|
From:
assalamu_alaikum_1426
INDIA'S 6-YEAR-OLD TEMPLE PROSTITUTES "Thousands of untouchable female children (between 6 and 8 years) are forced to become maidens of God (Devadasis, Jogins, a Hindu religious practice in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka State, Maharashtra, Orissa State, to mention only a few). They are taken from their families, never to see them again. They are later raped by the temple priest and finally auctioned secretly into prostitution and ultimately die from AIDS. It is estimated by NGOs that 5,000 to 15,000 girls are auctioned secretly every year." Note: The numbers [217] - [224] in the first article refer to footnotes that appear below the article. Please note that 2 articles follow: *The Devadasi System: Ritualized Prostitution (1999) *Sacrificing life to serve the goddess --- (1) The Devadasi System: Ritualized Prostitution [217] Human Rights Watch http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/india/India994-09.htm#P1695_354939 The practice of devadasi, in which a girl, usually before reaching the age of puberty, is ceremoniously dedicated or married to a deity or to a temple, continues in several southern states including Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Literally meaning "female servant of god," devadasis usually belong to the Dalit community. Once dedicated, the girl is unable to marry, forced to become a prostitute for upper-caste community members, and eventually auctioned into an urban brothel. The age-old practice continues to legitimize the sexual violence and discrimination that have come to characterize the intersection between caste and gender. The patrons of the devadasis are generally from the higher castes because those from the devadasis own castes are too poor to afford to [pay] for the rituals_ In many cases a patron kept many girls and the number of girls used to be a yard stick of the status of that man. This system of patronage has given way to [a system of] commercial prostitution in the populated big cities. [218] Activists involved in the Dalit women's movement explain that the nexus between caste and forced prostitution is quite strong and that the devadasi system is no exception. Most Indian girls and women in India's urban brothels come from lower-caste, tribal, or minority communities. Like other forms of violence against women, ritualized prostitution, activists believe, is a system "designed to kill whatever vestiges of self-respect the untouchable castes have in order to subjugate them and keep them underprivileged." [219] By keeping Dalit women as prostitutes, and by tying prostitution to bondage in rural areas, upper-caste men reinforce their declaration of social and economic superiority over the lower castes. According to the Ambedkar Centre for Justice and Peace, a Canada-based NGO: Thousands of untouchable female children (between 6 and 8 years) are forced to become maidens of God (Devadasis, Jogins, a Hindu religious practice in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka State, Maharashtra, Orissa State, to mention only a few). They are taken from their families, never to see them again. They are later raped by the temple priest and finally auctioned secretly into prostitution and ultimately die from AIDS. It is estimated by NGOs that 5,000 to 15,000 girls are auctioned secretly every year. [220] In an interview with Human Rights Watch, the head of an NGO active in Karnataka explained that in her state the girl is offered to the Goddess Yellamma in a village ceremony: Earlier it was for priests, but now it is for high-caste men. They used to live in the temples_ now anyone can use them including lorry drivers_ Dreadlocked hair is taken as a sign from the Goddess Yellamma that the girl is meant to be a devadasi. In a festival, a marriage ceremony takes place between the girl and god. The eldest lady of the devadasi community ties the mangal sutra [marriage necklace]. In some ceremonies the girl wasparaded almost naked. The girl is then given some money but still works in the fields. She lives separately in the village and is used by all the men, including Dalit men. [221] In 1992 the Karnataka state government passed the Karnataka Devadasi (Prohibition of Dedication) Act and called for the rehabilitation of devadasi women. Like many laws aimed at protecting women and lower castes, the act suffers from a lack of enforcement. Moreover, the police themselves have been known to use devadasis. As the Karnataka activist explained, the law works to the disadvantage of women because it criminalizes their actions and not the actions of their patrons. Police will even go so far as to demand sex as a bribe: "They will threaten to file charges under the act if the woman says no." [222] Their perceived status in society, as women who are supposed to serve men sexually, also makes it more difficult for devadasis to approach the police for help: "When a devadasi is raped, it is not considered rape. She can be had by any man at any time." [223] In reviewing India's third periodic report to the U.N. Human Rights Committee, submitted under Article 40 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in July 1997, the Human Rights Committee regretted "the lack of national legislation to outlaw the practice of Devadasi, the regulation of which is left to the states," and added that "it appears that the practice continues and that not all states have effective legislation against it." The committee emphasized that the practice was incompatible with the ICCPR and recommended that "all necessary measures be taken urgently" toward its eradication. [224] 217 Devadasis are also known by the names jogati and basavi. See also Nagendra Kumar Singh, Divine Prostitution, (New Delhi: A. P. H. Publishing Corporation, 1997). 