jeffkbkim commented on code in PR #14182:
URL: https://github.com/apache/kafka/pull/14182#discussion_r1309478864


##########
group-coordinator/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/coordinator/group/assignor/OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.assignor;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.Uuid;
+import org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.common.TopicIdPartition;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.stream.IntStream;
+
+import static java.lang.Math.min;
+
+/**
+ * Assigns partitions to members of a consumer group ensuring a balanced 
distribution with
+ * considerations for sticky assignments and rack-awareness.
+ * The order of priority of properties during the assignment will be:
+ *      balance > rack matching (when applicable) > stickiness.
+ *
+ * <p> Here's the step-by-step breakdown of the assignment process:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ *     <li> Compute the quotas of partitions for each member based on the 
total partitions and member count.</li>
+ *     <li> For existing assignments, retain partitions based on the 
determined quota and member's rack compatibility.
+ *     <li> If a partition's rack mismatches with its member, track it with 
its prior owner.</li>
+ *     <li> Identify members that haven't fulfilled their partition quota or 
are eligible to receive extra partitions.</li>
+ *     <li> Derive the unassigned partitions by taking the difference between 
total partitions and the sticky assignments.</li>
+ *     <li> Depending on members needing extra partitions, select members from 
the potentially unfilled list
+ *          and add them to the unfilled list.</li>
+ *     <li> Proceed with a round-robin assignment adhering to rack awareness.
+ *          For each unassigned partition, locate the first compatible member 
from the unfilled list.</li>
+ *     <li> If no rack-compatible member is found, revert to the tracked 
current owner.
+ *          If that member can't accommodate the partition due to quota 
limits, resort to a generic round-robin assignment.</li>
+ * </ul>
+ */
+public class OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder extends 
UniformAssignor.AbstractAssignmentBuilder {
+    private static final Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder.class);
+    private final AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec;
+    private final SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber;
+    // List of topics subscribed to by all members.
+    private final List<Uuid> subscriptionList;
+    private final RackInfo rackInfo;
+    // Count of members to receive an extra partition beyond the minimum quota,
+    // to account for the distribution of the remaining partitions.
+    private int remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition;
+    // Map of members to the remaining number of partitions needed to meet the 
minimum quota,
+    // including members eligible for an extra partition.
+    private final Map<String, Integer> potentiallyUnfilledMembers;
+    // Members mapped to the remaining number of partitions needed to meet the 
full quota.
+    // Full quota = minQuota + one extra partition (if applicable).
+    private Map<String, Integer> unfilledMembers;
+    private List<TopicIdPartition> unassignedPartitions;
+    private final Map<String, MemberAssignment> newAssignment;
+    // Tracks the current owner of each partition when using rack-aware 
strategy.
+    // Current refers to the existing assignment.
+    private final Map<TopicIdPartition, String> currentPartitionOwners;
+    // Indicates if a rack aware assignment can be done.
+    // True if racks are defined for both members and partitions.
+    boolean useRackAwareStrategy;
+
+    OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder(AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec, 
SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber) {
+        this.assignmentSpec = assignmentSpec;
+        this.subscribedTopicDescriber = subscribedTopicDescriber;
+        this.subscriptionList = new 
ArrayList<>(assignmentSpec.members().values().iterator().next().subscribedTopicIds());
+        this.rackInfo = new RackInfo(assignmentSpec, subscribedTopicDescriber, 
subscriptionList);
+        this.potentiallyUnfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+        this.unfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+        this.newAssignment = new HashMap<>();
+        this.useRackAwareStrategy = rackInfo.useRackStrategy;
+        // Without rack-aware strategy, tracking current owners of unassigned 
partitions is unnecessary
+        // as all sticky partitions are retained until a member meets its 
quota.
+        this. currentPartitionOwners = useRackAwareStrategy ? new HashMap<>() 
: Collections.emptyMap();

Review Comment:
   space after `this.`



##########
group-coordinator/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/coordinator/group/assignor/OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.assignor;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.Uuid;
+import org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.common.TopicIdPartition;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import static java.lang.Math.min;
+
+/**
+ * Assigns Kafka partitions to members of a consumer group ensuring a balanced 
distribution with
+ * considerations for sticky assignments and rack-awareness.
+ * The order of priority of properties during the assignment will be: balance 
> rack matching (when applicable) > stickiness.
+ *
+ * <p> Here's the step-by-step breakdown of the assignment process:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ *     <li> Compute the quotas of partitions for each member based on the 
total partitions and member count.</li>
+ *     <li> For existing assignments, retain partitions based on the 
determined quota and member's rack compatibility.
+ *     <li> If a partition's rack mismatches with its member, track it with 
its prior owner.</li>
+ *     <li> Identify members that haven't fulfilled their partition quota or 
are eligible to receive extra partitions.</li>
+ *     <li> Derive the unassigned partitions by taking the difference between 
total partitions and the sticky assignments.</li>
+ *     <li> Depending on members needing extra partitions, select members from 
the potentially unfilled list and add them to the unfilled list.</li>
+ *     <li> Proceed with a round-robin assignment adhering to rack awareness.
+ *          For each unassigned partition, locate the first compatible member 
from the unfilled list.</li>
+ *     <li> If no rack-compatible member is found, revert to the tracked 
current owner.
+ *          If that member can't accommodate the partition due to quota 
limits, resort to a generic round-robin assignment.</li>
+ * </ul>
+ */
+public class OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder extends 
UniformAssignor.AbstractAssignmentBuilder {
+    private static final Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder.class);
+    private final AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec;
+    private final SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber;
+    // List of topics subscribed to by all members.
+    private final List<Uuid> subscriptionList;
+    private final RackInfo rackInfo;
+    // Count of members to receive an extra partition beyond the minimum quota,
+    // to account for the distribution of the remaining partitions.
+    private int remainingMembersToGetExtraPartition;
+    // Map of members to the remaining number of partitions needed to meet the 
minimum quota,
+    // including members eligible for an extra partition.
+    private final Map<String, Integer> potentiallyUnfilledMembers;
+    // Members mapped to the remaining number of partitions needed to meet the 
full quota.
+    // Full quota = minQuota + one extra partition (if applicable).
+    private Map<String, Integer> unfilledMembers;
+    private List<TopicIdPartition> unassignedPartitions;
+    private final Map<String, MemberAssignment> newAssignment;
+    // Tracks the current owner of each partition when using rack-aware 
strategy.
+    // Current refers to the existing assignment.
+    private final Map<TopicIdPartition, String> currentPartitionOwners;
+    // Indicates if a rack aware assignment can be done.
+    // True if racks are defined for both members and partitions.
