amogh-jahagirdar commented on code in PR #16025:
URL: https://github.com/apache/iceberg/pull/16025#discussion_r4118310752


##########
format/spec.md:
##########
@@ -1387,6 +1534,20 @@ At most one deletion vector is allowed per data file in 
a snapshot. If a DV is w
 
 [puffin-spec]: https://iceberg.apache.org/puffin-spec/
 
+#### Manifest Deletion Vectors
+
+A manifest deletion vector marks entries in a leaf manifest as not live by 
encoding their positions in a bitmap. A set bit at position P indicates that 
the entry at position P in the referenced leaf manifest is not live.
+
+Manifest deletion vectors are encoded using the [Mumbling bitmap 
spec][mumbling-spec] and stored inline on the root manifest entry that 
references the leaf manifest. The snapshot in which the vector last changed is 
recorded in `tracking.dv_snapshot_id`; the three bitmaps are:
+
+* `manifest_info.dv`: every position not live as of that snapshot. 
`manifest_info.dv_cardinality` is its cardinality.
+* `tracking.deleted_positions`: the positions deleted in that snapshot.
+* `tracking.replaced_positions`: the positions replaced in that snapshot.
+
+`deleted_positions` and `replaced_positions` are disjoint.

Review Comment:
   Most of this was already there: deletes through a manifest DV must set 
`tracking.deleted_positions`, `manifest_info.dv`, and `dv_snapshot_id`, 
liveness is defined by `manifest_info.dv` alone, and `dv_snapshot_id` must 
record where the DV last changed, so a writer that only stores the cumulative 
bitmap isn't conformant. I was missing the `replaced_positions` requirements 
though, so I updated it so that replacing through a manifest DV must set 
`tracking.replaced_positions` and `manifest_info.dv`. I also added that the 
deltas should only be set in the snapshot that changes `manifest_info.dv`. 
That's a should rather than a must because carrying them forward is still 
correct, since `dv_snapshot_id` tells readers which snapshot they belong to; 
dropping them just saves space, and is what we'd typically expect writers to do 
anyways.



##########
format/spec.md:
##########
@@ -742,18 +758,126 @@ The `data_file` struct consists of the following fields:
     |            |            | _optional_ | **`144  content_offset`**         
| `long`                                                                      | 
The offset in the file where the content starts [5] |
     |            |            | _optional_ | **`145  content_size_in_bytes`**  
| `long`                                                                      | 
The length of a referenced content stored in the file; required if 
`content_offset` is present [5] |
 
-The `partition` struct stores the tuple of partition values for each file. Its 
type is derived from the partition fields of the partition spec used to write 
the manifest file. In v2, the partition struct's field ids must match the ids 
from the partition spec.
+    The `partition` struct stores the tuple of partition values for each file. 
Its type is derived from the partition fields of the partition spec used to 
write the manifest file. In v2, the partition struct's field ids must match the 
ids from the partition spec.
 
