Dear Mr. Rohit I think that you have taken a photo of matured fruit of Citrullus colocynthis.
It will turn to yellow completely when it mature. Mr. Raghu's photos are young fruit of the plant. I hope that ID is correct. Regards Senthilkumar U. On 6 July 2010 10:31, Rohit Patel <[email protected]> wrote: > Respected all, > > i am not sure about this species , Citrullus colocynthis,???? > > According to me this may be other species of Citrullus ?????????? > > in Gujarat, this species is recorded as under threatened category. > > N.S: herewith the photo of Citrullus colocynthis, found in Kachchh > district of Gujarat state . > > plese guide me > > regards > > Rohit > > On 7/6/10, raghu ananth <[email protected]> wrote: > > > > Thanks for the ID - Citrullus colocynthis > > > > From our ITP link > > > http://groups.google.co.in/group/indiantreepix/browse_thread/thread/7ab0f318720e9fa5?hl=en > > > > Dr. Gurucharan ji's photo link / flowersofindia > > > http://groups.google.com/group/indiantreepix/browse_thread/thread/c43a7959f10db75a?hl=en > > http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Bitter%20Apple.html > > > > > > http://www.sadvaidyasala.com/herbs_mainI.htm > > > > Native of North Africa > > Non edible fruit. > > > > Regional names Paikamatti [Tamil ] > > > > Botanical-Citrullus colocynthis Schrad.(fam. Cucurbitaceae) > > Sanskrit-Indravalli Bengal-Rakhal Sasa Mul English-Colocynth > > Gujarath-Indravaran Hindi-Indrayan Kannada-Havumekke > > Malayalam-Valiyakattuvell Marathi-Endrayana Orissa-Gothakakuciti > > Punjab-Kaudatumma Tamil-Paikamatti Telugu-Chedupuchcha > > > > Dr. Gurucharan ji's photo link / eflora / flowersofindia > > > http://groups.google.com/group/indiantreepix/browse_thread/thread/c43a7959f10db75a?hl=en > > http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Bitter%20Apple.html > > > > > http://groups.google.com/group/indiantreepix/browse_thread/thread/c43a7959f10db75a?hl=en > > > > > > > > Raghu > > > > ________________________________ > > From: tanay bose <[email protected]> > > To: R. Vijayasankar <[email protected]> > > Cc: raghu ananth <[email protected]>; [email protected] > > Sent: Tue, 6 July, 2010 8:50:01 AM > > Subject: Re: [efloraofindia:40307] Fruit for ID. - 03Jul2010AR01 > > > > Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. > > > > Cucurbitaceae > > Colocynth, Bitter apple, Wild gourd (Biblical), Gall (Biblical) > > Uses > > > > Dried pulp of unripe fruit is used medicinally for its drastic purgative > and > > hydragogue cathartic action on the intestinal tract. When the fruit is > ripe > > its pulp dries to form a powder used as a bitter medicine and drastic > > purgative. This powder is so inflammable that the Arabs collect it to use > as > > kindling. The fruit is used to repel moths from wool. In India, the vine > is > > planted as a sand binder. Seed, often removed from the poisonous pulp and > > eaten in Central Sahara regions, contains a fixed oil. > > Folk Medicine > > > > Considered cathartic, ecbolic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, hydragogue, > > purgative, and vermifugal, the colocynth is used for amenorrhea, ascites, > > bilious disorders, cancer, fever, jaundice, leukemia, rheumatism, > snakebite, > > tumors (especially of the abdomen), and urogenital disorders. According > to > > Hartwell the plant figures into remedies for cancer, carcinoma, > > endothelioma, leukemia, corns, tumors of the liver and spleen, even the > eye. > > It is interesting to note that this folk cancer "remedy" contains three > > antitumor ingredients: cucurbitacin B (active against PS-134 and KB tumor > > systems), cucurbitacin E (active against LL and KB systems) and the > > D-glucoside of beta-sitosterol (active against CA, LL and WA tumor > systems). > > The pulp or leaves is a folk remedy for cancerous tumors. A decoction of > the > > whole plant, made in juice of fennel, is said to help indurations of the > > liver. Roots may also be used as purgative against ascites, for jaundice, > > urinary diseases, rheumatism, and for snake-poison. > > Chemistry > > > > Active drug contains an ether-chloroform soluble resin, a phytosterol > > glycoside (citrullol), other glucosides (elaterin, elatericin B and > > dihydro-elatericin B), pectins and albuminoids. Bitter substance is > > colocynthin and colocynthetin. Roots contain a-elaterin, hentriacontane, > and > > saponins. Per 100 g, the seed is reported to contain 556 calories, 6.7 g > > H2O, 23.6 g protein, 47.2 g fat, 19.5 g total carbohydrates, 1.5 g fiber, > > 3.0 g ash, 46 mg Ca, and 580 mg P. The oil contains oleic, linoleic, > > myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Seeds contain the phyto sterolin > > (ipurand), 2 phytosterols, 2 hydrocarbons, a saponin, an alkaloid, a > > polysaccharide or glycoside, and tannin. > > Description > > > > Annual or perennial (in wild) herbaceous vine; stems angular and rough; > > leaves rough, 3- to 7-lobed, 5-10 cm long, middle lobe sometimes ovate, > > sinuses open; flowers monoecious, solitary, peduncled, axillary, corollas > > 5-lobed; ovary villous; fruit a pepo, nearly globular, 4-10 cm in > diameter > > with somewhat elliptical fissures, about size of