jorisvandenbossche commented on a change in pull request #12311:
URL: https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/12311#discussion_r796623200



##########
File path: python/pyarrow/table.pxi
##########
@@ -1771,6 +1771,22 @@ cdef class Table(_PandasConvertible):
                 raise TypeError(type(item))
 
         result = pyarrow_wrap_table(CTable.Make(c_schema, columns))
+
+        # In case of an empty dataframe with RangeIndex -> create an empty 
Table with
+        # number of rows equal to Index length
+        if arrays == [] and schema is not None:
+            try:
+                kind = schema.pandas_metadata["index_columns"][0]["kind"]
+                if kind =="range":
+                    start = schema.pandas_metadata["index_columns"][0]["start"]
+                    stop = schema.pandas_metadata["index_columns"][0]["stop"]
+                    step = schema.pandas_metadata["index_columns"][0]["step"]
+                    n_rows = (stop - start - 1)//step + 1
+                    result = pyarrow_wrap_table(
+                        CTable.MakeWithRows(c_schema, columns, n_rows))
+            except IndexError:
+                pass

Review comment:
       Or we could maybe even move the actual check to `dataframe_to_arrays` in 
pandas_compat.py, since you already have a `pandas_metadata` object there. And 
then we can add a third return argument that is always None, except if you have 
this case of no columns but a range index (and then can return the range index 
info or length)
   
   (it splits the logic a bit into two places, but it also keeps the very 
pandas-specific things in pandas_compat.py)




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