-The v4 `content_stats` container struct stores field-level metrics. Unlike the 
metrics maps, the type of `content_stats` is based on table metadata, like 
schema. Similar to the `partition` struct, the same type is used for all files 
tracked in a manifest.
+    Notes:
+
+    1. Single-value serialization for lower and upper bounds is detailed in 
Appendix D.
+    2. For `float` and `double`, the value `-0.0` must precede `+0.0`, as in 
the IEEE 754 `totalOrder` predicate. NaNs are not permitted as lower or upper 
bounds.
+    3. If sort order ID is missing or unknown, then the order is assumed to be 
unsorted. Only data files and equality delete files should be written with a 
non-null order id. [Position deletes](#position-delete-files) are required to 
be sorted by file and position, not a table order, and should set sort order id 
to null. Readers must ignore sort order id for position delete files.
+    4. Position delete metadata can use `referenced_data_file` when all 
deletes tracked by the entry are in a single data file. Setting the referenced 
file is required for deletion vectors.
+    5. The `content_offset` and `content_size_in_bytes` fields are used to 
reference a specific blob for direct access to a deletion vector. For deletion 
vectors, these values are required and must exactly match the `offset` and 
`length` stored in the Puffin footer for the deletion vector blob.
+    6. The following field ids are reserved on `data_file`: 141.
+
+=== "v4"
+    **Tracked Files**
+
+    | Field id | Name | Type | Required | Description |
+    |----------|------|------|----------|-------------|
+    | 134 | **`content_type`** | `int` (0: DATA, 3: DATA_MANIFEST, 4: 
DELETE_MANIFEST) | *required* | Type of content stored in the entry. |
+    | 157 | **`format_version`** | `int` (0: PRE-V4, 4: V4) | *required* | 
Writer format version. |
+    | 100 | **`location`** | `string` | *required* | Location of the file or 
manifest. |
+    | 101 | **`file_format`** | `string` | *required* | String file format 
name: `avro`, `orc`, `parquet`, or `puffin` |
+    | 147 | **`tracking`** | `tracking` struct | *required* | Groups status, 
snapshot, and sequence number. See tracking struct below. |
+    | 141 | **`spec_id`** | `int` | *optional* | ID of the partition spec used 
to write this manifest or data file. |
+    | 140 | **`sort_order_id`** | `int` | *optional* | ID representing sort 
order for this file. If missing or unknown, the order is assumed to be 
unsorted. |
+    | 103 | **`record_count`** | `long` | *required* | Number of records in 
this file. |
+    | 104 | **`file_size_in_bytes`** | `long` | *required* | Total file size 
in bytes. |
+    | 146 | **`content_stats`** | `content_stats` struct | *optional* | Column 
stats. See [Content Stats](#content-stats). |
+    | 150 | **`manifest_info`** | `manifest_info` struct | *optional* | See 
manifest_info struct below. |
+    | 131 | **`key_metadata`** | `binary` | *optional* | 
Implementation-specific key metadata for encryption. |
+    | 132 | **`split_offsets`** | `list<133: long>` | *optional* | Split 
offsets for the data file. Must be sorted ascending. |
+    | 148 | **`deletion_vector`** | `deletion_vector` struct | *optional* | 
Row-level deletion vector for a data file. |
+    | 158 | **`column_files`** | `list<159: column_file>` | *optional* | 
Column update files associated with this entry. |
+
+    **`tracking` struct (field 147)**
+
+    | Field id | Name | Type | Required | Description |
+    |----------|------|------|----------|-------------|
+    | 0 | **`status`** | `int` (0: EXISTING, 1: ADDED, 2: DELETED, 3: 
REPLACED, 4: MODIFIED) | *required* | Used to track additions, deletions, 
replacements, and modifications. Deletes are not used in scans. |
+    | 1 | **`snapshot_id`** | `long` | *optional* | Snapshot ID where the file 
was added or deleted. Inherited when null. |
+    | 5 | **`dv_snapshot_id`** | `long` | *optional* | Snapshot ID where the 
deletion vector was added. |
+    | 160 | **`latest_column_file_snapshot_id`** | `long` | *optional* | 
Snapshot ID where the latest column file was added. |
+    | 3 | **`sequence_number`** | `long` | *optional* | Data sequence number 
of the file. Inherited when null and status is 1 (ADDED). |
+    | 4 | **`file_sequence_number`** | `long` | *optional* | File sequence 
number indicating when the file was added. Inherited when null and status is 
ADDED. |
+    | 142 | **`first_row_id`** | `long` | *optional* | For a data file, the 
`_row_id` for its first row. For a data manifest, the starting `_row_id` to 
assign to rows added by ADDED data files. See [First Row ID 
Inheritance](#first-row-id-inheritance). |
+    | 6 | **`deleted_positions`** | `binary` | *optional* | Positions deleted 
in the referenced leaf manifest this snapshot. See [Manifest Deletion 
Vectors](#manifest-deletion-vectors). |
+    | 7 | **`replaced_positions`** | `binary` | *optional* | Positions 
replaced in the referenced leaf manifest this snapshot. See [Manifest Deletion 
Vectors](#manifest-deletion-vectors). |
+
+    **`deletion_vector` struct (field 148)**
+
+    | Field id | Name | Type | Required | Description |
+    |----------|------|------|----------|-------------|
+    | 155 | **`location`** | `string` | *required* | Location of the Puffin 
file. |
+    | 144 | **`offset`** | `long` | *required* | Offset in the file where the 
content starts. |
+    | 145 | **`size_in_bytes`** | `long` | *required* | Length of the 
referenced content stored in the file. |
+    | 156 | **`cardinality`** | `long` | *required* | Cardinality of the 
deletion vector. |
+    | 149 | **`key_metadata`** | `binary` | *optional* | 
Implementation-specific key metadata for encryption. |
+
+    **`manifest_info` struct (field 150)**
+
+    | Field id | Name | Type | Required | Description |
+    |----------|------|------|----------|-------------|
+    | 504 | **`added_files_count`** | `int` | *required* | Count of entries 
with status ADDED in the manifest. |
+    | 505 | **`existing_files_count`** | `int` | *required* | Count of entries 
with status EXISTING in the manifest. |
+    | 506 | **`deleted_files_count`** | `int` | *required* | Count of entries 
with status DELETED in the manifest. |
+    | 520 | **`replaced_files_count`** | `int` | *required* | Count of entries 
with status REPLACED in the manifest. |
+    | 524 | **`modified_files_count`** | `int` | *required* | Count of entries 
with status MODIFIED in the manifest. |
+    | 512 | **`added_rows_count`** | `long` | *required* | Total number of 
rows in ADDED entries. |
+    | 513 | **`existing_rows_count`** | `long` | *required* | Total number of 
rows in EXISTING entries. |
+    | 514 | **`deleted_rows_count`** | `long` | *required* | Total number of 
rows in DELETED entries. |
+    | 521 | **`replaced_rows_count`** | `long` | *required* | Total number of 
rows in REPLACED entries. |
+    | 525 | **`modified_rows_count`** | `long` | *required* | Total number of 
rows in MODIFIED entries. |
+    | 516 | **`min_sequence_number`** | `long` | *required* | Minimum data 
sequence number of all live entries in the manifest. |
+    | 522 | **`dv`** | `binary` | *optional* | Positions in the referenced 
leaf manifest that are not live. See [Manifest Deletion 
Vectors](#manifest-deletion-vectors). |
+    | 523 | **`dv_cardinality`** | `long` | *optional* | Cardinality of the 
manifest deletion vector. |
+
+    **`column_file` struct (element 159 of `column_files`, field 158)**
+
+    | Field id | Name | Type | Required | Description |
+    |----------|------|------|----------|-------------|
+    | 161 | **`format_version`** | `int` | *required* | Format version of this 
column file. |
+    | 162 | **`field_ids`** | `list<163: int>` | *required* | Live field IDs 
stored in this column file. |
+    | 164 | **`location`** | `string` | *required* | Location of the column 
file. |
+    | 165 | **`file_format`** | `string` | *required* | String file format 
name: `avro`, `orc`, or `parquet`. |
+    | 166 | **`file_size_in_bytes`** | `long` | *required* | Total column file 
size in bytes. |
+    | 167 | **`key_metadata`** | `binary` | *optional* | 
Implementation-specific key metadata for encryption. |
+    | 168 | **`split_offsets`** | `list<169: long>` | *optional* | Split 
offsets for the column file. Must be sorted ascending. |
+
+    **Tracked File Requirements**
+
+    - `content_type` must not be 1 (POSITION_DELETES) or 2 (EQUALITY DELETES).
+    - `deletion_vector.offset` and `deletion_vector.size_in_bytes` must 
exactly match the `offset` and `length` stored in the Puffin footer for the 
deletion vector blob.
+    - A leaf manifest may only contain data files.
+    - A root manifest may reference v1-v3 manifests; a referenced v1-v3 leaf 
manifest must have `format_version` PRE-V4.
+    - Other v4 tracked files must have `format_version` V4.
+    - `manifest_info` must be set if and only if the tracked file is a 
manifest.
+    - `deletion_vector` may only be set if the tracked file is a data file.
+    - `column_files` may only be set if the tracked file is a data file or a 
data manifest.
+    - `tracking.deleted_positions` and `tracking.replaced_positions` may only 
be set if the tracked file is a manifest.
+    - `tracking.snapshot_id` and `tracking.sequence_number` are required for 
the tracked file in the root manifest.
+    - For manifests, `tracking.sequence_number` must equal 
`tracking.file_sequence_number`.
+    - `tracking.dv_snapshot_id` may only be set if `deletion_vector` or 
`manifest_info.dv` is set.
+    - `tracking.latest_column_file_snapshot_id` may only be set if 
`column_files` is set.
+    - `manifest_info.dv_cardinality` must be set if and only if 
`manifest_info.dv` is non-null.
+
+    When a file is added to the dataset, its tracked file must set status to 
ADDED and store the snapshot ID in which the file was added.
+
+    When a data file's deletion vector or column files are updated, the writer 
records a MODIFIED entry for the live version and marks the prior version as 
replaced, either with a REPLACED entry or in a [manifest deletion 
vector](#manifest-deletion-vectors). The resulting entries' `dv_snapshot_id` or 
`latest_column_file_snapshot_id` must record the snapshot in which the deletion 
vector or column files, respectively, last changed. For leaf manifest entries, 
MODIFIED marks a live manifest whose `dv` changed.

