CVSROOT: /webcvs/grep Module name: grep Changes by: Jim Meyering <meyering> 23/03/22 22:55:22
Index: html_node/Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions.html =================================================================== RCS file: /webcvs/grep/grep/manual/html_node/Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions.html,v retrieving revision 1.33 retrieving revision 1.34 diff -u -b -r1.33 -r1.34 --- html_node/Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions.html 3 Sep 2022 19:33:14 -0000 1.33 +++ html_node/Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions.html 23 Mar 2023 02:55:21 -0000 1.34 @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd";> +<!DOCTYPE html> <html> -<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.8, https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ --> +<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 7.0dev, https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ --> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <!-- This manual is for grep, a pattern matching engine. -Copyright (C) 1999-2002, 2005, 2008-2022 Free Software Foundation, +Copyright © 1999-2002, 2005, 2008-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document @@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". --> -<title>Character Classes and Bracket Expressions (GNU Grep 3.8)</title> +<title>Character Classes and Bracket Expressions (GNU Grep 3.10)</title> -<meta name="description" content="Character Classes and Bracket Expressions (GNU Grep 3.8)"> -<meta name="keywords" content="Character Classes and Bracket Expressions (GNU Grep 3.8)"> +<meta name="description" content="Character Classes and Bracket Expressions (GNU Grep 3.10)"> +<meta name="keywords" content="Character Classes and Bracket Expressions (GNU Grep 3.10)"> <meta name="resource-type" content="document"> <meta name="distribution" content="global"> <meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo"> @@ -31,21 +31,9 @@ <link href="Fundamental-Structure.html" rel="prev" title="Fundamental Structure"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- -a.copiable-anchor {visibility: hidden; text-decoration: none; line-height: 0em} -a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} -blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em} -div.display {margin-left: 3.2em} -div.example {margin-left: 3.2em} -kbd {font-style: oblique} -pre.display {font-family: inherit} -pre.format {font-family: inherit} -pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} -span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap} -span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal} -span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal} -span:hover a.copiable-anchor {visibility: visible} -ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} +a.copiable-link {visibility: hidden; text-decoration: none; line-height: 0em} +span.r {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal} +span:hover a.copiable-link {visibility: visible} --> </style> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/gnulib/manual.css";> @@ -54,74 +42,78 @@ </head> <body lang="en"> -<div class="section" id="Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="Special-Backslash-Expressions.html" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special Backslash Expressions</a>, Previous: <a href="Fundamental-Structure.html" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fundamental Structure</a>, Up: <a href="Regular-Expressions.html" accesskey="u" rel="up">Regular Expressions</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Index.html" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <hr> -<span id="Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.2 Character Classes and Bracket Expressions</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions-1"><span>3.2 Character Classes and Bracket Expressions<a class="copiable-link" href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions-1"> ¶</a></span></h3> -<span id="index-bracket-expression"></span> -<span id="index-character-class"></span> -<p>A <em>bracket expression</em> is a list of characters enclosed by ‘<samp>[</samp>’ and -‘<samp>]</samp>’. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bracket-expression"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-character-class"></a> +<p>A <em class="dfn">bracket expression</em> is a list of characters enclosed by ‘<samp class="samp">[</samp>’ and +‘<samp class="samp">]</samp>’. It matches any single character in that list. -If the first character of the list is the caret ‘<samp>^</samp>’, -then it matches any character <strong>not</strong> in the list, +If the first character of the list is the caret ‘<samp class="samp">^</samp>’, +then it matches any character <strong class="strong">not</strong> in the list, and it is unspecified whether it matches an encoding error. For example, the regular expression -‘<samp>[0123456789]</samp>’ matches any single digit, -whereas ‘<samp>[^()]</samp>’ matches any single character that is not +‘<samp class="samp">[0123456789]</samp>’ matches any single digit, +whereas ‘<samp class="samp">[^()]</samp>’ matches any single character that is not an opening or closing parenthesis, and might or might not match an encoding error. </p> -<span id="index-range-expression"></span> -<p>Within a bracket expression, a <em>range expression</em> consists of two +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-range-expression"></a> +<p>Within a bracket expression, a <em class="dfn">range expression</em> consists of two characters separated by a hyphen. It matches any single character that sorts between the two characters, inclusive. In the default C locale, the sorting sequence is the native character -order; for example, ‘<samp>[a-d]</samp>’ is equivalent to ‘<samp>[abcd]</samp>’. +order; for example, ‘<samp class="samp">[a-d]</samp>’ is equivalent to ‘<samp class="samp">[abcd]</samp>’. In other locales, the sorting sequence is not specified, and -‘<samp>[a-d]</samp>’ might be equivalent to ‘<samp>[abcd]</samp>’ or to -‘<samp>[aBbCcDd]</samp>’, or it might fail to match any character, or the set of +‘<samp class="samp">[a-d]</samp>’ might be equivalent to ‘<samp class="samp">[abcd]</samp>’ or to +‘<samp class="samp">[aBbCcDd]</samp>’, or it might fail to match any character, or the set of characters that it matches might be erratic, or it might be invalid. To obtain the traditional interpretation -of bracket expressions, you can use the ‘<samp>C</samp>’ locale by setting the -<code>LC_ALL</code> environment variable to the value ‘<samp>C</samp>’. +of bracket expressions, you