+    boolean useRackAwareStrategy;
+
+    OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder(AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec, 
SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber) {
+        this.assignmentSpec = assignmentSpec;
+        this.subscribedTopicDescriber = subscribedTopicDescriber;
+        subscriptionList = new 
ArrayList<>(assignmentSpec.members().values().iterator().next().subscribedTopicIds());
+
+        RackInfo rackInfo = new RackInfo(assignmentSpec, 
subscribedTopicDescriber, subscriptionList);
+        this.rackInfo = rackInfo;
+
+        potentiallyUnfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+        unfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+        newAssignment = new HashMap<>();
+
+        // Without rack-aware strategy, tracking current owners of unassigned 
partitions is unnecessary
+        // as all sticky partitions are retained until a member meets its 
quota.
+        if (rackInfo.memberRacks.isEmpty() || 
rackInfo.partitionRacks.isEmpty()) {
+            this.useRackAwareStrategy = false;
+            currentPartitionOwners = Collections.emptyMap();
+        } else {
+            this.useRackAwareStrategy = true;
+            currentPartitionOwners = new HashMap<>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected GroupAssignment buildAssignment() {
+        int totalPartitionsCount = 0;
+        // Removes the current topic from subscriptionList if the topic 
doesn't exist in the topic metadata.
+        Iterator<Uuid> iterator = subscriptionList.iterator();
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            Uuid topicId = iterator.next();
+            int partitionCount = 
subscribedTopicDescriber.numPartitions(topicId);
+            if (partitionCount == -1) {
+                log.warn("Members are subscribed to topic " + topicId + " 
which doesn't exist in the topic metadata.");
+                iterator.remove();
+            } else {
+                totalPartitionsCount += partitionCount;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (subscriptionList.isEmpty()) {
+            log.info("The subscription list is empty, returning an empty 
assignment");
+            return new GroupAssignment(Collections.emptyMap());
+        }
+
+        // The minimum required quota that each member needs to meet for a 
balanced assignment.
+        // This is the same for all members.
+        final int minQuota;
+        int numberOfMembers = assignmentSpec.members().size();
+        minQuota = (int) Math.floor(((double) totalPartitionsCount) / 
numberOfMembers);
+        remainingMembersToGetExtraPartition = totalPartitionsCount % 
numberOfMembers;
+
+        assignmentSpec.members().forEach((memberId, assignmentMemberSpec) ->
+            newAssignment.put(memberId, new MemberAssignment(new HashMap<>()))
+        );
+
+        Set<TopicIdPartition> allAssignedStickyPartitions = 
computeAssignedStickyPartitions(minQuota);
+
+        unassignedPartitions = 
getUnassignedPartitions(allAssignedStickyPartitions);
+        unfilledMembers = getUnfilledMembers();
+
+        if (!isTotalUnassignedPartitionsEqualsTotalRemainingAssignments()) {
+            log.warn("Number of available partitions is not equal to the total 
requirement");
+        }
+
+        if (useRackAwareStrategy) rackAwareRoundRobinAssignment();
+        unassignedPartitionsRoundRobinAssignment();
+
+        return new GroupAssignment(newAssignment);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves a set of partitions that were currently assigned to members 
and will be retained in the new assignment,
+     * by ensuring that the partitions are still relevant based on current 
topic metadata and subscriptions.
+     * If rack awareness is enabled, it ensures that a partition's rack 
matches the member's rack.
+     *
+     * <p> For each member, it:
+     * <ul>
+     *     <li> Finds the valid current assignment considering topic 
subscriptions and metadata.</li>
+     *     <li> If current assignments exist, retains up to the minimum quota 
of assignments.</li>
+     *     <li> If there are members that should get an extra partition, 
assigns the next partition after the retained ones.</li>
+     *     <li> For members with assignments not exceeding the minimum quota,
+     *          it identifies them as potentially unfilled members and tracks 
the remaining quota.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @return A set containing all the sticky partitions that have been 
retained in the new assignment.
+     */
+    private Set<TopicIdPartition> computeAssignedStickyPartitions(Integer 
minQuota) {
+        Set<TopicIdPartition> allAssignedStickyPartitions = new HashSet<>();
+
+        assignmentSpec.members().forEach((memberId, assignmentMemberSpec) -> {
+            // Remove all the topics that aren't in the subscriptions or the 
topic metadata anymore.
+            // If rack awareness is enabled, only add partitions if the 
consumers rack matches the partitions rack.
+            List<TopicIdPartition> validCurrentAssignment = 
getValidCurrentAssignment(memberId, assignmentMemberSpec.assignedPartitions());
+
+            int currentAssignmentSize = validCurrentAssignment.size();
+            int remaining = minQuota - currentAssignmentSize;
+
+            if (currentAssignmentSize > 0) {
+                int retainedPartitionsCount = min(currentAssignmentSize, 
minQuota);
+                for (int i = 0; i < retainedPartitionsCount; i++) {
+                    newAssignment.get(memberId)
+                        .targetPartitions()
+                        
.computeIfAbsent(validCurrentAssignment.get(i).topicId(), k -> new HashSet<>())
+                        .add(validCurrentAssignment.get(i).partition());
+                    
allAssignedStickyPartitions.add(validCurrentAssignment.get(i));
+                }
+
+                // The extra partition is located at the index 
"retainedPartitionsCount" from the current step.
+                if (remaining < 0 && remainingMembersToGetExtraPartition > 0) {
+                    newAssignment.get(memberId)
+                        .targetPartitions()
+                        
.computeIfAbsent(validCurrentAssignment.get(retainedPartitionsCount).topicId(), 
k -> new HashSet<>())
+                        
.add(validCurrentAssignment.get(retainedPartitionsCount).partition());
+                    
allAssignedStickyPartitions.add(validCurrentAssignment.get(retainedPartitionsCount));
+                    remainingMembersToGetExtraPartition--;
+                }
+            }
+            if (remaining >= 0) {
+                potentiallyUnfilledMembers.put(memberId, remaining);
+            }
+        });
+
+        return allAssignedStickyPartitions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Filters the current assignment of partitions for a given member.
+     *
+     * If a partition is assigned to a member not subscribed to its topic or
+     * if the rack-aware strategy is to be used but there is a mismatch,
+     * the partition is excluded from the valid assignment and stored for 
future consideration.
+     *
+     * @param memberId              The Id of the member whose assignment is 
being validated.
+     * @param assignedPartitions    The partitions currently assigned to the 
member.
+     *
+     * @return List of valid partitions after applying the filters.
+     */
+    private List<TopicIdPartition> getValidCurrentAssignment(String memberId, 
Map<Uuid, Set<Integer>> assignedPartitions) {
+        List<TopicIdPartition> validCurrentAssignmentList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        assignedPartitions.forEach((topicId, currentAssignment) -> {
+            List<Integer> currentAssignmentList = new 
ArrayList<>(currentAssignment);
+            if (subscriptionList.contains(topicId)) {
+                for (Integer partition : currentAssignmentList) {
+                    TopicIdPartition topicIdPartition = new 
TopicIdPartition(topicId, partition);
+                    if (useRackAwareStrategy && 
rackInfo.racksMismatch(memberId, topicIdPartition)) {
+                        currentPartitionOwners.put(topicIdPartition, memberId);
+                    } else {
+                        validCurrentAssignmentList.add(topicIdPartition);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        return validCurrentAssignmentList;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method iterates over the unassigned partitions and attempts to 
allocate them
+     * to members while considering their rack affiliations.
