ChrisHegarty commented on code in PR #15011:
URL: https://github.com/apache/lucene/pull/15011#discussion_r2272744054


##########
lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/search/AcceptDocs.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.lucene.search;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.LeafReader;
+import org.apache.lucene.util.BitSet;
+import org.apache.lucene.util.BitSetIterator;
+import org.apache.lucene.util.Bits;
+import org.apache.lucene.util.FixedBitSet;
+
+/**
+ * Higher-level abstraction for document acceptance filtering. Can be consumed 
in either
+ * random-access (Bits) or sequential (DocIdSetIterator) pattern.
+ *
+ * @lucene.experimental
+ */
+public abstract class AcceptDocs {
+
+  /**
+   * Random access to the accepted documents.
+   *
+   * @return Bits instance for random access, or null if not available
+   * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
+   */
+  public abstract Bits bits() throws IOException;
+
+  /**
+   * Get an iterator of accepted docs.
+   *
+   * @return DocIdSetIterator for sequential access
+   * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
+   */
+  public abstract DocIdSetIterator iterator() throws IOException;
+
+  /**
+   * Return an approximation of the number of accepted documents.
+   *
+   * @return approximate cost
+   */
+  public abstract int cost();
+
+  /**
+   * Create AcceptDocs from a {@link Bits} instance representing live 
documents. A {@code null}
+   * instance is interpreted as matching all documents, like in {@link 
LeafReader#getLiveDocs()}.
+   *
+   * @param bits the Bits instance for random access
+   * @param maxDoc the number of documents in the reader
+   * @return AcceptDocs wrapping the Bits
+   */
+  public static AcceptDocs fromLiveDocs(Bits bits, int maxDoc) {
+    if (bits instanceof BitSet bitSet) {
+      return new BitSetAcceptDocs(bitSet);
+    }
+    return new BitsAcceptDocs(bits, maxDoc);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create AcceptDocs from a DocIdSetIterator, optionally filtered by live 
documents.
+   *
+   * @param iterator a DocIdSetIterator iterator
+   * @param liveDocs Bits representing live documents, or {@code null} if no 
deleted docs
+   * @param maxDoc the number of documents in the reader
+   * @return AcceptDocs wrapping the iterator
+   */
+  public static AcceptDocs fromIterator(DocIdSetIterator iterator, Bits 
liveDocs, int maxDoc)
+      throws IOException {
+    BitSet bitSet = createBitSet(iterator, liveDocs, maxDoc);
+    return new BitSetAcceptDocs(bitSet);
+  }
+
+  private static BitSet createBitSet(DocIdSetIterator iterator, Bits liveDocs, 
int maxDoc)
+      throws IOException {
+    if (liveDocs == null && iterator instanceof BitSetIterator bitSetIterator) 
{
+      // If we already have a BitSet and no deletions, reuse the BitSet
+      return bitSetIterator.getBitSet();
+    } else {
+      int threshold = maxDoc >> 7; // same as BitSet#of
+      if (iterator.cost() >= threshold) {
+        // take advantage of Disi#intoBitset and Bits#applyMask
+        FixedBitSet bitSet = new FixedBitSet(maxDoc);
+        bitSet.or(iterator);
+        if (liveDocs != null) {
+          liveDocs.applyMask(bitSet, 0);
+        }
+        return bitSet;
+      } else {
+        FilteredDocIdSetIterator filterIterator =
+            new FilteredDocIdSetIterator(iterator) {
+              @Override
+              protected boolean match(int doc) {
+                return liveDocs == null || liveDocs.get(doc);
+              }
+            };
+        return BitSet.of(filterIterator, maxDoc); // create a sparse bitset
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Impl backed by Bits, expected to be somewhat dense. */
+  private static class BitsAcceptDocs extends AcceptDocs {
+    private final Bits bits;
+    private final int maxDoc;
+
+    BitsAcceptDocs(Bits bits, int maxDoc) {
+      this.bits = bits;
+      this.maxDoc = maxDoc;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Bits bits() {
+      return bits;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DocIdSetIterator iterator() {
+      DocIdSetIterator iterator = DocIdSetIterator.all(maxDoc);
+      if (bits != null) {
+        iterator =
+            new FilteredDocIdSetIterator(iterator) {
+              @Override
+              protected boolean match(int doc) {
+                return bits.get(doc);
+              }
+            };
+      }
+      return iterator;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int cost() {
+      // We have no better estimate. This should be ok in practice since 
background merges should
+      // keep the number of deletes under control (< 20% by default).
+      return maxDoc;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Impl backed by a {@link BitSet} */
+  private static class BitSetAcceptDocs extends AcceptDocs {
+
+    private final BitSet bitSet;
+    private int cardinality = -1;
+
+    BitSetAcceptDocs(BitSet bitSet) {
+      this.bitSet = bitSet;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Bits bits() throws IOException {
+      return bitSet;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DocIdSetIterator iterator() throws IOException {
+      return new BitSetIterator(bitSet, cost());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized int cost() {

Review Comment:
   why is this `synchronized`?  I there any expectation of thread-safety of 
AcceptedDocs ?



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