Review Comment:
   Updated, the sentence now names `tracking.replaced_positions` and 
`manifest_info.dv` explicitly.



##########
format/spec.md:
##########


Review Comment:
   Fixed, scoped it to v1-v3. I also updated "tracked by a manifest list" to 
"snapshot root" and scoped the partition predicate conversion paragraph in scan 
planning to v1-v3.



##########
format/spec.md:
##########
@@ -1051,7 +1193,9 @@ A simple and valid approach is to estimate the number of 
rows in data files that
 
 ### Scan Planning
 
-Scans are planned by reading the manifest files for the current snapshot. 
Deleted entries in data and delete manifests (those marked with status 
"DELETED") are not used in a scan.
+Scans are planned by reading the manifests referenced by the snapshot root for 
the current snapshot; starting in v4, the snapshot root may also contain data 
files.
+
+Deleted entries in data and delete manifests (those marked with status 
"DELETED") are not used in a scan; starting in v4, an entry is also not live if 
its status is REPLACED or, for a leaf-manifest entry, if its position is set in 
the referencing root manifest entry's `manifest_info.dv` (see [Manifest 
Deletion Vectors](#manifest-deletion-vectors)).
 
 Manifests that contain no matching files, determined using either file counts 
or partition summaries, may be skipped.

Review Comment:
   Partition summaries are now scoped to v1-v3, with column stats for v4. For 
the counts, skipping a fully deleted manifest is just an optimization, not 
something needed for correctness. Entries covered by a manifest DV are still 
counted, so the counts can only overcount, and skipping is a may, so the worst 
case is reading a manifest that could have been skipped. `dv_cardinality` isn't 
in `manifest_info` anymore, but a reader can still get the cardinality from the 
`dv` bitmap itself. And in practice I'd expect manifest DVs to get compacted 
well before they cover the whole manifest. For row lineage, `first_row_id` only 
has to be greater than or equal to the last one plus the rows that need IDs, so 
overcounting still satisfies it. MODIFIED/REPLACED entries carry `first_row_id` 
explicitly, so they don't need to be counted.