+     */
+    private void rackAwareRoundRobinAssignment() {
+        Queue<String> roundRobinMembers = new 
LinkedList<>(unfilledMembers.keySet());
+
+        // Sorts partitions in ascending order by number of potential 
consumers with matching racks.
+        // Partitions with no potential members aren't included in this list.
+        List<TopicIdPartition> sortedPartitions = 
rackInfo.sortPartitionsByRackConsumers(unassignedPartitions);
+
+        Iterator<TopicIdPartition> partitionIterator = 
sortedPartitions.iterator();
+        while (partitionIterator.hasNext()) {
+            TopicIdPartition partition = partitionIterator.next();
+            boolean assigned = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < roundRobinMembers.size() && !assigned; i++) {
+                String memberId = roundRobinMembers.poll();
+                Integer remainingPartitionCount = 
unfilledMembers.get(memberId);
+
+                if (remainingPartitionCount != null && remainingPartitionCount 
> 0 && !rackInfo.racksMismatch(memberId, partition)) {
+                    assignPartitionToMember(memberId, partition);
+                    assigned = true;
+                    partitionIterator.remove();
+                    unassignedPartitions.remove(partition);
+                }
+
+                // Only re-add to the end of the queue if it's still in the 
unfilledMembers map
+                if (unfilledMembers.containsKey(memberId)) {
+                    roundRobinMembers.add(memberId);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates the unassigned partitions to available members.
+     *
+     * If the rack-aware strategy is enabled, partitions are attempted to be 
assigned back to their current owners first.
+     *
+     * If a partition couldn't be assigned to its current owner due to quotas 
or
+     * if the rack-aware strategy is not enabled, the partitions are allocated 
to members in a round-robin fashion.</p>
+     */
+    private void unassignedPartitionsRoundRobinAssignment() {
+        Queue<String> roundRobinMembers = new 
LinkedList<>(unfilledMembers.keySet());
+        Iterator<TopicIdPartition> partitionIterator = 
unassignedPartitions.iterator();
+
+        while (partitionIterator.hasNext()) {
+            TopicIdPartition partition = partitionIterator.next();
+            boolean assigned = false;
+
+            if (useRackAwareStrategy && 
currentPartitionOwners.containsKey(partition)) {
+                String prevOwner = currentPartitionOwners.get(partition);
+                if (unfilledMembers.containsKey(prevOwner)) {
+                    assignPartitionToMember(prevOwner, partition);
+                    assigned = true;
+                    partitionIterator.remove();
+                    if (!unfilledMembers.containsKey(prevOwner)) {
+                        roundRobinMembers.remove(prevOwner);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Only re-add the member to the end of the queue if it's still 
available for assignment.
+            for (int i = 0; i < unfilledMembers.size() && !assigned; i++) {

Review Comment:
   can you remind me again why we need to do at least n number of iterations?



##########
group-coordinator/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/coordinator/group/assignor/RangeAssignor.java:
##########
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 package org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.assignor;
 
 import org.apache.kafka.common.Uuid;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;

Review Comment:
   Ok



##########
group-coordinator/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/coordinator/group/assignor/OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.assignor;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.Uuid;
+import org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.common.TopicIdPartition;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.stream.IntStream;
+
+import static java.lang.Math.min;
+
+/**
+ * Assigns Kafka partitions to members of a consumer group ensuring a balanced 
distribution with
+ * considerations for sticky assignments and rack-awareness.
+ * The order of priority of properties during the assignment will be: balance 
> rack matching (when applicable) > stickiness.
+ *
+ * <p> Here's the step-by-step breakdown of the assignment process:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ *     <li> Compute the quotas of partitions for each member based on the 
total partitions and member count.</li>
+ *     <li> For existing assignments, retain partitions based on the 
determined quota and member's rack compatibility.
+ *     <li> If a partition's rack mismatches with its member, track it with 
its prior owner.</li>
+ *     <li> Identify members that haven't fulfilled their partition quota or 
are eligible to receive extra partitions.</li>
+ *     <li> Derive the unassigned partitions by taking the difference between 
total partitions and the sticky assignments.</li>
+ *     <li> Depending on members needing extra partitions, select members from 
the potentially unfilled list
+ *          and add them to the unfilled list.</li>
+ *     <li> Proceed with a round-robin assignment adhering to rack awareness.
+ *          For each unassigned partition, locate the first compatible member 
from the unfilled list.</li>
+ *     <li> If no rack-compatible member is found, revert to the tracked 
current owner.
+ *          If that member can't accommodate the partition due to quota 
limits, resort to a generic round-robin assignment.</li>
+ * </ul>
+ */
+public class OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder extends 
UniformAssignor.AbstractAssignmentBuilder {
+    private static final Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder.class);
+    private final AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec;
+    private final SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber;
+    // List of topics subscribed to by all members.
+    private final List<Uuid> subscriptionList;
+    private final RackInfo rackInfo;
+    // Count of members to receive an extra partition beyond the minimum quota,
+    // to account for the distribution of the remaining partitions.
+    private int remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition;
+    // Map of members to the remaining number of partitions needed to meet the 
minimum quota,
+    // including members eligible for an extra partition.
+    private final Map<String, Integer> potentiallyUnfilledMembers;
+    // Members mapped to the remaining number of partitions needed to meet the 
full quota.
+    // Full quota = minQuota + one extra partition (if applicable).
+    private Map<String, Integer> unfilledMembers;
+    private List<TopicIdPartition> unassignedPartitions;
+    private final Map<String, MemberAssignment> newAssignment;
+    // Tracks the current owner of each partition when using rack-aware 
strategy.
+    // Current refers to the existing assignment.
+    private final Map<TopicIdPartition, String> currentPartitionOwners;
+    // Indicates if a rack aware assignment can be done.
+    // True if racks are defined for both members and partitions.
+    boolean useRackAwareStrategy;
+
+    OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder(AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec, 
SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber) {
+        this.assignmentSpec = assignmentSpec;
+        this.subscribedTopicDescriber = subscribedTopicDescriber;
+        this.subscriptionList = new 
ArrayList<>(assignmentSpec.members().values().iterator().next().subscribedTopicIds());
+
+        this.rackInfo = new RackInfo(assignmentSpec, subscribedTopicDescriber, 
subscriptionList);
+        this.potentiallyUnfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+        this.unfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+        this.newAssignment = new HashMap<>();
+
+        // If consumer or member racks are unavailable, rack aware strategy is 
not used.
+        this.useRackAwareStrategy = !(rackInfo.memberRacks.isEmpty() || 
rackInfo.partitionRacks.isEmpty());
+        // Without rack-aware strategy, tracking current owners of unassigned 
partitions is unnecessary
+        // as all sticky partitions are retained until a member meets its 
quota.
