Hi
As Ed points out Userids, Passwords and Passphrases are the easiest security 
credentials to bypass; by malware, sharing credentials, looking over ones 
shoulder or even the odd post-it note! And your users should definitely not be 
using the same password for all of your disparate systems, but how do you stop 
them when these system's security authenticaters are not linked up.
I would recommend as much Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) that you can get 
away with bearing in mind the admin, costs and end-user push back.
This ideally should be at your front door, which is normally your PC 
environments.
The push back comes when you then add MFA to all your systems, your PC 
environment, your Prod z/OS, your Q&A z/OS, etc. etc. The end users hate it! 
Especially if the MFA factors are different for each system as not all MFA 
factors are supported on all platforms.
So this is potentially where single sign on helps.
Logon to your PC environment using lots of MFA and then use these authenticated 
credentials to log on elsewhere including z/OS.
If someone tries to bypass the MFA PC system then have MFA defending a direct 
hit to your other systems, but this will not get in the way of or upset your 
real authenticated users.
It is possible and we run like that here at Macro 4 - you just need the right 
software :-)  (sales pitch - sorry)
And sadly as pointed out, if a hacker can get into your PC environment then 
they can probably already get into your z/OS systems - shutting the gate after 
the horse has bolted. You need to keep all of the gates firmly shut.

regards
Keith

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