can use the ‘<samp class="samp">C</samp>’ locale by setting the +<code class="env">LC_ALL</code> environment variable to the value ‘<samp class="samp">C</samp>’. </p> <p>Finally, certain named classes of characters are predefined within bracket expressions, as follows. -Their interpretation depends on the <code>LC_CTYPE</code> locale; -for example, ‘<samp>[[:alnum:]]</samp>’ means the character class of numbers and letters +Their interpretation depends on the <code class="env">LC_CTYPE</code> locale; +for example, ‘<samp class="samp">[[:alnum:]]</samp>’ means the character class of numbers and letters in the current locale. </p> -<span id="index-classes-of-characters"></span> -<span id="index-character-classes"></span> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-alnum-character-class'><span>‘<samp>[:alnum:]</samp>’<a href='#index-alnum-character-class' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-alphanumeric-characters"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-classes-of-characters"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-character-classes"></a> +<dl class="table"> +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">[:alnum:]</samp>’</dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-alnum-character-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-alphanumeric-characters"></a> <p>Alphanumeric characters: -‘<samp>[:alpha:]</samp>’ and ‘<samp>[:digit:]</samp>’; in the ‘<samp>C</samp>’ locale and ASCII -character encoding, this is the same as ‘<samp>[0-9A-Za-z]</samp>’. +‘<samp class="samp">[:alpha:]</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">[:digit:]</samp>’; in the ‘<samp class="samp">C</samp>’ locale and ASCII +character encoding, this is the same as ‘<samp class="samp">[0-9A-Za-z]</samp>’. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-alpha-character-class'><span>‘<samp>[:alpha:]</samp>’<a href='#index-alpha-character-class' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-alphabetic-characters"></span> +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">[:alpha:]</samp>’</dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-alpha-character-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-alphabetic-characters"></a> <p>Alphabetic characters: -‘<samp>[:lower:]</samp>’ and ‘<samp>[:upper:]</samp>’; in the ‘<samp>C</samp>’ locale and ASCII -character encoding, this is the same as ‘<samp>[A-Za-z]</samp>’. +‘<samp class="samp">[:lower:]</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">[:upper:]</samp>’; in the ‘<samp class="samp">C</samp>’ locale and ASCII +character encoding, this is the same as ‘<samp class="samp">[A-Za-z]</samp>’. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-blank-character-class'><span>‘<samp>[:blank:]</samp>’<a href='#index-blank-character-class' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-blank-characters"></span> +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">[:blank:]</samp>’</dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-blank-character-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-blank-characters"></a> <p>Blank characters: space and tab. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-cntrl-character-class'><span>‘<samp>[:cntrl:]</samp>’<a href='#index-cntrl-character-class' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-control-characters"></span> +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">[:cntrl:]</samp>’</dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cntrl-character-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-control-characters"></a> <p>Control characters. In ASCII, these characters have octal codes 000 through 037, and 177 (DEL). @@ -129,58 +121,66 @@ the equivalent characters, if any. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-digit-character-class'><span>‘<samp>[:digit:]</samp>’<a href='#index-digit-character-class' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-digit-characters"></span> -<span id="index-numeric-characters"></span> -<p>Digits: <code>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9</code>. +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">[:digit:]</samp>’</dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-digit-character-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-digit-characters"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-numeric-characters"></a> +<p>Digits: <code class="code">0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-graph-character-class'><span>‘<samp>[:graph:]</samp>’<a href='#index-graph-character-class' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-graphic-characters"></span> +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">[:graph:]</samp>’</dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graph-character-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphic-characters"></a> <p>Graphical characters: -‘<samp>[:alnum:]</samp>’ and ‘<samp>[:punct:]</samp>’. +‘<samp class="samp">[:alnum:]</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">[:punct:]</samp>’. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-lower-character-class'><span>‘<samp>[:lower:]</samp>’<a href='#index-lower-character-class' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-lower_002dcase-letters"></span> -<p>Lower-case letters; in the ‘<samp>C</samp>’ locale and ASCII character +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">[:lower:]</samp>’</dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lower-character-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lower_002dcase-letters"></a> +<p>Lower-case letters; in the ‘<samp class="samp">C</samp>’ locale and ASCII character encoding, this is -<code>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z</code>. +<code class="code">a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-print-character-class'><span>‘<samp>[:print:]</samp>’<a href='#index-print-character-class' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-printable-characters"></span> +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">[:print:]</samp>’</dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-print-character-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-printable-characters"></a> <p>Printable characters: -‘<samp>[:alnum:]</samp>’, ‘<samp>[:punct:]</samp>’, and space. +‘<samp class="samp">[:alnum:]</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">[:punct:]</samp>’, and space. