the buffer is too short; caller 
should await more bytes.
+    // * Ok(Some(n)) – consumed `n > 0` bytes of a complete prefix (magic and 
fingerprint).
+    fn handle_prefix(
+        &mut self,
+        buf: &[u8],
+        hash_type: FingerprintAlgorithm,
+    ) -> Result<Option<usize>, ArrowError> {
+        // If there is no schema store, prefixes are unrecognized.
+        if self.writer_schema_store.is_none() {
+            return Ok(None); // Continue to decode the next record
+        }
+        // Need at least the magic bytes to decide (2 bytes).
+        let Some(magic_bytes) = buf.get(..SINGLE_OBJECT_MAGIC.len()) else {
+            return Ok(Some(0)); // Get more bytes
+        };
+        // Bail out early if the magic does not match.
+        if magic_bytes != SINGLE_OBJECT_MAGIC {
+            return Ok(None); // Continue to decode the next record
+        }
+        // Try to parse the fingerprint that follows the magic.
+        let fingerprint_size = match hash_type {
+            FingerprintAlgorithm::Rabin => self
+                .handle_fingerprint::<8>(&buf[SINGLE_OBJECT_MAGIC.len()..], 
|bytes| {
+                    Fingerprint::Rabin(u64::from_le_bytes(bytes))
+                })?,
+        };
+        // Convert the inner result into a “bytes consumed” count.
+        let consumed = match fingerprint_size {
+            Some(n) => n + SINGLE_OBJECT_MAGIC.len(), // magic + fingerprint
+            None => 0,                                // incomplete fingerprint
+        };
+        Ok(Some(consumed))
+    }
+
+    // Attempts to read and install a new fingerprint of `N` bytes.
+    //
+    // * Ok(None) – insufficient bytes (`buf.len() < `N`).
+    // * Ok(Some(N)) – fingerprint consumed (always `N`).
+    fn handle_fingerprint<const N: usize>(
+        &mut self,
+        buf: &[u8],
+        fingerprint_from: impl FnOnce([u8; N]) -> Fingerprint,
+    ) -> Result<Option<usize>, ArrowError> {
+        // Need enough bytes to get fingerprint (next N bytes)
+        let Some(fingerprint_bytes) = buf.get(..N) else {
+            return Ok(None); // Get more bytes
+        };
+        // SAFETY: length checked above.
+        let new_fingerprint = 
fingerprint_from(fingerprint_bytes.try_into().unwrap());
+        // If the fingerprint indicates a schema change, prepare to switch 
decoders.
+        if self.active_fingerprint != Some(new_fingerprint) {
+            let new_decoder = match self.cache.shift_remove(&new_fingerprint) {
+                Some(decoder) => decoder,
+                None => self.create_decoder_for(new_fingerprint)?,
+            };
+            self.pending_schema = Some((new_fingerprint, new_decoder));
+            // If there are already decoded rows, we must flush them first.
+            // Reducing `remaining_capacity` to 0 ensures `flush` is called 
next.
+            if self.remaining_capacity < self.batch_size {
+                self.remaining_capacity = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(Some(N))
+    }
+
+    fn create_decoder_for(
+        &mut self,
+        new_fingerprint: Fingerprint,
+    ) -> Result<RecordDecoder, ArrowError> {
+        let writer_schema_store = self
+            .writer_schema_store
+            .as_ref()
+            .ok_or_else(|| ArrowError::ParseError("Schema store 
unavailable".into()))?;
+        let writer_schema = writer_schema_store
+            .lookup(&new_fingerprint)
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                ArrowError::ParseError(format!("Unknown fingerprint: 
{new_fingerprint:?}"))
+            })?;
+        match self.reader_schema {
+            Some(ref reader_schema) => {
+                let resolved = AvroField::resolve_from_writer_and_reader(
+                    writer_schema,
+                    reader_schema,
+                    self.utf8_view,
+                    self.strict_mode,
+                )?;
+                Ok(RecordDecoder::try_new_with_options(
+                    resolved.data_type(),
+                    self.utf8_view,
+                )?)
+            }
+            None => Err(ArrowError::ParseError(
+                "Reader schema unavailable for resolution".into(),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Produce a `RecordBatch` if at least one row is fully decoded, returning
     /// `Ok(None)` if no new rows are available.
     pub fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<Option<RecordBatch>, ArrowError> {
-        if self.decoded_rows == 0 {
-            Ok(None)
-        } else {
-            let batch = self.record_decoder.flush()?;
-            self.decoded_rows = 0;
-            Ok(Some(batch))
+        if self.remaining_capacity == self.batch_size {
+            return Ok(None);
         }
+        let batch = self.active_decoder.flush()?;
+        self.remaining_capacity = self.batch_size;
+        // Apply any staged schema switch.
+        if let Some((new_fingerprint, new_decoder)) = 
self.pending_schema.take() {
+            if let Some(old_fingerprint) = 
self.active_fingerprint.replace(new_fingerprint) {
+                let old_decoder = std::mem::replace(&mut self.active_decoder, 
new_decoder);
+                self.cache.shift_remove(&old_fingerprint);
+                self.cache.insert(old_fingerprint, old_decoder);
+                if self.cache.len() > self.max_cache_size {
+                    self.cache.shift_remove_index(0);

Review Comment:
   Correct, but after looking into it more I think it's still O(n). What's your 
take on using `lru` to get us to O(1)?
   
   https://crates.io/crates/lru 



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