+        this. currentPartitionOwners = useRackAwareStrategy ? new HashMap<>() 
: Collections.emptyMap();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected GroupAssignment buildAssignment() throws 
PartitionAssignorException{
+        int totalPartitionsCount = 0;
+        // Removes the current topic from subscriptionList if the topic 
doesn't exist in the topic metadata.
+        Iterator<Uuid> iterator = subscriptionList.iterator();
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            Uuid topicId = iterator.next();
+            int partitionCount = 
subscribedTopicDescriber.numPartitions(topicId);
+            if (partitionCount == -1) {
+                log.warn("Members are subscribed to topic " + topicId + " 
which doesn't exist in the topic metadata.");
+                iterator.remove();
+            } else {
+                totalPartitionsCount += partitionCount;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (subscriptionList.isEmpty()) {
+            log.info("The subscription list is empty, returning an empty 
assignment");
+            return new GroupAssignment(Collections.emptyMap());
+        }
+
+        // The minimum required quota that each member needs to meet for a 
balanced assignment.
+        // This is the same for all members.
+        int numberOfMembers = assignmentSpec.members().size();
+        final int minQuota = (int) Math.floor(((double) totalPartitionsCount) 
/ numberOfMembers);
+        remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition = totalPartitionsCount % 
numberOfMembers;
+
+        assignmentSpec.members().forEach((memberId, assignmentMemberSpec) ->
+            newAssignment.put(memberId, new MemberAssignment(new HashMap<>()))
+        );
+
+        Set<TopicIdPartition> allAssignedStickyPartitions = 
computeAssignedStickyPartitions(minQuota);
+        unassignedPartitions = 
computeUnassignedPartitions(allAssignedStickyPartitions);
+        unfilledMembers = computeUnfilledMembers();
+
+        if (!isTotalUnassignedPartitionsEqualsTotalRemainingAssignments()) {
+            throw new PartitionAssignorException("Number of available 
partitions is not equal to the total requirement");
+        }
+
+        if (useRackAwareStrategy) rackAwareRoundRobinAssignment();
+        unassignedPartitionsRoundRobinAssignment();
+
+        return new GroupAssignment(newAssignment);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves a set of partitions that were currently assigned to members 
and will be retained in the new assignment,
+     * by ensuring that the partitions are still relevant based on current 
topic metadata and subscriptions.
+     * If rack awareness is enabled, it ensures that a partition's rack 
matches the member's rack.
+     *
+     * <p> For each member, it:
+     * <ul>
+     *     <li> Finds the valid current assignment considering topic 
subscriptions and metadata.</li>
+     *     <li> If current assignments exist, retains up to the minimum quota 
of assignments.</li>
+     *     <li> If there are members that should get an extra partition,
+     *          assigns the next partition after the retained ones.</li>
+     *     <li> For members with assignments not exceeding the minimum quota,
+     *          it identifies them as potentially unfilled members and tracks 
the remaining quota.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @return A set containing all the sticky partitions that have been 
retained in the new assignment.
+     */
+    private Set<TopicIdPartition> computeAssignedStickyPartitions(Integer 
minQuota) {
+        Set<TopicIdPartition> allAssignedStickyPartitions = new HashSet<>();
+
+        assignmentSpec.members().forEach((memberId, assignmentMemberSpec) -> {
+            // Remove all the topics that aren't in the subscriptions or the 
topic metadata anymore.
+            // If rack awareness is enabled, only add partitions if the 
consumers rack matches the partitions rack.
+            List<TopicIdPartition> validCurrentAssignment = 
validCurrentAssignment(
+                memberId,
+                assignmentMemberSpec.assignedPartitions()
+            );
+
+            int currentAssignmentSize = validCurrentAssignment.size();
+            int remaining = minQuota - currentAssignmentSize;
+
+            if (currentAssignmentSize > 0) {
+                int retainedPartitionsCount = min(currentAssignmentSize, 
minQuota);
+                IntStream.range(0, retainedPartitionsCount).forEach(i -> {
+                    newAssignment.get(memberId)
+                        .targetPartitions()
+                        
.computeIfAbsent(validCurrentAssignment.get(i).topicId(), __ -> new HashSet<>())
+                        .add(validCurrentAssignment.get(i).partition());
+                    
allAssignedStickyPartitions.add(validCurrentAssignment.get(i));
+                });
+
+                // The extra partition is located at the index 
"retainedPartitionsCount" from the current step.
+                if (remaining < 0 && remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition > 
0) {
+                    newAssignment.get(memberId)
+                        .targetPartitions()
+                        
.computeIfAbsent(validCurrentAssignment.get(retainedPartitionsCount).topicId(), 
__ -> new HashSet<>())
+                        
.add(validCurrentAssignment.get(retainedPartitionsCount).partition());
+                    
allAssignedStickyPartitions.add(validCurrentAssignment.get(retainedPartitionsCount));
+                    remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition--;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (remaining >= 0) {
+                potentiallyUnfilledMembers.put(memberId, remaining);
+            }
+
+        });
+
+        return allAssignedStickyPartitions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Filters the current assignment of partitions for a given member.
+     *
+     * If a partition is assigned to a member not subscribed to its topic or
+     * if the rack-aware strategy is to be used but there is a mismatch,
+     * the partition is excluded from the valid assignment and stored for 
future consideration.
+     *
+     * @param memberId              The Id of the member whose assignment is 
being validated.
+     * @param assignedPartitions    The partitions currently assigned to the 
member.
+     *
+     * @return List of valid partitions after applying the filters.
+     */
+    private List<TopicIdPartition> validCurrentAssignment(
+        String memberId,
+        Map<Uuid, Set<Integer>> assignedPartitions
+    ) {
+        List<TopicIdPartition> validCurrentAssignmentList = new ArrayList<>();
+        Set<Uuid> subscriptionSet = new HashSet<>(subscriptionList);
+
+        assignedPartitions.forEach((topicId, currentAssignment) -> {
+            if (subscriptionSet.contains(topicId)) {
+                currentAssignment.forEach((partition) -> {
+                    TopicIdPartition topicIdPartition = new 
TopicIdPartition(topicId, partition);
+                    if (useRackAwareStrategy && 
rackInfo.racksMismatch(memberId, topicIdPartition)) {
+                        currentPartitionOwners.put(topicIdPartition, memberId);
+                    } else {
+                        validCurrentAssignmentList.add(topicIdPartition);
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        });
+
+        return validCurrentAssignmentList;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method iterates over the unassigned partitions and attempts to 
allocate them
+     * to members while considering their rack affiliations.
+     */
+    private void rackAwareRoundRobinAssignment() {
+        Queue<String> roundRobinMembers = new 
LinkedList<>(unfilledMembers.keySet());
+
+        // Sorts partitions in ascending order by number of potential 
consumers with matching racks.
+        // Partitions with no potential members aren't included in this list.
+        List<TopicIdPartition> sortedPartitions = 
rackInfo.sortPartitionsByRackConsumers(unassignedPartitions);
+
+        sortedPartitions.forEach((partition) -> {
+            boolean assigned = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < roundRobinMembers.size() && !assigned; i++) {

Review Comment:
   the while loop will still iterate through all members at the very least 
right? since we poll one every iteration
   
   can you help me understand why the while loop can be infinite whereas the 
for loop cannot?