218 Ruth Manorama, "Dalit Women Perspective," presented at the Global Gathering on Women Under Racism and Casteism, 1992. 219 Ruth Manorama, "Dalit Women...". 220 Yogesh Varhade, "International Advocacy and the Role of the United Nations and Civil Society," Ambedkar Centre for Justice and Peace, Presidential address, Conference `98, June 6, 1998, p. 3. 221 Human Rights Watch interview with Jyothi Raj, Rural Education and Development Society, Bangalore, July 26, 1998. 222 Ibid. 223 Ibid. 224 Consideration of Report by India to the Human Rights Committee, CCPR/C/79/Add.81, August 4, 1997. --- (2) Sacrificing life to serve the goddess Deccan Herald June 21, 2005 http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun212005/spectrum1054122005620.asp The Yellamma temple in Savadatti is witness to cruel acts of girl child abandonment and sacrifice. Bharathi Ghanashyam explores the aftermath of the devadasi system. My visit to the Yellamma temple in Savadatti in April, a month considered off-season, did not coincide with any of the popular fairs that are held there several times a year. In spite of this, however, the atmosphere in and around the temple was festive; hundreds of people seemed to be present. I will not forget my visit for many reasons, not the least of which are the people I encountered and the rituals that are still practiced here. The temple that houses Goddess Yellamma is at a distance of 72 kms from Belgaum atop the Yellammagudda. After a fairly steep drive uphill, you reach the top only to find that you have to descend from another side to actually reach the temple. The descent is via steep steps seems a great distance. The entire route down is lined with shops manned or rather `womanned' by girls barely out of their childhood. They look strangely hardened and old beyond their years. Even causal queries are met with suspicion and resentment. Then there are the painted and powdered hijras seemingly all over the place. As you take one weary step after the other on your way down the hill, they thrust trays of kumkum and haldi in your face, and curse under their breath if you don't respond with money. The world you encounter as you enter the temple is so surreal it is almost scary. The walls and flooring are thickly encrusted with the red kumkum that has been flung on them over the years. Frenzied devotion is visible everywhere. There are women milling around and each one is immersed in fulfiling one difficult vow or other taken to appease the Goddess Yellamma. One takes measured steps backwards around the temple, while another rolls herself painfully around the temple prodded on by an obliging relative, and the hijras are dancing, singing and screaming. You see dozens of old women begging and generally lounging around. I ask one of them about herself - a casual friendly enquiry - and see her friend nudging her and saying spitefully, "Don't say anything to her, she knows everything." I wonder what I'm supposed to know. The spite in her fills me with dread. A guide fills me in with details. He tells me the story of devadasis which, though oft told, will stand repetition here. Yellamma, he tells me, is the goddess of the devadasis, loosely translated as `slave girls of the gods.' I ask about the old women who are sitting around. "They are devadasis who can no longer work and are reduced to begging," he said. On various auspicious days of the year, scores of young girls are `given away' at the temple in an act of `devotion' to the Goddess Yellamma. The rites that accompany this act are often conducted by hijras who are worshippers of the goddess, which explains their presence in huge numbers. The worship of Yellamma has always been associated with rituals and drama. In a custom that has come down the ages, devotees of the goddess take vows that should their wishes be fulfiled, their daughters will be `given away' to Yellamma. Some parents pray for the fulfilment of a wish or cure from a disease. Others hope to be blessed with the birth of a son, all in return for their daughter. Some parents cannot afford the dowry to marry off a daughter and find this an easy way out. Traditionally, the girls sang and danced in temples to please the gods. Today, however, many devadasis end up in the hands of procurers who take them to Bombay, Delhi and other cities, where they are employed as commercial sex workers. Even as the guide finishes his tale, I find myself at the entrance to the sanctum. I don't want to enter because it horrifies me that we live in a society which still thinks nothing of little girls being abandoned so cruelly. I don't know how much of the practice is still alive because the atmosphere around is furtive and it seems everyone is reluctant to talk. The rocks around, however, have more to tell me. They scream out painted messages about the evils of the devadasi system - indicating weak efforts on the part of the government in killing a practice that appears to be very much alive. It pains me that in spite of the injustice being meted out to women in the name of devotion, women worshippers far outnumber the men here. In protest, I leave the prasad behind. I know it will not make any difference to anyone, but it certainly makes a difference to me. The temple of Goddess Yellamma is a popular pilgrimage site for shakti devotees. A V S Rao discovers the mythological roots of this centuries-old temple. Savadatti is a popular place of pilgrimage situated in Belgaum. The temple dedicated to Goddess Yellamma is located here. This Goddess is the tutelary deity of thousands of families in Karnataka, Goa, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. Every day, hundreds of pilgrims visit the temple with great devotion. The congregation is especially