Artikel yg menarik, bro Alvin đź‘Ť Regards, Deni
Sent from my mobile > On Apr 21, 2016, at 16:49, Alvin Tedjasukmana <[email protected]> > wrote: > > Artikel yg lumayan menarik buat dibaca, monggo.... > > > > June 6, 2005, seemed to be a triumphant moment for Intel. The chipmaker was > already dominating the market for processors that powered Windows-based PCs. > Then Steve Jobs took the stage at Apple's World Wide Developers Conference to > announce that he was switching the main Windows alternative, Macintosh > computers, to Intel chips as well. The announcement cemented Intel's status > as the leading company of the PC era. > > There was just one problem: The PC era was about to end. Apple was already > working on the iPhone, which would usher in the modern smartphone era. Intel > turned down an opportunity to provide the processor for the iPhone, believing > that Apple was unlikely to sell enough of them to justify the development > costs. > > Oops. > > On Tuesday, Intel announced that it was laying off 12,000 employees, 11 > percent of its workforce, the latest sign of the company's struggle to adapt > to the post-PC world. Intel still isn't a significant player in the mobile > market — iPhones, iPads, and Android-based phones and tablets mostly use > chips based on a competing standard called ARM. > > The company is still making solid profits — it just announced a $2 billion > profit for the first quarter of 2016. But the company's growth has stalled, > and Wall Street is getting worried about its future. > > Obviously, Intel made a mistake by missing out on the iPhone business. > Intel's error in judgment is a classic example of what business guru Clay > Christensen calls "disruptive innovation." The term disruption has become so > overused in the technology world that it's sometimes treated as a joke. But > Christensen gave it a more precise meaning that fits Intel's situation > perfectly: a cheap, simple, and less profitable technology that gradually > erodes the market for a more established technology. > > Intel is just the latest in long line of companies that have failed to > effectively deal with this kind of disruptive threat. > > Smartphones are based on a different chip standard than PCs > > > Intel invented a chip standard called x86 that was chosen for the IBM PC in > 1981 and became the standard for Windows-based PCs generally. As the PC > market soared in the 1980s and 1990s, Intel grew with it. > > The key to success in the PC business was performance. Chips with more > computing power could run more complex applications, complete tasks more > quickly, and run more applications at the same time. During the 1990s, Intel > and its rivals raced to increase their chips' megahertz ratings — a measure > of how many steps the chips could perform in a second. > > One thing these early chipmakers didn't care about was power consumption. > Higher-performance chips often consumed more energy, but this didn't matter > because most PCs were desktop models plugged into the wall. Even laptops had > large batteries and could be plugged in most of the time. > > But this became a problem in the late 2000s, when the market began to shift > to smartphones and tablets. These devices had smaller batteries (to keep the > weight down), and users wanted to use them all day on a single charge. > Existing x86 chips were a poor fit for these new applications. > > Instead, these companies turned to a standard called ARM. Created by a > once-obscure British company, it was designed from the ground up for > low-power mobile uses. In the mid-2000s, ARM chips weren't nearly as powerful > as high-end chips from Intel, but they consumed a lot less power, which was > important for smartphones from Apple and BlackBerry. > > Even better, the ARM architecture is designed for customization. ARM licenses > its design to other companies such as Qualcomm and Samsung, which make the > actual chips. That provides flexibility that allows smartphone makers to > combine a number of different functions on a single chip. And packing a bunch > of functions — like data storage and image processing — onto one chip helps > to keep power consumption down. > > Wikipedia / ARM ARM chip sales, in billions. > Today, ARM chips totally dominate the mobile device business. iPhones and > iPads run on a chip called the A9 (and predecessors such as the A8 and A7) > that are based on the ARM platform, designed by Apple, and manufactured by > chipmakers like Samsung and TSMC. Most Android-based phones run on ARM-based > chips from Samsung, Qualcomm, and other ARM chipmakers. > > The mobile revolution is leaving Intel behind > > Intel had not just one but two opportunities to become a major player in the > mobile chip market. One was the opportunity to bid on Apple's iPhone > business. The other was its ownership of XScale, an ARM-based chipmaker Intel > owned until it sold it for $600 million in 2006. > > Intel sold XScale because it wanted to double down on the x86 architecture > that had made it so successful. Intel was working on a low-power version of > x86 chips called Atom, and it believed that selling ARM chips would signal a > lack of commitment to the Atom platform. > > But Atom chips didn't gain much traction. Intel has made a lot of progress > improving the power efficiency of its Atom chips. But ARM-based chipmakers > are experts at building low-power chips, having focused on that task for more > than a decade. So they had the early advantage. And at this point, ARM has a > huge share of the