##########
group-coordinator/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/coordinator/group/assignor/OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.assignor;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.Uuid;
+import org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.common.TopicIdPartition;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.stream.IntStream;
+
+import static java.lang.Math.min;
+
+/**
+ * Assigns Kafka partitions to members of a consumer group ensuring a balanced 
distribution with
+ * considerations for sticky assignments and rack-awareness.
+ * The order of priority of properties during the assignment will be: balance 
> rack matching (when applicable) > stickiness.
+ *
+ * <p> Here's the step-by-step breakdown of the assignment process:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ *     <li> Compute the quotas of partitions for each member based on the 
total partitions and member count.</li>
+ *     <li> For existing assignments, retain partitions based on the 
determined quota and member's rack compatibility.
+ *     <li> If a partition's rack mismatches with its member, track it with 
its prior owner.</li>
+ *     <li> Identify members that haven't fulfilled their partition quota or 
are eligible to receive extra partitions.</li>
+ *     <li> Derive the unassigned partitions by taking the difference between 
total partitions and the sticky assignments.</li>
+ *     <li> Depending on members needing extra partitions, select members from 
the potentially unfilled list
+ *          and add them to the unfilled list.</li>
+ *     <li> Proceed with a round-robin assignment adhering to rack awareness.
+ *          For each unassigned partition, locate the first compatible member 
from the unfilled list.</li>
+ *     <li> If no rack-compatible member is found, revert to the tracked 
current owner.
+ *          If that member can't accommodate the partition due to quota 
limits, resort to a generic round-robin assignment.</li>
+ * </ul>
+ */
+public class OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder extends 
UniformAssignor.AbstractAssignmentBuilder {
+    private static final Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder.class);
+    private final AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec;
+    private final SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber;
+    // List of topics subscribed to by all members.
+    private final List<Uuid> subscriptionList;
+    private final RackInfo rackInfo;
+    // Count of members to receive an extra partition beyond the minimum quota,
+    // to account for the distribution of the remaining partitions.
+    private int remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition;
+    // Map of members to the remaining number of partitions needed to meet the 
minimum quota,
+    // including members eligible for an extra partition.
+    private final Map<String, Integer> potentiallyUnfilledMembers;
+    // Members mapped to the remaining number of partitions needed to meet the 
full quota.
+    // Full quota = minQuota + one extra partition (if applicable).
+    private Map<String, Integer> unfilledMembers;
+    private List<TopicIdPartition> unassignedPartitions;
+    private final Map<String, MemberAssignment> newAssignment;
+    // Tracks the current owner of each partition when using rack-aware 
strategy.
+    // Current refers to the existing assignment.
+    private final Map<TopicIdPartition, String> currentPartitionOwners;
+    // Indicates if a rack aware assignment can be done.
+    // True if racks are defined for both members and partitions.
+    boolean useRackAwareStrategy;
+
+    OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder(AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec, 
SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber) {
+        this.assignmentSpec = assignmentSpec;
+        this.subscribedTopicDescriber = subscribedTopicDescriber;
+        this.subscriptionList = new 
ArrayList<>(assignmentSpec.members().values().iterator().next().subscribedTopicIds());
+
+        this.rackInfo = new RackInfo(assignmentSpec, subscribedTopicDescriber, 
subscriptionList);
+        this.potentiallyUnfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+        this.unfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+        this.newAssignment = new HashMap<>();
+
+        // If consumer or member racks are unavailable, rack aware strategy is 
not used.
+        this.useRackAwareStrategy = !(rackInfo.memberRacks.isEmpty() || 
rackInfo.partitionRacks.isEmpty());
+        // Without rack-aware strategy, tracking current owners of unassigned 
partitions is unnecessary
+        // as all sticky partitions are retained until a member meets its 
quota.
+        this. currentPartitionOwners = useRackAwareStrategy ? new HashMap<>() 
: Collections.emptyMap();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected GroupAssignment buildAssignment() throws 
PartitionAssignorException{
+        int totalPartitionsCount = 0;
+        // Removes the current topic from subscriptionList if the topic 
doesn't exist in the topic metadata.
+        Iterator<Uuid> iterator = subscriptionList.iterator();
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            Uuid topicId = iterator.next();
+            int partitionCount = 
subscribedTopicDescriber.numPartitions(topicId);
+            if (partitionCount == -1) {
+                log.warn("Members are subscribed to topic " + topicId + " 
which doesn't exist in the topic metadata.");
+                iterator.remove();
+            } else {
+                totalPartitionsCount += partitionCount;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (subscriptionList.isEmpty()) {
+            log.info("The subscription list is empty, returning an empty 
assignment");
+            return new GroupAssignment(Collections.emptyMap());
+        }
+
+        // The minimum required quota that each member needs to meet for a 
balanced assignment.
+        // This is the same for all members.
+        int numberOfMembers = assignmentSpec.members().size();
+        final int minQuota = (int) Math.floor(((double) totalPartitionsCount) 
/ numberOfMembers);
+        remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition = totalPartitionsCount % 
numberOfMembers;
+
+        assignmentSpec.members().forEach((memberId, assignmentMemberSpec) ->
+            newAssignment.put(memberId, new MemberAssignment(new HashMap<>()))
+        );
+
+        Set<TopicIdPartition> allAssignedStickyPartitions = 
computeAssignedStickyPartitions(minQuota);
+        unassignedPartitions = 
computeUnassignedPartitions(allAssignedStickyPartitions);
+        unfilledMembers = computeUnfilledMembers();
+
+        if (!isTotalUnassignedPartitionsEqualsTotalRemainingAssignments()) {
+            throw new PartitionAssignorException("Number of available 
partitions is not equal to the total requirement");
+        }
+
+        if (useRackAwareStrategy) rackAwareRoundRobinAssignment();
+        unassignedPartitionsRoundRobinAssignment();
+
+        return new GroupAssignment(newAssignment);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves a set of partitions that were currently assigned to members 
and will be retained in the new assignment,
+     * by ensuring that the partitions are still relevant based on current 
topic metadata and subscriptions.
+     * If rack awareness is enabled, it ensures that a partition's rack 
matches the member's rack.
+     *
+     * <p> For each member, it:
+     * <ul>
+     *     <li> Finds the valid current assignment considering topic 
subscriptions and metadata.</li>
+     *     <li> If current assignments exist, retains up to the minimum quota 
of assignments.</li>
+     *     <li> If there are members that should get an extra partition,
+     *          assigns the next partition after the retained ones.</li>
+     *     <li> For members with assignments not exceeding the minimum quota,
+     *          it identifies them as potentially unfilled members and tracks 
the remaining quota.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @return A set containing all the sticky partitions that have been 
retained in the new assignment.