##########
format/spec.md:
##########
@@ -742,18 +758,126 @@ The `data_file` struct consists of the following fields:
     |            |            | _optional_ | **`144  content_offset`**         
| `long`                                                                      | 
The offset in the file where the content starts [5] |
     |            |            | _optional_ | **`145  content_size_in_bytes`**  
| `long`                                                                      | 
The length of a referenced content stored in the file; required if 
`content_offset` is present [5] |
 
-The `partition` struct stores the tuple of partition values for each file. Its 
type is derived from the partition fields of the partition spec used to write 
the manifest file. In v2, the partition struct's field ids must match the ids 
from the partition spec.
+    The `partition` struct stores the tuple of partition values for each file. 
Its type is derived from the partition fields of the partition spec used to 
write the manifest file. In v2, the partition struct's field ids must match the 
ids from the partition spec.
 
-The v4 `content_stats` container struct stores field-level metrics. Unlike the 
metrics maps, the type of `content_stats` is based on table metadata, like 
schema. Similar to the `partition` struct, the same type is used for all files 
tracked in a manifest.
+    Notes:
+
+    1. Single-value serialization for lower and upper bounds is detailed in 
Appendix D.
+    2. For `float` and `double`, the value `-0.0` must precede `+0.0`, as in 
the IEEE 754 `totalOrder` predicate. NaNs are not permitted as lower or upper 
bounds.
+    3. If sort order ID is missing or unknown, then the order is assumed to be 
unsorted. Only data files and equality delete files should be written with a 
non-null order id. [Position deletes](#position-delete-files) are required to 
be sorted by file and position, not a table order, and should set sort order id 
to null. Readers must ignore sort order id for position delete files.
+    4. Position delete metadata can use `referenced_data_file` when all 
deletes tracked by the entry are in a single data file. Setting the referenced 
file is required for deletion vectors.
+    5. The `content_offset` and `content_size_in_bytes` fields are used to 
reference a specific blob for direct access to a deletion vector. For deletion 
vectors, these values are required and must exactly match the `offset` and 
`length` stored in the Puffin footer for the deletion vector blob.
+    6. The following field ids are reserved on `data_file`: 141.
+
+=== "v4"
+    **Tracked Files**
+
+    | Field id | Name | Type | Required | Description |
+    |----------|------|------|----------|-------------|
+    | 134 | **`content_type`** | `int` (0: DATA, 3: DATA_MANIFEST, 4: 
DELETE_MANIFEST) | *required* | Type of content stored in the entry. |
+    | 157 | **`format_version`** | `int` (0: PRE-V4, 4: V4) | *required* | 
Writer format version. |
+    | 100 | **`location`** | `string` | *required* | Location of the file or 
manifest. |
+    | 101 | **`file_format`** | `string` | *required* | String file format 
name: `avro`, `orc`, `parquet`, or `puffin` |
+    | 147 | **`tracking`** | `tracking` struct | *required* | Groups status, 
snapshot, and sequence number. See tracking struct below. |
+    | 141 | **`spec_id`** | `int` | *optional* | ID of the partition spec used 
to write this manifest or data file. |
+    | 140 | **`sort_order_id`** | `int` | *optional* | ID representing sort 
order for this file. If missing or unknown, the order is assumed to be 
unsorted. |
+    | 103 | **`record_count`** | `long` | *required* | Number of records in 
this file. |
+    | 104 | **`file_size_in_bytes`** | `long` | *required* | Total file size 
in bytes. |
+    | 146 | **`content_stats`** | `content_stats` struct | *optional* | Column 
stats. See [Content Stats](#content-stats). |
+    | 150 | **`manifest_info`** | `manifest_info` struct | *optional* | See 
manifest_info struct below. |
+    | 131 | **`key_metadata`** | `binary` | *optional* | 
Implementation-specific key metadata for encryption. |
+    | 132 | **`split_offsets`** | `list<133: long>` | *optional* | Split 
offsets for the data file. Must be sorted ascending. |
+    | 148 | **`deletion_vector`** | `deletion_vector` struct | *optional* | 
Row-level deletion vector for a data file. |
+    | 158 | **`column_files`** | `list<159: column_file>` | *optional* | 
Column update files associated with this entry. |
+
+    **`tracking` struct (field 147)**
+
+    | Field id | Name | Type | Required | Description |
+    |----------|------|------|----------|-------------|
+    | 0 | **`status`** | `int` (0: EXISTING, 1: ADDED, 2: DELETED, 3: 
REPLACED, 4: MODIFIED) | *required* | Used to track additions, deletions, 
replacements, and modifications. Deletes are not used in scans. |
+    | 1 | **`snapshot_id`** | `long` | *optional* | Snapshot ID where the file 
was added or deleted. Inherited when null. |
+    | 5 | **`dv_snapshot_id`** | `long` | *optional* | Snapshot ID where the 
deletion vector was added. |
+    | 160 | **`latest_column_file_snapshot_id`** | `long` | *optional* | 
Snapshot ID where the latest column file was added. |
+    | 3 | **`sequence_number`** | `long` | *optional* | Data sequence number 
of the file. Inherited when null and status is 1 (ADDED). |
+    | 4 | **`file_sequence_number`** | `long` | *optional* | File sequence 
number indicating when the file was added. Inherited when null and status is 
ADDED. |
+    | 142 | **`first_row_id`** | `long` | *optional* | For a data file, the 
`_row_id` for its first row. For a data manifest, the starting `_row_id` to 
assign to rows added by ADDED data files. See [First Row ID 
Inheritance](#first-row-id-inheritance). |
+    | 6 | **`deleted_positions`** | `binary` | *optional* | Positions deleted 
in the referenced leaf manifest this snapshot. See [Manifest Deletion 
Vectors](#manifest-deletion-vectors). |
+    | 7 | **`replaced_positions`** | `binary` | *optional* | Positions 
replaced in the referenced leaf manifest this snapshot. See [Manifest Deletion 
Vectors](#manifest-deletion-vectors). |
+
+    **`deletion_vector` struct (field 148)**
+
+    | Field id | Name | Type | Required | Description |
+    |----------|------|------|----------|-------------|