large, crossing the ten lakh mark on two auspicious days Banada Hunime and Bharathi Hunime. The century-old temple of Yellamma is situated atop Yellamagudda, amidst picturesque Ramalinga Hills about 5 km from Savadatti village. Between Savadatti and the temple is the magnificent fort of Pareshghad, dating back to the 10th century. The off shoots of Western Ghats which cover this area have given rise to seven hillocks. The seven valleys near Navil Teertha where the serene Malaprabha river flows silently, have been named Yelukolada Yellamma, meaning Yellamma of the Seven Valleys. The name is mentioned repeatedly as Sugandhavarthi and also as Soundaryavirthi in inscriptions. In the earlier periods, under the rule of the Bhaisas and later the Rattas, it was a celebrated Jain centre. It was also the original capital of the Rattas during the l2th and 13th centuries. When the capital was later shifted to Venunagara, the present city of Belgaum, Savadatti lost its significance as a seat of administration. Mythology According to mythology, Sage Jamadagni and his pious wife Renuka lived in their ashrama near this hillock on the banks of river Malaprabha. On one unfortunate day, Renuka happened to see an amorous couple engaged in water sport. Sage Jamadagni became furious and bade his children to chop off Renuka's head. None of them agreed except Parasurama, who came forward to carry out his father's orders. Taking his famous axe, Parasurama cut off his mother's head. It was then that Sage Jamadagni calmed down and told Parasurama to ask for a boon for having obeyed his order. As desired by Parasurama, Renuka was resurrected by Jamadagni. Later, Karthavirya killed Sage Jamadagni in order to snatch sway the celestial cow Kamadhenu. Although Jamadagni was revived, his wife Renuka had to suffer widowhood for four days. Pious Renuka was considered as a Shakti deity and was worshiped here as Yellamma Devi. Since then, Yellammagudda has become an important place of pilgrimage. Just outside the Yellamma temple is the shrine of Kalabhairava of the Nathapanthis. To the west lies the shrine of Parasurama. In front of the temple is a pond cut out of solid rock full of fresh flowing water, which is divided into three smaller ponds called Yenne Honda, Arisina Honda and Kumkuma Honda or Jogula Bavi. The water in these ponds is believed to possess curative properties. Generally, pilgrims bathe in these ponds before entering the temple. The neem leaves have great significance in this temple. In the olden days, the devotees used to enter the temple almost naked, covering their bodies only with sheaves of neem leaves. The British Government banned this ritual, stating that it was obscene. Camphor, salt, oil, coconuts and plantains are the main offerings to the goddess. During the time of worship, devotees beat a special drum. A silver palanquin is used to take the goddess in procession around the temple on the evenings of Tuesdays and Fridays. The temple of Yellamma is constructed in ancient Dravidian style, an amalgamation of later Chalukyan and Rashtrakuta styles of architecture, with the usual enclosures and the sanctum sanctorum. There are three main entrances enclosed by high walled compound. The temple itself is devoid of any significant architectural grandeur. From the historical and architectural point of view, it is believed that the ancient shrine originally belonged to the Jain school of the 16th century, as evidenced by the sculpture on the pillars. The idol of Yellamma Devi itself in the sanctum does not appear to bear the characteristics and attributes of a Hindu Goddess, as she is holding a lotus flower in her hand, similar to Padmavathi Devi, the Jain Yakshi. One of the edicts discovered in the temple refers to this goddess as Jataka. It is beyond doubt that Jain religious influence played a prominent role at that time. Some scholars are of the opinion that this shrine was originally a Jain Basadi of Parshwanatha Tirthankara, later converted into a Hindu temple after 1250 AD. Krishnadevaraya During the reign of Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagar, Tirumala Nayaka, one of the feudatories of the time, is said to have renovated the shrine and beautified it with a Deepa Stambha or lamp pillar and Mahadwara in 1515 AD. Legends and myths apart, in the olden days, the temple came to be associated with the devadasi cult. However, this bad practice has now been banned by the Government. The annual fair for goddess Yellamma is held in the month of Chaitra which attracts lakhs of pilgrims and visitors. How to get there All roads leading to Savadatti during that season resound with noisy refrain of jingles of bullock carts and prayers of pilgrims. Savadatti is only 37 km from Dharwad and 85 km from Belgaum. It is connected by excellent roads from all sides. KSRTC buses and private vans operate regularly in this route. Taxis can be hired from Dharwad or Belgaum. The temple authorities have built a number of rest houses and choultries at Savadatti to provide accommodation to pilgrims and tourists. Belgaum and Dharwad have excellent lodgings facilities for overnight stay. http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun212005/spectrum1054122005620.asp -------------------------------------------------------------------------- All views expressed herein belong to the individuals concerned and do not in any way reflect the official views of Hidayahnet unless sanctioned or approved otherwise. If your mailbox clogged with mails from Hidayahnet, you may wish to get a daily digest of emails by logging-on to http://www.yahoogroups.com to change your mail delivery settings or email the moderators at [EMAIL PROTECTED] with the title "change to daily digest".
SPONSORED LINKS
YAHOO! GROUPS LINKS
|