+     */
+    private Set<TopicIdPartition> computeAssignedStickyPartitions(Integer 
minQuota) {
+        Set<TopicIdPartition> allAssignedStickyPartitions = new HashSet<>();
+
+        assignmentSpec.members().forEach((memberId, assignmentMemberSpec) -> {
+            // Remove all the topics that aren't in the subscriptions or the 
topic metadata anymore.
+            // If rack awareness is enabled, only add partitions if the 
consumers rack matches the partitions rack.
+            List<TopicIdPartition> validCurrentAssignment = 
validCurrentAssignment(
+                memberId,
+                assignmentMemberSpec.assignedPartitions()
+            );
+
+            int currentAssignmentSize = validCurrentAssignment.size();
+            int remaining = minQuota - currentAssignmentSize;
+
+            if (currentAssignmentSize > 0) {
+                int retainedPartitionsCount = min(currentAssignmentSize, 
minQuota);
+                IntStream.range(0, retainedPartitionsCount).forEach(i -> {
+                    newAssignment.get(memberId)
+                        .targetPartitions()
+                        
.computeIfAbsent(validCurrentAssignment.get(i).topicId(), __ -> new HashSet<>())
+                        .add(validCurrentAssignment.get(i).partition());
+                    
allAssignedStickyPartitions.add(validCurrentAssignment.get(i));
+                });
+
+                // The extra partition is located at the index 
"retainedPartitionsCount" from the current step.
+                if (remaining < 0 && remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition > 
0) {
+                    newAssignment.get(memberId)
+                        .targetPartitions()
+                        
.computeIfAbsent(validCurrentAssignment.get(retainedPartitionsCount).topicId(), 
__ -> new HashSet<>())
+                        
.add(validCurrentAssignment.get(retainedPartitionsCount).partition());
+                    
allAssignedStickyPartitions.add(validCurrentAssignment.get(retainedPartitionsCount));
+                    remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition--;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (remaining >= 0) {
+                potentiallyUnfilledMembers.put(memberId, remaining);
+            }
+
+        });
+
+        return allAssignedStickyPartitions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Filters the current assignment of partitions for a given member.
+     *
+     * If a partition is assigned to a member not subscribed to its topic or
+     * if the rack-aware strategy is to be used but there is a mismatch,
+     * the partition is excluded from the valid assignment and stored for 
future consideration.
+     *
+     * @param memberId              The Id of the member whose assignment is 
being validated.
+     * @param assignedPartitions    The partitions currently assigned to the 
member.
+     *
+     * @return List of valid partitions after applying the filters.
+     */
+    private List<TopicIdPartition> validCurrentAssignment(
+        String memberId,
+        Map<Uuid, Set<Integer>> assignedPartitions
+    ) {
+        List<TopicIdPartition> validCurrentAssignmentList = new ArrayList<>();
+        Set<Uuid> subscriptionSet = new HashSet<>(subscriptionList);
+
+        assignedPartitions.forEach((topicId, currentAssignment) -> {
+            if (subscriptionSet.contains(topicId)) {
+                currentAssignment.forEach((partition) -> {
+                    TopicIdPartition topicIdPartition = new 
TopicIdPartition(topicId, partition);
+                    if (useRackAwareStrategy && 
rackInfo.racksMismatch(memberId, topicIdPartition)) {
+                        currentPartitionOwners.put(topicIdPartition, memberId);
+                    } else {
+                        validCurrentAssignmentList.add(topicIdPartition);
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        });
+
+        return validCurrentAssignmentList;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method iterates over the unassigned partitions and attempts to 
allocate them
+     * to members while considering their rack affiliations.
+     */
+    private void rackAwareRoundRobinAssignment() {
+        Queue<String> roundRobinMembers = new 
LinkedList<>(unfilledMembers.keySet());
+
+        // Sorts partitions in ascending order by number of potential 
consumers with matching racks.
+        // Partitions with no potential members aren't included in this list.
+        List<TopicIdPartition> sortedPartitions = 
rackInfo.sortPartitionsByRackConsumers(unassignedPartitions);
+
+        sortedPartitions.forEach((partition) -> {
+            boolean assigned = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < roundRobinMembers.size() && !assigned; i++) {
+                String memberId = roundRobinMembers.poll();
+                Integer remainingPartitionCount = 
unfilledMembers.getOrDefault(memberId, 0);
+
+                if (remainingPartitionCount > 0 && 
!rackInfo.racksMismatch(memberId, partition)) {
+                    assignPartitionToMember(memberId, partition);
+                    assigned = true;
+                    unassignedPartitions.remove(partition);
+                }
+
+                // Only re-add to the end of the queue if it's still in the 
unfilledMembers map
+                if (unfilledMembers.containsKey(memberId)) {
+                    roundRobinMembers.add(memberId);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates the unassigned partitions to available members.
+     *
+     * If the rack-aware strategy is enabled, partitions are attempted to be 
assigned back to their current owners first.
+     *
+     * If a partition couldn't be assigned to its current owner due to quotas 
or
+     * if the rack-aware strategy is not enabled, the partitions are allocated 
to members in a round-robin fashion.</p>
+     */
+    private void unassignedPartitionsRoundRobinAssignment() {
+        Queue<String> roundRobinMembers = new 
LinkedList<>(unfilledMembers.keySet());
+
+        unassignedPartitions.forEach((partition) -> {
+            boolean assigned = false;
+
+            if (useRackAwareStrategy && 
currentPartitionOwners.containsKey(partition)) {
+                String prevOwner = currentPartitionOwners.get(partition);
+                if (unfilledMembers.containsKey(prevOwner)) {
+                    assignPartitionToMember(prevOwner, partition);
+                    assigned = true;
+                    if (!unfilledMembers.containsKey(prevOwner)) {
+                        roundRobinMembers.remove(prevOwner);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Only re-add the member to the end of the queue if it's still 
available for assignment.
+            for (int i = 0; i < unfilledMembers.size() && !assigned; i++) {
+                String memberId = roundRobinMembers.poll();
+                if (unfilledMembers.get(memberId) > 0) {
+                    assignPartitionToMember(memberId, partition);
+                    assigned = true;
+                }
+                if (unfilledMembers.containsKey(memberId)) {
+                    roundRobinMembers.add(memberId);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns the specified partition to the given member.
+     *
+     * <p>
+     * If the member has met their allocation quota, the member is removed 
from the
+     * tracking map of members with their remaining allocations.
+     * Otherwise, the count of remaining partitions that can be assigned to 
the member is updated.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param memberId      The Id of the member to which the partition will 
be assigned.
+     * @param partition     The partition to be assigned.
+     */
+    private void assignPartitionToMember(String memberId, TopicIdPartition 
partition) {
+        newAssignment.get(memberId)
+            .targetPartitions()
+            .computeIfAbsent(partition.topicId(), __ -> new HashSet<>())
+            .add(partition.partition());
+
+        int remainingPartitionCount = unfilledMembers.get(memberId) - 1;
+        if (remainingPartitionCount == 0) {
+            unfilledMembers.remove(memberId);
+        } else {
+            unfilledMembers.put(memberId, remainingPartitionCount);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines which members can still be assigned partitions to meet the 
full quota.
