damccorm opened a new pull request, #41176:
URL: https://github.com/apache/beam/pull/41176

   ### Description
   
   Optimizes `PGBKOperation.flush` in 
`sdks/python/apache_beam/runners/worker/operations.py` and `operations.pxd`:
   
   1. **Avoid `list(self.table.items())` full copy and fix `self.size` 
decrement:**
      - Previously, `PGBKOperation.flush(limit)` materialized a full copy of 
`self.table.items()` into a list, deleted keys one by one, and never 
decremented `self.size` during partial flushes—causing every subsequent 
incoming element after the first threshold breach to trigger `flush()` 
repeatedly ($O(N^2)$ degradation).
      - Clears `self.table` in place when `limit == 0`, collects only evicted 
keys when `limit > 0`, and properly decrements `self.size`.
   
   ### Benchmarks & Performance Impact
   
   - **Microbenchmark:** [`bench_14_worker_pgbk_flush` 
(`c2feb961eef`)](https://github.com/damccorm/beam/blob/c2feb961eef2e7d2410825aab9537c62a95e6790/sdks/python/apache_beam/testing/benchmarks/python_sdk_perf/microbenchmarks.py#L251-L259)
 (on branch 
[`perf/py-benchmarks-suite`](https://github.com/damccorm/beam/tree/perf/py-benchmarks-suite))
 — `PGBKOperation.flush` improved by **2.80x (`-64.3%`)** on full flushes and 
eliminates $O(N^2)$ partial-flush degradation when key cardinality exceeds 
`max_keys`.
   - **End-to-End Cloud Dataflow Benchmark (`core_window_row_combine`):** 
Included in [`run_core_window_row_combine_pipeline` 
(`c2feb961eef`)](https://github.com/damccorm/beam/blob/c2feb961eef2e7d2410825aab9537c62a95e6790/sdks/python/apache_beam/testing/benchmarks/python_sdk_perf/dataflow_e2e_benchmarks.py#L274-L302)
 (3,000,000 generated events -> 9,000,000 sliding-windowed elements on a single 
`n2-standard-4` worker), which improved end-to-end worker stage execution time 
by **1.80x (`-44.5%`, `599.6s` -> `332.9s`)** and reduced total billable 
Dataflow vCPU/Memory/PD usage by **`-26.1%` (`1,134` -> `838` vCPU-s)**.
   
   ### Testing
   - Verified with `pytest 
sdks/python/apache_beam/runners/worker/operations_test.py`.
   


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