+    | 155 | **`location`** | `string` | *required* | Location of the Puffin 
file. |
+    | 144 | **`offset`** | `long` | *required* | Offset in the file where the 
content starts. |
+    | 145 | **`size_in_bytes`** | `long` | *required* | Length of the 
referenced content stored in the file. |
+    | 156 | **`cardinality`** | `long` | *required* | Cardinality of the 
deletion vector. |
+    | 149 | **`key_metadata`** | `binary` | *optional* | 
Implementation-specific key metadata for encryption. |
+
+    **`manifest_info` struct (field 150)**
+
+    | Field id | Name | Type | Required | Description |
+    |----------|------|------|----------|-------------|
+    | 504 | **`added_files_count`** | `int` | *required* | Count of entries 
with status ADDED in the manifest. |
+    | 505 | **`existing_files_count`** | `int` | *required* | Count of entries 
with status EXISTING in the manifest. |
+    | 506 | **`deleted_files_count`** | `int` | *required* | Count of entries 
with status DELETED in the manifest. |
+    | 520 | **`replaced_files_count`** | `int` | *required* | Count of entries 
with status REPLACED in the manifest. |
+    | 524 | **`modified_files_count`** | `int` | *required* | Count of entries 
with status MODIFIED in the manifest. |
+    | 512 | **`added_rows_count`** | `long` | *required* | Total number of 
rows in ADDED entries. |
+    | 513 | **`existing_rows_count`** | `long` | *required* | Total number of 
rows in EXISTING entries. |
+    | 514 | **`deleted_rows_count`** | `long` | *required* | Total number of 
rows in DELETED entries. |
+    | 521 | **`replaced_rows_count`** | `long` | *required* | Total number of 
rows in REPLACED entries. |
+    | 525 | **`modified_rows_count`** | `long` | *required* | Total number of 
rows in MODIFIED entries. |
+    | 516 | **`min_sequence_number`** | `long` | *required* | Minimum data 
sequence number of all live entries in the manifest. |
+    | 522 | **`dv`** | `binary` | *optional* | Positions in the referenced 
leaf manifest that are not live. See [Manifest Deletion 
Vectors](#manifest-deletion-vectors). |
+    | 523 | **`dv_cardinality`** | `long` | *optional* | Cardinality of the 
manifest deletion vector. |
+
+    **`column_file` struct (element 159 of `column_files`, field 158)**
+
+    | Field id | Name | Type | Required | Description |
+    |----------|------|------|----------|-------------|
+    | 161 | **`format_version`** | `int` | *required* | Format version of this 
column file. |
+    | 162 | **`field_ids`** | `list<163: int>` | *required* | Live field IDs 
stored in this column file. |
+    | 164 | **`location`** | `string` | *required* | Location of the column 
file. |
+    | 165 | **`file_format`** | `string` | *required* | String file format 
name: `avro`, `orc`, or `parquet`. |
+    | 166 | **`file_size_in_bytes`** | `long` | *required* | Total column file 
size in bytes. |
+    | 167 | **`key_metadata`** | `binary` | *optional* | 
Implementation-specific key metadata for encryption. |
+    | 168 | **`split_offsets`** | `list<169: long>` | *optional* | Split 
offsets for the column file. Must be sorted ascending. |
+
+    **Tracked File Requirements**
+
+    - `content_type` must not be 1 (POSITION_DELETES) or 2 (EQUALITY DELETES).
+    - `deletion_vector.offset` and `deletion_vector.size_in_bytes` must 
exactly match the `offset` and `length` stored in the Puffin footer for the 
deletion vector blob.
+    - A leaf manifest may only contain data files.
+    - A root manifest may reference v1-v3 manifests; a referenced v1-v3 leaf 
manifest must have `format_version` PRE-V4.
+    - Other v4 tracked files must have `format_version` V4.
+    - `manifest_info` must be set if and only if the tracked file is a 
manifest.
+    - `deletion_vector` may only be set if the tracked file is a data file.
+    - `column_files` may only be set if the tracked file is a data file or a 
data manifest.
+    - `tracking.deleted_positions` and `tracking.replaced_positions` may only 
be set if the tracked file is a manifest.
+    - `tracking.snapshot_id` and `tracking.sequence_number` are required for 
the tracked file in the root manifest.
+    - For manifests, `tracking.sequence_number` must equal 
`tracking.file_sequence_number`.
+    - `tracking.dv_snapshot_id` may only be set if `deletion_vector` or 
`manifest_info.dv` is set.
+    - `tracking.latest_column_file_snapshot_id` may only be set if 
`column_files` is set.
+    - `manifest_info.dv_cardinality` must be set if and only if 
`manifest_info.dv` is non-null.
+
+    When a file is added to the dataset, its tracked file must set status to 
ADDED and store the snapshot ID in which the file was added.
+
+    When a data file's deletion vector or column files are updated, the writer 
records a MODIFIED entry for the live version and marks the prior version as 
replaced, either with a REPLACED entry or in a [manifest deletion 
vector](#manifest-deletion-vectors). The resulting entries' `dv_snapshot_id` or 
`latest_column_file_snapshot_id` must record the snapshot in which the deletion 
vector or column files, respectively, last changed. For leaf manifest entries, 
MODIFIED marks a live manifest whose `dv` changed.
+
+    When a file is deleted from the dataset, its tracked file must set status 
to DELETED and store the snapshot ID in which the file was deleted. Writers 
must include DELETED entries in the manifest for the snapshot that deletes the 
file. The next manifest written for those entries must omit the DELETED entries.
+
+The file may be deleted from the file system when the snapshot in which it was 
deleted is garbage collected, assuming that older snapshots have also been 
garbage collected [1].
+
+Iceberg v2 adds data and file sequence numbers to the entry and makes the 
snapshot ID optional. Values for these fields are inherited from manifest 
metadata when `null`. That is, if the field is `null` for an entry, then the 
entry must inherit its value from the manifest file's metadata, stored in the 
snapshot root.
+The `sequence_number` field represents the data sequence number and must never 
change after a file is added to the dataset, except during the addition of a 
column file. The data sequence number represents a relative age of the file 
content and should be used for planning which delete files apply to a data file.