+     *
+     * @return A map of member IDs and their capacity for additional 
partitions.
+     */
+    private Map<String, Integer> computeUnfilledMembers() {
+        Map<String, Integer> unfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+
+        potentiallyUnfilledMembers.forEach((memberId, remaining) -> {
+            if (remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition > 0) {
+                remaining++;
+                remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition--;
+            }
+            if (remaining > 0) {
+                unfilledMembers.put(memberId, remaining);
+            }
+        });
+
+        return unfilledMembers;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method compares the full list of partitions against the set of 
already
+     * assigned sticky partitions to identify those that still need to be 
allocated.
+     *
+     * @param allAssignedStickyPartitions   Set of partitions that have 
already been assigned.
+     * @return List of unassigned partitions.
+     */
+    private List<TopicIdPartition> 
computeUnassignedPartitions(Set<TopicIdPartition> allAssignedStickyPartitions) {
+        List<TopicIdPartition> unassignedPartitions = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Uuid> sortedAllTopics = new ArrayList<>(subscriptionList);

Review Comment:
   > all means every single topic right, if it was just sorted topics, 
which/whose topics?
   that would make sense if we are using collections that form a subset of all 
topics somewhere in the code. otherwise it seems redundant
   
   i'm not sure i follow. even if the topics weren't sorted, we would still 
ensure unassigned partitions are present, no? what makes them distribute more 
evenly?



##########
group-coordinator/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/coordinator/group/assignor/OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.assignor;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.Uuid;
+import org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.common.TopicIdPartition;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.stream.IntStream;
+
+import static java.lang.Math.min;
+
+/**
+ * Assigns Kafka partitions to members of a consumer group ensuring a balanced 
distribution with
+ * considerations for sticky assignments and rack-awareness.
+ * The order of priority of properties during the assignment will be: balance 
> rack matching (when applicable) > stickiness.
+ *
+ * <p> Here's the step-by-step breakdown of the assignment process:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ *     <li> Compute the quotas of partitions for each member based on the 
total partitions and member count.</li>
+ *     <li> For existing assignments, retain partitions based on the 
determined quota and member's rack compatibility.
+ *     <li> If a partition's rack mismatches with its member, track it with 
its prior owner.</li>
+ *     <li> Identify members that haven't fulfilled their partition quota or 
are eligible to receive extra partitions.</li>
+ *     <li> Derive the unassigned partitions by taking the difference between 
total partitions and the sticky assignments.</li>
+ *     <li> Depending on members needing extra partitions, select members from 
the potentially unfilled list
+ *          and add them to the unfilled list.</li>
+ *     <li> Proceed with a round-robin assignment adhering to rack awareness.
+ *          For each unassigned partition, locate the first compatible member 
from the unfilled list.</li>
+ *     <li> If no rack-compatible member is found, revert to the tracked 
current owner.
+ *          If that member can't accommodate the partition due to quota 
limits, resort to a generic round-robin assignment.</li>
+ * </ul>
+ */
+public class OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder extends 
UniformAssignor.AbstractAssignmentBuilder {
+    private static final Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder.class);
+    private final AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec;
+    private final SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber;
+    // List of topics subscribed to by all members.
+    private final List<Uuid> subscriptionList;
+    private final RackInfo rackInfo;
+    // Count of members to receive an extra partition beyond the minimum quota,
+    // to account for the distribution of the remaining partitions.
+    private int remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition;
+    // Map of members to the remaining number of partitions needed to meet the 
minimum quota,
+    // including members eligible for an extra partition.
+    private final Map<String, Integer> potentiallyUnfilledMembers;
+    // Members mapped to the remaining number of partitions needed to meet the 
full quota.
+    // Full quota = minQuota + one extra partition (if applicable).
+    private Map<String, Integer> unfilledMembers;
+    private List<TopicIdPartition> unassignedPartitions;
+    private final Map<String, MemberAssignment> newAssignment;
+    // Tracks the current owner of each partition when using rack-aware 
strategy.
+    // Current refers to the existing assignment.
+    private final Map<TopicIdPartition, String> currentPartitionOwners;
+    // Indicates if a rack aware assignment can be done.
+    // True if racks are defined for both members and partitions.
+    boolean useRackAwareStrategy;
+
+    OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder(AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec, 
SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber) {
+        this.assignmentSpec = assignmentSpec;
+        this.subscribedTopicDescriber = subscribedTopicDescriber;
+        this.subscriptionList = new 
ArrayList<>(assignmentSpec.members().values().iterator().next().subscribedTopicIds());
+
+        this.rackInfo = new RackInfo(assignmentSpec, subscribedTopicDescriber, 
subscriptionList);
+        this.potentiallyUnfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+        this.unfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+        this.newAssignment = new HashMap<>();
+
+        // If consumer or member racks are unavailable, rack aware strategy is 
not used.
+        this.useRackAwareStrategy = !(rackInfo.memberRacks.isEmpty() || 
rackInfo.partitionRacks.isEmpty());
+        // Without rack-aware strategy, tracking current owners of unassigned 
partitions is unnecessary
+        // as all sticky partitions are retained until a member meets its 
quota.
+        this. currentPartitionOwners = useRackAwareStrategy ? new HashMap<>() 
: Collections.emptyMap();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected GroupAssignment buildAssignment() throws 
PartitionAssignorException{
+        int totalPartitionsCount = 0;
+        // Removes the current topic from subscriptionList if the topic 
doesn't exist in the topic metadata.
+        Iterator<Uuid> iterator = subscriptionList.iterator();
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            Uuid topicId = iterator.next();
+            int partitionCount = 
subscribedTopicDescriber.numPartitions(topicId);
+            if (partitionCount == -1) {
+                log.warn("Members are subscribed to topic " + topicId + " 
which doesn't exist in the topic metadata.");
+                iterator.remove();
+            } else {
+                totalPartitionsCount += partitionCount;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (subscriptionList.isEmpty()) {
+            log.info("The subscription list is empty, returning an empty 
assignment");
+            return new GroupAssignment(Collections.emptyMap());
+        }
+
+        // The minimum required quota that each member needs to meet for a 
balanced assignment.
+        // This is the same for all members.
+        int numberOfMembers = assignmentSpec.members().size();
+        final int minQuota = (int) Math.floor(((double) totalPartitionsCount) 
/ numberOfMembers);
+        remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition = totalPartitionsCount % 
numberOfMembers;
+
+        assignmentSpec.members().forEach((memberId, assignmentMemberSpec) ->
+            newAssignment.put(memberId, new MemberAssignment(new HashMap<>()))
+        );
+
+        Set<TopicIdPartition> allAssignedStickyPartitions = 
computeAssignedStickyPartitions(minQuota);
+        unassignedPartitions = 
computeUnassignedPartitions(allAssignedStickyPartitions);
+        unfilledMembers = computeUnfilledMembers();
+
+        if (!isTotalUnassignedPartitionsEqualsTotalRemainingAssignments()) {
+            throw new PartitionAssignorException("Number of available 
partitions is not equal to the total requirement");
+        }
+
+        if (useRackAwareStrategy) rackAwareRoundRobinAssignment();
+        unassignedPartitionsRoundRobinAssignment();
+
+        return new GroupAssignment(newAssignment);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves a set of partitions that were currently assigned to members 
and will be retained in the new assignment,
+     * by ensuring that the partitions are still relevant based on current 
topic metadata and subscriptions.
