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Bhutan becomes Happiness Lab for Western economists
Written by Cyril Pereira
Friday, 03 May 2013
The king could look happier...
First World pilgrims in suits seek Elixir of Joy in the Himalayas
Ever since the landmark April 2012 United Nations session convened by
Bhutan on "Happiness and Well-being: Defining a New Economic Paradigm"
attracted 600 participants including presidents, heads of state, economists,
Nobel laureates, scholars, NGOs and spiritual leaders to consider Gross
National Happiness (GNH) as a holistic extension to Gross National Product
(GNP) indicators, Western economists and academics have lost no time clambering
aboard the new bandwagon of hope.
Bhutan has captured the world's imagination as the last surviving
Shangri-La on planet Earth. A cottage industry of happiness conferences is
sprouting from Canada to the US and from Denmark to Germany. Bhutan, which few
can place on a map, has overnight become the Mecca for happiness-economics
researchers and frayed academics spinning a new career.
On the day the high-level UN meeting was being addressed by the Prime
Minister Jigme Thinley, the Bhutan Observer wryly noted: "The Western media, as
usual, has started calling Bhutan 'the happiest country in the world'. As a
nation, to be described in such wholesome light is always elevating...but on
deeper thought it makes us cringe. For all the positive developments, we are a
country, like any other, with our own share of problems."
It all started with the Fourth Druk Gyalpo (Dragon King)
Jigme Singye Wangchuk was 17 when his father died abroad in 1972. He was
formally crowned the Fourth King of Bhutan at 19?in 1974. The young heir
traversed the country on horseback, talking to and experiencing life among the
farmers, village headmen and civil servants scattered through Bhutan's harsh,
mountainous terrain. He took stock of the kingdom first hand while sharing his
ideas for inclusive growth and well-being of society.
The King's message was that the overall happiness of all the people was
more important than profligate production and consumption which was the
standard GDP track of economic progress. That telling insight evolved three
decades later into Bhutan's elaborate GNH index of development formally
implemented in 2005. He defied entrenched economic orthodoxy for the good of
Bhutan as he saw it.
GNH coined off-the-cuff
Gross national happiness got its name by chance in 1979 at Bombay
airport, on the King's transit from a Non-Aligned Meeting in Havana. Responding
to a reporter who asked about Bhutan's gross national product, the King said
"We do not believe in gross national product because gross national happiness
is more important."
The GNH label was formalized internationally eight years later by John
Elliot in his May 2, 1987 Weekend FT piece 'The Modern Path to Enlightenment'
which attributed Bhutan's unique development philosophy to HM Jigme Singye
Wangchuk.
It took the meltdown of the capitalist free-market model in the USA and
Europe for Bhutan's GNH concept to gain acceptance at the United Nations.
Following the April 2012 conference, the UN declared March 20 'International
Day of Happiness'.
Premier Jigme Thinley puts GNH into context best: "We have now clearly
distinguished the 'happiness' in GNH from the fleeting, pleasurable 'feel good'
moods so often associated with that term. We know that true happiness cannot
exist while others suffer, and comes only from serving others, living in
harmony with nature and realizing our innate wisdom."
OECD issues Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-being
On March 20 - the UN's designated International Day of Happiness, the
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) issued its
Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-being. It is a standardized framework
for government statisticians to collect and publish information on codified
subjective factors.
Such internationally standardized methodology of data collection and
measurement is vital for any meaningful comparison of relative performance
across countries.
In the past 10 years there have been spotty attempts by academics and
public opinion pollsters to measure subjective well-being through a variety of
formats on small sample sizes. The first serious government attempt (besides
Bhutan) to capture subjective well-being data to complement GDP indicators, was
the experiment in 2011/12 by the UK Office for National Statistics, on a sample
of 165,000 citizens, probing personal relationships, health and work.
GNH Center established. PM picks Dr Chetri to lead
Prime minister Thinley hand-picked former cabinet secretary Dr Saamdu
Chetri to head the newly established GNH Centre to channel the flow of
international visitors exploring how GNH principles can be applied to managing
companies, communities and nations.
Chetri is tasked with creating an oasis of GNH experience on 18.6
hectares of pristine mountain forest in Bumthang's sacred Chhoekhor Valley in
central Bhutan. Architects from Europe, America and Japan helped to design
meeting and meditation spaces which blend into the landscape using local
materials, craftsmen and traditional techniques.
"The idea is to allow the silence of the mountains and the forest to help
visitors get centered. We need to re-connect with Mother Earth. It is not in
the hustle and bustle of the urban chase that we can listen to our inner voice
to find our true purpose and destiny," Chetri says.
GNH Centres are being initiated in Germany, Japan and Korea by reformers
who want to accelerate the transformation in their countries. Bumthang would be
the 'mother-center' to nurture these international, autonomous GNH points which
are springing up. Domestic GNH units will follow in the districts of Bhutan so
that community activity is framed, informed and modulated by mindful adherence
to GNH principles from the ground up.
Happiness for whom? Life remains hard for most
At the Gaeddu College auditorium where we met at the 'Human Values'
workshop mid-April, Chetri strode onstage as keynote speaker and pinged a
prayer bell, asking everyone to close their eyes for two minutes of silent
meditation. That illustrated the power of still introspection to live in the
moment - 'mindfulness' as he termed it. He recited an inscription he found on a
building in Melbourne while exploring the city: "We are not human beings in
search of spiritualism. We are spiritual beings in search of humanity."
I asked Chetri what impact democracy and competitive elections is having
what is fundamentally a feudal society. He did not seem overly impressed with
the current campaign fever for Bhutan's second general election.
"We have eager candidates promising instant improvements which raise
expectations unrealistically," he said. "Unfulfilled expectations can be
disruptive. There is no shortcut or quick-fix."
To my follow-up observation that GNH seemed an obsession of the
leadership for external consumption rather than to deliver tangible benefits on
the ground, Chetri pointed out that Bhutan is ahead on most of its Millenium
Development Goals (MDGs) set by the United Nations as minimal 2015 targets for
member states. Poverty reduction, sanitation, potable water, rural
electrification, health care and education access are well in-hand. The basics
are achieved. The longer-term transformation of society begins with childhood
education. Chetri's team is finalizing a GNH curriculum for schools and
colleges. "We have to invest in our youth to build an enduring, values-based
society which transforms the individual, family, community and nation."
He has no illusions about the enormity of the challenge. But Bhutan is
further ahead than any other nation on earth in intuiting that the pursuit of
wealth without equity is a fool's errand.
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