Review Comment:
   Agreed this has to be written down somewhere, but I'd like to keep it out of 
this baseline PR. Column update write rules, including rewriting equality 
deletes as DVs first, should get their own section in a follow-up imo. There's 
enough other specific rules for column updates that it warrants a separate 
focused PR.



##########
format/spec.md:
##########
@@ -676,13 +700,19 @@ A manifest file must store the partition spec and other 
metadata as properties i
     | _optional_ | _required_ | `format-version`    | Table format version 
number of the manifest as a string                                              
                                       |
     |            | _required_ | `content`           | Type of content files 
tracked by the manifest: "data" or "deletes"                                    
                                      |
 
+=== "v4"
+    | Requirement | Key                 | Value                                
                                                                                
                       |
+    
|-------------|---------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+    | _optional_  | `schema-id`         | ID of the schema used to write the 
manifest as a string                                                            
                         |
+    | _optional_  | `format-version`    | Table format version number of the 
manifest as a string                                                            
                         |
+
 #### Content file uniqueness
 
 Within a snapshot, each content file must be referenced by at most one live 
manifest entry across all manifests; otherwise, the snapshot has undefined 
behavior. Writers should not produce multiple manifest entries for the same 
content file in a snapshot (for example, both ADDED and DELETED entries for the 
same file). Writers are not required to validate uniqueness at commit time.
 
-#### Manifest Entry Fields
+#### Entries in Manifests
 
-The schema of a manifest file is defined by the `manifest_entry` struct, which 
consists of the following fields:
+In v1-v3, manifest entries are described by the `manifest_entry` struct. In 
v4, entries are called tracked files and are described by the `tracked_file` 
struct. In v4, `data_file` struct fields are flattened directly into the 
tracked file, and tracking fields are grouped into a nested `tracking` struct.

Review Comment:
   If we feel strongly about it I can remove it, but I was mainly trying to 
capture the evolution from the previous version to this one in a single 
statement.



##########
format/spec.md:
##########
@@ -676,13 +700,19 @@ A manifest file must store the partition spec and other 
metadata as properties i
     | _optional_ | _required_ | `format-version`    | Table format version 
number of the manifest as a string                                              
                                       |
     |            | _required_ | `content`           | Type of content files 
tracked by the manifest: "data" or "deletes"                                    
                                      |
 
+=== "v4"
+    | Requirement | Key                 | Value                                
                                                                                
                       |
+    
|-------------|---------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+    | _optional_  | `schema-id`         | ID of the schema used to write the 
manifest as a string                                                            
                         |
+    | _optional_  | `format-version`    | Table format version number of the 
manifest as a string                                                            
                         |
+
 #### Content file uniqueness
 
 Within a snapshot, each content file must be referenced by at most one live 
manifest entry across all manifests; otherwise, the snapshot has undefined 
behavior. Writers should not produce multiple manifest entries for the same 
content file in a snapshot (for example, both ADDED and DELETED entries for the 
same file). Writers are not required to validate uniqueness at commit time.
 