market. That gives them all of the advantages — more > engineers, better software — that come with being a dominant platform. > > Intel's decline is a classic story of disruptive innovation > > > On one level, you can say that Intel just got unlucky and backed the wrong > horse. The chipmaker could have tried harder to win Apple's iPhone contract, > and it could have bet on its XScale ARM subsidiary instead of trying to > create Atom processors. But it chose not to. > > But on a deeper level it's not surprising that Intel took the path it did, > again because of Christensen's theory of disruptive innovation. > > Intel's basic problem was that the mobile chip market didn't seem profitable > enough to be worth the trouble. Intel had built a sophisticated business > around the PC chip. Its employees were experts at building, selling, > distributing, and supporting PC chips. This was a lucrative business — often > Intel could charge several hundred dollars for its high-end chips — and the > company was organized around the assumption that each chip sale would > generate significant revenue and profits. > > Mobile chips were different. In some cases, an entire mobile device could > cost less than the price of a high-end Intel processor. With many companies > selling ARM chips, prices were low and profit margins were slim. It would > have been a struggle for Intel to slim down enough to turn a profit in this > market. > > And in any event, Intel was making plenty of money selling high-end PC chips. > There didn't seem to be much reason to fight for a market where the > opportunity just didn't seem that big. > > What this analysis missed, of course, was that the mobile market would > eventually become vastly larger than the PC market. ARM-based chipmakers > might make a much smaller profit per chip, but the market was destined to > grow to many billions of chips per year. Even a small profit per chip > multiplied by billions of chips could add up to a big opportunity. > > Meanwhile, Intel had to worry that jumping wholeheartedly into low-power > mobile chips would undermine demand for its more lucrative desktop chips. > What if companies started buying Intel's cheap mobile chips and putting them > in laptops? That could hurt Intel's bottom line more than the added mobile > revenue would help it. > > Obviously, Intel's leadership now recognizes that they made a mistake. > They're now so far behind that it's going to be a struggle to gain a foothold > in the new market. And as cheap mobile chips get more and more powerful, we > can expect more and more companies to put them into low-end laptop and > desktop computers, eroding demand for Intel's more expensive and power-hungry > chips. > > Chipmakers are doing to Intel what Intel once did to Digital Equipment > Corporation > > Ironically, Intel is now suffering the same fate that it inflicted on an > earlier generation of computing innovators three decades ago. In the 1980s, > there was a thriving community of "minicomputer" makers led by a company > called the Digital Equipment Corporation. > > These washing machine–size minicomputers were only "mini" compared to the > room-size mainframe computers that preceded them, and they cost tens of > thousands of dollars. > > Early PCs based on Intel chips were referred to as microcomputers, and > companies like DEC dismissed them as toys. They did this for exactly the same > reasons Intel dismissed the mobile market — selling a $2,000 PC was a lot > less profitable than selling a $50,000 minicomputer, and DEC didn't expect > PCs to be a big enough market to be worth the effort. > > Of course, that turned out to be totally wrong. The PC market turned out to > be vastly larger than the minicomputer market, just as the mobile market is > now much larger than the PC market. But by the time this became clear, it was > too late. DEC and most of its peers were forced out of business by the end of > the 1990s. > > > > Sumber: > > http://www.vox.com/2016/4/20/11463818/intel-iphone-mobile-revolution > > -- > =========== > Saksikan drone Telkomsel dari Sabang hingga Merauke melalui video streaming > interaktif selama 30 hari di >> tsel.me/elangnusa ‪#‎ElangNusa > > --------------------- > Toko Headphone & Earphone Terlengkap dan Terbaru > Kunjungi >> http://bassaudio.net > ---------------------- > Kontak Admin, Twitter @agushamonangan > ----------------------- > FB Groups : https://www.facebook.com/groups/android.or.id > > Aturan Umum ID-ANDROID >> goo.gl/mL1mBT > > ========== > --- > Anda menerima pesan ini karena berlangganan grup "[id-android] Indonesian > Android Community" di Google Grup. > Untuk berhenti berlangganan dan berhenti menerima email dari grup ini, kirim > email ke [email protected]. > Kunjungi grup ini di https://groups.google.com/group/id-android. -- =========== Saksikan drone Telkomsel dari Sabang hingga Merauke melalui video streaming interaktif selama 30 hari di >> tsel.me/elangnusa ‪#‎ElangNusa --------------------- Toko Headphone & Earphone Terlengkap dan Terbaru Kunjungi >> http://bassaudio.net ---------------------- Kontak Admin, Twitter @agushamonangan ----------------------- FB Groups : https://www.facebook.com/groups/android.or.id Aturan Umum ID-ANDROID >> goo.gl/mL1mBT ========== --- Anda menerima pesan ini karena Anda berlangganan grup "[id-android] Indonesian Android Community" dari Google Grup. Untuk berhenti berlangganan dan berhenti menerima email dari grup ini, kirim email ke [email protected]. Kunjungi grup ini di https://groups.google.com/group/id-android.
