Pak Zein Munir,
Saya coba cari-cari jawabannya, Liquid Coal termasuk fuel alternative
dari sekian banyak Bahan bakar ramah lingkungan (Alcohol Fuels,
Bio-Diesel, Coal-Derived Liquid Fuels, Electricity,Fuel
Cells,Hydrogen,Liquefied Petroleum Gas (propane), Natural Gas Fuels,
Emissions Benefits) sebagai pengganti BBM dan kebanyakan masih dalam
research project. Ini ada 2 riset yg berbeda berdasarkan sifat coalnya,
yang dr Alaska dan coal dr daeah lainnya di USA, pengertiannya juga
berbeda yg dr Alaska hasilnya adalah coal water fuel sedangkan riset
ke-2 menghasilkan methanol..yang mana maksud Pak Menteri? , belum jelas
benar karena ideannya terinspirasi dari Afsel
This article is provided as a public service by the Geophysical
Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, in cooperation with the UAF
research community.
Alaska has about half of the total coal reserves in the United States.
Better yet, almost all Alaska coals have an extremely low sulfur
content, a great selling point in a time when the world is powerfully
concerned about air pollution. Yet somehow the world isn't rushing to
buy Alaska's coal.
So far, neither are Alaskans. The cost of extracting coal here, like the
cost of doing many other things, is high, and potential coal mining
sites are usually far from existing roads or other transportation. We
have inexpensive competing fuels, oil and natural gas. Even if we
didn't, there are not very many of us--which means not enough local
customers to make developing small-scale new mines economically
worthwhile.
These reasons might be overcome, but one difficult problem would remain:
the majority of the coals that can be strip mined, the most affordable
method, are wet. They are low-ranked in the hierarchy of coals because
they have a low heating value per unit weight. A low-rank coal that
appears perfectly dry to casual examination can actually contain as much
as 30 percent water by weight. That also raises transportation costs--in
effect a skipper is hauling three tons of water in every ten tons of
coal.
Drying the coal is one answer. Most commercial drying processes use hot
gases to evaporate the coal's moisture. The drying temperatures are too
low to change the coal structure permanently, so as soon as it is
exposed to water (or even humid air), the coal takes up moisture again.
If the coal is subjected to higher drying temperatures, above 450
degrees Fahrenheit, its structure is permanently altered so that it won
't reabsorb water. It is a more expensive process, used most efficiently
on coal that has been pulverized. Handling dried pulverized coal can be
tricky, due to problems with dust generation and the potential for
spontaneous combustion or explosion.
To get around those problems, processes have been developed that keep
coal in lumps or produce pellets or briquettes from dried pulverized
coal. They work, but add more cost.
So far, the most promising technology to improve Alaska's wet coals
involves---ironically---making them wetter still. This process, called
hydrothermal processing or hot-water drying, yields a liquid coal-water
fuel that can be burned almost like oil.
The process is like cooking coal in a pressure cooker. The coal is
heated to high temperatures in water: the water is kept in the system by
high pressures. The heat and pressure affect the coal in minutes, just
as if it had spent millions of years more in the earth. It undergoes
more "coalification" and gains in fuel value. The resulting liquid coal
has about the same heating value per pound as the original coal, but is
far more easily handled.
The technical feasibility of this process already has been demonstrated
in a 2.5-ton-per-day process development unit at the University of North
Dakota Energy and Mineral Research Center. In Alaska, the Mineral
Industry Research Laboratory at the University of Alaska Fairbanks is
actively working on developing HWD technology for Alaskan coals. They
are also training the young scientists who can participate in
establishing any local liquid coal industry. The present studies aim
mostly at process improvements that bring down costs to make coal-water
fuels competitive in the international market,
If this technology works as hoped, the new fuel is a candidate for
present oil-fired burners, for diesel and turbine engines, and for
advanced applications like entrained gasifiers and fluid-bed combustors.
Neatly enough, coal-water fuels can be transported by pipeline, so
perhaps when the trans-Alaska pipeline no longer pumps oil to waiting
tankers, it can be used to carry liquid coal.
========================================================================
====
Coal-Derived Liquid Fuels
Future applications for methanol from coal could be to serve as a
replacement for petroleum in transportation applications, a peaking fuel
in combustion turbines at gasification combined cycle power plants, a
fuel which could be used in remote locations -- such as a hydrogen
source for small fuel cells -- or as a chemical feedstock.Coal-derived
methanol, free of sulfur and other impurities, can be used for producing
MTBE, an octane improving additive for reformulated gasoline. However,
due to recent concerns regarding MTBE's impact on groundwater supplies,
this octane additive is being phased out in many states.
Did you know?
* Coal is currently available in abundant quantities within the
United States, which would consequently reduce our dependence on foreign
oil imports. Bituminous coal, the most abundant type of coal in the
United States, is currently being used in the research project.
-----Original Message-----
From: Zein, Munir (KPC) [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Sent: Tuesday, April 05, 2005 8:19 AM
To: [email protected]
Subject: RE: [iagi-net-l] Batubara Cair untuk Gantikan BBM
Adakah yang bisa kasih informasi, bagaimana proses merubah batubara
padat menjadi cair...
Apakah biayanya produksinya tidak besar tuh...
dp
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