-#### Manifest Entry Fields
+#### Entries in Manifests
 
-The schema of a manifest file is defined by the `manifest_entry` struct, which 
consists of the following fields:
+In v1-v3, manifest entries are described by the `manifest_entry` struct. In 
v4, entries are called tracked files and are described by the `tracked_file` 
struct. In v4, `data_file` struct fields are flattened directly into the 
tracked file, and tracking fields are grouped into a nested `tracking` struct.

Review Comment:
   That's true, but I think it's worth establishing a term we can use for the 
overall entry without confusing it with the previous format version's entry. 
`tracked_file` is mainly there as a distinguishing term for v4 entries.



##########
format/spec.md:
##########
@@ -742,18 +758,126 @@ The `data_file` struct consists of the following fields:
     |            |            | _optional_ | **`144  content_offset`**         
| `long`                                                                      | 
The offset in the file where the content starts [5] |
     |            |            | _optional_ | **`145  content_size_in_bytes`**  
| `long`                                                                      | 
The length of a referenced content stored in the file; required if 
`content_offset` is present [5] |
 
-The `partition` struct stores the tuple of partition values for each file. Its 
type is derived from the partition fields of the partition spec used to write 
the manifest file. In v2, the partition struct's field ids must match the ids 
from the partition spec.
+    The `partition` struct stores the tuple of partition values for each file. 
Its type is derived from the partition fields of the partition spec used to 
write the manifest file. In v2, the partition struct's field ids must match the 
ids from the partition spec.
 