small orange, green and > > yellow variegated becoming yellow when ripe, with hard rind, pulp light > in > > weight, spongy, easily broken, light yellowish-orange to pale yellow; > > intensely bitter; seeds numerous, ovoid, compressed, smooth, dark brown > to > > light yellowish-orange, borne on parietal placenta. Fl. summer. > > Germplasm > > > > Many cvs have been developed, but drug from these is inferior. Cultures > in > > New Mexico produce large fruits but are less active. Reported from the > > Hindustani and Mediterranean Centers of Diversity, colocynth, or cvs > > thereof, is reported to tolerate bacteria, drought, high pH, low pH, sand > > and virus (2n = 22, 24) (Duke, 1978). > > Distribution > > > > Native to dry areas of North Africa, being common throughout the Sahara, > > areas of Morocco, Egypt and Sudan, eastward through Iran to India and > other > > parts of tropical Asia. Has been known since Biblical times and > cultivated > > in the Mediterranean region, especially in Cyprus and in India for many > > centuries. > > Ecology > > > > Ranging from Cool Temperate Moist through Tropical Desert to Wet Forest > Life > > Zones, colocynth is reported to tolerate annual precipitation of 3.8 to > 42.9 > > dm (mean of 10 cases = 11.9), annual temperature of 14.8 to 27.8°C (mean > of > > 10 cases = 22.5), and pH of 5.0 to 7.8 (mean of 8 cases = 6.8). A highly > > xerophytic plant, it thrives where mean annual temperature is from > 23-27°C > > and annual rainfall ranges from 25-37 cm. Thrives on sandy loam, > subdesert > > soils, and along sandy sea coasts. > > Cultivation > > > > Easily cultivated from seed, as it grows rapidly, requiring no attention > > once fields have been sown. > > Harvesting > > > > In most regions where it is native, the crop is harvested from wild > plants. > > Fruits gathered when still unripe but fully developed. Fruit is > hand-picked, > > the thin, hard, gourd-like outer ring (pericarp) removed by peeling, and > > inner white spongy pulp filled with seeds, is dried in the sun or in > ovens. > > Seeds constitute about 75% the weight of the dried product. Commercial > > colocynth occurs in two forms: as pulp from which most of seeds have been > > removed, and as 'bitter apples' or masses of pulp filled with seeds that > > have been rolled into balls. Both forms usually shipped in boxes. > > Yields and Economics > > > > Duke (1978) reported a seed yield of 6,700 kg/ha. Commercial supplies > > obtained from wild and cultivated plants. Sudan is the main source for > the > > United States; also imported from Spain and Turkey, which supplies the > > finest grade. In Egypt plant is not cultivated but fruit yields from wild > > plants supply small amount of yellow pulp. > > Energy > > > > If yields of 6,700 kg/ha are attainable with low energy inputs, and if > oil > > yields are 47.2% as the Food Composition Tables suggest, oil yields might > > exceed 3,000 kg/ha, placing this among the serious oilseed energy > > candidates, with medicinal byproducts. (cf. 3,000 kg seed/ha with 24-34% > oil > > for the buffalo gourd, Cucurbita foetidissima.) > > Biotic Factors > > > > The following fungi are known to attack colocynth: Colletotrichum > bryoniae, > > Erysiphe cichoracearum, E. polyphaga, E. semitectum, Fusarium oxysporum, > and > > Puccinis citrulli. The Bottle gourd mosaic virus and the nematode, > > Meloidogyne sp. also attack this plant. > > Reference > > > http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Citrullus_colocynthis.html#Uses > > > > Regards > > Tanay > > > > > > > > -- > > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > > "efloraofindia" group. > > To post to this group, send email to > > [email protected]. > > To unsubscribe from this group, send email to > > [email protected]<indiantreepix%[email protected]> > . > > For more options, visit this group at > > http://groups.google.com/group/indiantreepix?hl=en. > > > > > > > > -- > > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > > "efloraofindia" group. > > To post to this group, send email to > > [email protected]. > > To unsubscribe from this group, send email to > > [email protected]<indiantreepix%[email protected]> > . > > For more options, visit this group at > > http://groups.google.com/group/indiantreepix?hl=en. > > > > > -- > ROHITKUMAR M.PATEL > Asst. Project cordinator > (Grassland development) > AHKC unit,Sahjeevan > 175, Jalaram Society, > Vijay Nagar > Bhuj Kachchh- 370001 > Gujarat, India > www.sahjeevan.org > E-mail (2):[email protected] > Mo.:- 09724337687 > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "efloraofindia" group. > To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. > To unsubscribe from this group, send email to > [email protected]<indiantreepix%[email protected]> > . > For more options, visit this group at > http://groups.google.com/group/indiantreepix?hl=en. > > -- Senthilkumar U. BSI & School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore-560 065. Karnataka, India -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "efloraofindia" group. To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to [email protected]. 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