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-punct-character-class'><span>‘<samp>[:punct:]</samp>’<a href='#index-punct-character-class' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-punctuation-characters"></span> -<p>Punctuation characters; in the ‘<samp>C</samp>’ locale and ASCII character +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">[:punct:]</samp>’</dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-punct-character-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-punctuation-characters"></a> +<p>Punctuation characters; in the ‘<samp class="samp">C</samp>’ locale and ASCII character encoding, this is -<code>! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / : ; < = > ? @ [ \ ] ^ _ ` { | } ~</code>. +<code class="code">! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / : ; < = > ? @ [ \ ] ^ _ ` { | } ~</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-space-character-class'><span>‘<samp>[:space:]</samp>’<a href='#index-space-character-class' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-space-characters"></span> -<span id="index-whitespace-characters"></span> -<p>Space characters: in the ‘<samp>C</samp>’ locale, this is +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">[:space:]</samp>’</dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space-character-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space-characters"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-whitespace-characters"></a> +<p>Space characters: in the ‘<samp class="samp">C</samp>’ locale, this is tab, newline, vertical tab, form feed, carriage return, and space. -See <a href="Usage.html">Usage</a>, for more discussion of matching newlines. +See <a class="xref" href="Usage.html">Usage</a>, for more discussion of matching newlines. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-upper-character-class'><span>‘<samp>[:upper:]</samp>’<a href='#index-upper-character-class' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-upper_002dcase-letters"></span> -<p>Upper-case letters: in the ‘<samp>C</samp>’ locale and ASCII character +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">[:upper:]</samp>’</dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-upper-character-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-upper_002dcase-letters"></a> +<p>Upper-case letters: in the ‘<samp class="samp">C</samp>’ locale and ASCII character encoding, this is -<code>A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z</code>. +<code class="code">A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-xdigit-character-class'><span>‘<samp>[:xdigit:]</samp>’<a href='#index-xdigit-character-class' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-xdigit-class"></span> -<span id="index-hexadecimal-digits"></span> +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">[:xdigit:]</samp>’</dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xdigit-character-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xdigit-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hexadecimal-digits"></a> <p>Hexadecimal digits: -<code>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F a b c d e f</code>. +<code class="code">0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F a b c d e f</code>. </p> </dd> </dl> @@ -188,53 +188,53 @@ part of the symbolic names, and must be included in addition to the brackets delimiting the bracket expression. </p> -<p>If you mistakenly omit the outer brackets, and search for say, ‘<samp>[:upper:]</samp>’, -GNU <code>grep</code> prints a diagnostic and exits with status 2, on +<p>If you mistakenly omit the outer brackets, and search for say, ‘<samp class="samp">[:upper:]</samp>’, +GNU <code class="command">grep</code> prints a diagnostic and exits with status 2, on the assumption that you did not intend to search for the -regular expression ‘<samp>[:epru]</samp>’. +regular expression ‘<samp class="samp">[:epru]</samp>’. </p> <p>Special characters lose their special meaning inside bracket expressions. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span>‘<samp>]</samp>’</span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">]</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>ends the bracket expression if it’s not the first list item. -So, if you want to make the ‘<samp>]</samp>’ character a list item, +So, if you want to make the ‘<samp class="samp">]</samp>’ character a list item, you must put it first. </p> </dd> -<dt><span>‘<samp>[.</samp>’</span></dt> +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">[.</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>represents the open collating symbol. </p> </dd> -<dt><span>‘<samp>.]</samp>’</span></dt> +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">.]</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>represents the close collating symbol. </p> </dd> -<dt><span>‘<samp>[=</samp>’</span></dt> +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">[=</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>represents the open equivalence class. </p> </dd> -<dt><span>‘<samp>=]</samp>’</span></dt> +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">=]</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>represents the close equivalence class. </p> </dd> -<dt><span>‘<samp>[:</samp>’</span></dt> +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">[:</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>represents the open character class symbol, and should be followed by a valid character class name. </p> </dd> -<dt><span>‘<samp>:]</samp>’</span></dt> +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">:]</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>represents the close character class symbol. </p> </dd> -<dt><span>‘<samp>-</samp>’</span></dt> +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>represents the range if it’s not first or last in a list or the ending point -of a range. To make the ‘<samp>-</samp>’ a list item, it is best to put it last. +of a range. To make the ‘<samp class="samp">-</samp>’ a list item, it is best to put it last. </p> </dd> -<dt><span>‘<samp>^</samp>’</span></dt> +<dt>‘<samp class="samp">^</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>represents the characters not in the list. -If you want to make the ‘<samp>^</samp>’ +If you want to make the ‘<samp class="samp">^</samp>’ character a list item, place it anywhere but first. </p> </dd> @@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ </div> <hr> -<div class="header"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="Special-Backslash-Expressions.html">Special Backslash Expressions</a>, Previous: <a href="Fundamental-Structure.html">Fundamental Structure</a>, Up: <a href="Regular-Expressions.html">Regular Expressions</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Index.html" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div>