-The v4 `content_stats` container struct stores field-level metrics. Unlike the 
metrics maps, the type of `content_stats` is based on table metadata, like 
schema. Similar to the `partition` struct, the same type is used for all files 
tracked in a manifest.
+    Notes:
+
+    1. Single-value serialization for lower and upper bounds is detailed in 
Appendix D.
+    2. For `float` and `double`, the value `-0.0` must precede `+0.0`, as in 
the IEEE 754 `totalOrder` predicate. NaNs are not permitted as lower or upper 
bounds.
+    3. If sort order ID is missing or unknown, then the order is assumed to be 
unsorted. Only data files and equality delete files should be written with a 
non-null order id. [Position deletes](#position-delete-files) are required to 
be sorted by file and position, not a table order, and should set sort order id 
to null. Readers must ignore sort order id for position delete files.
+    4. Position delete metadata can use `referenced_data_file` when all 
deletes tracked by the entry are in a single data file. Setting the referenced 
file is required for deletion vectors.
+    5. The `content_offset` and `content_size_in_bytes` fields are used to 
reference a specific blob for direct access to a deletion vector. For deletion 
vectors, these values are required and must exactly match the `offset` and 
`length` stored in the Puffin footer for the deletion vector blob.
+    6. The following field ids are reserved on `data_file`: 141.
+
+=== "v4"
+    **Tracked Files**
+
+    | Field id | Name | Type | Required | Description |
+    |----------|------|------|----------|-------------|
+    | 134 | **`content_type`** | `int` (0: DATA, 3: DATA_MANIFEST, 4: 
DELETE_MANIFEST) | *required* | Type of content stored in the entry. |
+    | 157 | **`format_version`** | `int` (0: PRE-V4, 4: V4) | *required* | 
Writer format version. |
+    | 100 | **`location`** | `string` | *required* | Location of the file or 
manifest. |
+    | 101 | **`file_format`** | `string` | *required* | String file format 
name: `avro`, `orc`, `parquet`, or `puffin` |
+    | 147 | **`tracking`** | `tracking` struct | *required* | Groups status, 
snapshot, and sequence number. See tracking struct below. |
+    | 141 | **`spec_id`** | `int` | *optional* | ID of the partition spec used 
to write this manifest or data file. |
+    | 140 | **`sort_order_id`** | `int` | *optional* | ID representing sort 
order for this file. If missing or unknown, the order is assumed to be 
unsorted. |
+    | 103 | **`record_count`** | `long` | *required* | Number of records in 
this file. |
+    | 104 | **`file_size_in_bytes`** | `long` | *required* | Total file size 
in bytes. |
+    | 146 | **`content_stats`** | `content_stats` struct | *optional* | Column 
stats. See [Content Stats](#content-stats). |
+    | 150 | **`manifest_info`** | `manifest_info` struct | *optional* | See 
manifest_info struct below. |
+    | 131 | **`key_metadata`** | `binary` | *optional* | 
Implementation-specific key metadata for encryption. |
+    | 132 | **`split_offsets`** | `list<133: long>` | *optional* | Split 
offsets for the data file. Must be sorted ascending. |
+    | 148 | **`deletion_vector`** | `deletion_vector` struct | *optional* | 
Row-level deletion vector for a data file. |
+    | 158 | **`column_files`** | `list<159: column_file>` | *optional* | 
Column update files associated with this entry. |
+
+    **`tracking` struct (field 147)**
+
+    | Field id | Name | Type | Required | Description |
+    |----------|------|------|----------|-------------|
+    | 0 | **`status`** | `int` (0: EXISTING, 1: ADDED, 2: DELETED, 3: 
REPLACED, 4: MODIFIED) | *required* | Used to track additions, deletions, 
replacements, and modifications. Deletes are not used in scans. |
+    | 1 | **`snapshot_id`** | `long` | *optional* | Snapshot ID where the file 
was added or deleted. Inherited when null. |
+    | 5 | **`dv_snapshot_id`** | `long` | *optional* | Snapshot ID where the 
deletion vector was added. |
+    | 160 | **`latest_column_file_snapshot_id`** | `long` | *optional* | 
Snapshot ID where the latest column file was added. |
+    | 3 | **`sequence_number`** | `long` | *optional* | Data sequence number 
of the file. Inherited when null and status is 1 (ADDED). |
+    | 4 | **`file_sequence_number`** | `long` | *optional* | File sequence 
number indicating when the file was added. Inherited when null and status is 
ADDED. |
+    | 142 | **`first_row_id`** | `long` | *optional* | For a data file, the 
`_row_id` for its first row. For a data manifest, the starting `_row_id` to 
assign to rows added by ADDED data files. See [First Row ID 
Inheritance](#first-row-id-inheritance). |
+    | 6 | **`deleted_positions`** | `binary` | *optional* | Positions deleted 
in the referenced leaf manifest this snapshot. See [Manifest Deletion 
Vectors](#manifest-deletion-vectors). |
+    | 7 | **`replaced_positions`** | `binary` | *optional* | Positions 
replaced in the referenced leaf manifest this snapshot. See [Manifest Deletion 
Vectors](#manifest-deletion-vectors). |
+
+    **`deletion_vector` struct (field 148)**
+
+    | Field id | Name | Type | Required | Description |
+    |----------|------|------|----------|-------------|
+    | 155 | **`location`** | `string` | *required* | Location of the Puffin 
file. |
+    | 144 | **`offset`** | `long` | *required* | Offset in the file where the 
content starts. |
+    | 145 | **`size_in_bytes`** | `long` | *required* | Length of the 
referenced content stored in the file. |
+    | 156 | **`cardinality`** | `long` | *required* | Cardinality of the 
deletion vector. |
+    | 149 | **`key_metadata`** | `binary` | *optional* | 
Implementation-specific key metadata for encryption. |
+
+    **`manifest_info` struct (field 150)**
+
+    | Field id | Name | Type | Required | Description |
+    |----------|------|------|----------|-------------|
+    | 504 | **`added_files_count`** | `int` | *required* | Count of entries 
with status ADDED in the manifest. |
+    | 505 | **`existing_files_count`** | `int` | *required* | Count of entries 
with status EXISTING in the manifest. |
+    | 506 | **`deleted_files_count`** | `int` | *required* | Count of entries 
with status DELETED in the manifest. |
+    | 520 | **`replaced_files_count`** | `int` | *required* | Count of entries 
with status REPLACED in the manifest. |
+    | 524 | **`modified_files_count`** | `int` | *required* | Count of entries 
with status MODIFIED in the manifest. |
+    | 512 | **`added_rows_count`** | `long` | *required* | Total number of 
rows in ADDED entries. |
+    | 513 | **`existing_rows_count`** | `long` | *required* | Total number of 
rows in EXISTING entries. |
+    | 514 | **`deleted_rows_count`** | `long` | *required* | Total number of 
rows in DELETED entries. |
+    | 521 | **`replaced_rows_count`** | `long` | *required* | Total number of 
rows in REPLACED entries. |
+    | 525 | **`modified_rows_count`** | `long` | *required* | Total number of 
rows in MODIFIED entries. |

Review Comment:
   `replaced_files_count` is already in `ManifestInfo`. `modified_files_count` 
is being added by @stevenzwu in #18212.



##########
format/spec.md:
##########
@@ -676,13 +700,19 @@ A manifest file must store the partition spec and other 
metadata as properties i
     | _optional_ | _required_ | `format-version`    | Table format version 
number of the manifest as a string                                              
                                       |
     |            | _required_ | `content`           | Type of content files 
tracked by the manifest: "data" or "deletes"                                    
                                      |
 
+=== "v4"
+    | Requirement | Key                 | Value                                
                                                                                
                       |
+    
|-------------|---------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+    | _optional_  | `schema-id`         | ID of the schema used to write the 
manifest as a string                                                            
                         |

Review Comment:
   I'm not sure the k/v metadata buys us much in v4. In v1-v3 the argument was 
that it could be a source for recovery if metadata got corrupted, since each 
manifest was bound to a single spec. In v4 manifests aren't bound to a 
particular spec, so that notion mostly goes away, and the format version is 
already on the tracked file that references the manifest. So I'd keep them 
optional. I guess there's a stronger argument for format version but we're 
already tracking it per entry and so it'd only be useful for leaf manifests.



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