+     * If rack awareness is enabled, it ensures that a partition's rack 
matches the member's rack.
+     *
+     * <p> For each member, it:
+     * <ul>
+     *     <li> Finds the valid current assignment considering topic 
subscriptions and metadata.</li>
+     *     <li> If current assignments exist, retains up to the minimum quota 
of assignments.</li>
+     *     <li> If there are members that should get an extra partition,
+     *          assigns the next partition after the retained ones.</li>
+     *     <li> For members with assignments not exceeding the minimum quota,
+     *          it identifies them as potentially unfilled members and tracks 
the remaining quota.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @return A set containing all the sticky partitions that have been 
retained in the new assignment.
+     */
+    private Set<TopicIdPartition> computeAssignedStickyPartitions(Integer 
minQuota) {
+        Set<TopicIdPartition> allAssignedStickyPartitions = new HashSet<>();
+
+        assignmentSpec.members().forEach((memberId, assignmentMemberSpec) -> {
+            // Remove all the topics that aren't in the subscriptions or the 
topic metadata anymore.
+            // If rack awareness is enabled, only add partitions if the 
consumers rack matches the partitions rack.
+            List<TopicIdPartition> validCurrentAssignment = 
validCurrentAssignment(
+                memberId,
+                assignmentMemberSpec.assignedPartitions()
+            );
+
+            int currentAssignmentSize = validCurrentAssignment.size();
+            int remaining = minQuota - currentAssignmentSize;
+
+            if (currentAssignmentSize > 0) {
+                int retainedPartitionsCount = min(currentAssignmentSize, 
minQuota);
+                IntStream.range(0, retainedPartitionsCount).forEach(i -> {
+                    newAssignment.get(memberId)
+                        .targetPartitions()
+                        
.computeIfAbsent(validCurrentAssignment.get(i).topicId(), __ -> new HashSet<>())
+                        .add(validCurrentAssignment.get(i).partition());
+                    
allAssignedStickyPartitions.add(validCurrentAssignment.get(i));
+                });
+
+                // The extra partition is located at the index 
"retainedPartitionsCount" from the current step.
+                if (remaining < 0 && remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition > 
0) {
+                    newAssignment.get(memberId)
+                        .targetPartitions()
+                        
.computeIfAbsent(validCurrentAssignment.get(retainedPartitionsCount).topicId(), 
__ -> new HashSet<>())
+                        
.add(validCurrentAssignment.get(retainedPartitionsCount).partition());
+                    
allAssignedStickyPartitions.add(validCurrentAssignment.get(retainedPartitionsCount));
+                    remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition--;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (remaining >= 0) {
+                potentiallyUnfilledMembers.put(memberId, remaining);
+            }
+
+        });
+
+        return allAssignedStickyPartitions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Filters the current assignment of partitions for a given member.
+     *
+     * If a partition is assigned to a member not subscribed to its topic or
+     * if the rack-aware strategy is to be used but there is a mismatch,
+     * the partition is excluded from the valid assignment and stored for 
future consideration.
+     *
+     * @param memberId              The Id of the member whose assignment is 
being validated.
+     * @param assignedPartitions    The partitions currently assigned to the 
member.
+     *
+     * @return List of valid partitions after applying the filters.
+     */
+    private List<TopicIdPartition> validCurrentAssignment(
+        String memberId,
+        Map<Uuid, Set<Integer>> assignedPartitions
+    ) {
+        List<TopicIdPartition> validCurrentAssignmentList = new ArrayList<>();
+        Set<Uuid> subscriptionSet = new HashSet<>(subscriptionList);
+
+        assignedPartitions.forEach((topicId, currentAssignment) -> {
+            if (subscriptionSet.contains(topicId)) {
+                currentAssignment.forEach((partition) -> {
+                    TopicIdPartition topicIdPartition = new 
TopicIdPartition(topicId, partition);
+                    if (useRackAwareStrategy && 
rackInfo.racksMismatch(memberId, topicIdPartition)) {
+                        currentPartitionOwners.put(topicIdPartition, memberId);
+                    } else {
+                        validCurrentAssignmentList.add(topicIdPartition);
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        });
+
+        return validCurrentAssignmentList;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method iterates over the unassigned partitions and attempts to 
allocate them
+     * to members while considering their rack affiliations.
+     */
+    private void rackAwareRoundRobinAssignment() {
+        Queue<String> roundRobinMembers = new 
LinkedList<>(unfilledMembers.keySet());
+
+        // Sorts partitions in ascending order by number of potential 
consumers with matching racks.
+        // Partitions with no potential members aren't included in this list.
+        List<TopicIdPartition> sortedPartitions = 
rackInfo.sortPartitionsByRackConsumers(unassignedPartitions);
+
+        sortedPartitions.forEach((partition) -> {
+            boolean assigned = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < roundRobinMembers.size() && !assigned; i++) {
+                String memberId = roundRobinMembers.poll();
+                Integer remainingPartitionCount = 
unfilledMembers.getOrDefault(memberId, 0);
+
+                if (remainingPartitionCount > 0 && 
!rackInfo.racksMismatch(memberId, partition)) {
+                    assignPartitionToMember(memberId, partition);
+                    assigned = true;
+                    unassignedPartitions.remove(partition);
+                }
+
+                // Only re-add to the end of the queue if it's still in the 
unfilledMembers map
+                if (unfilledMembers.containsKey(memberId)) {
+                    roundRobinMembers.add(memberId);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates the unassigned partitions to available members.
+     *
+     * If the rack-aware strategy is enabled, partitions are attempted to be 
assigned back to their current owners first.
+     *
+     * If a partition couldn't be assigned to its current owner due to quotas 
or
+     * if the rack-aware strategy is not enabled, the partitions are allocated 
to members in a round-robin fashion.</p>
+     */
+    private void unassignedPartitionsRoundRobinAssignment() {
+        Queue<String> roundRobinMembers = new 
LinkedList<>(unfilledMembers.keySet());
+
+        unassignedPartitions.forEach((partition) -> {
+            boolean assigned = false;
+
+            if (useRackAwareStrategy && 
currentPartitionOwners.containsKey(partition)) {
+                String prevOwner = currentPartitionOwners.get(partition);
+                if (unfilledMembers.containsKey(prevOwner)) {
+                    assignPartitionToMember(prevOwner, partition);
+                    assigned = true;
+                    if (!unfilledMembers.containsKey(prevOwner)) {
+                        roundRobinMembers.remove(prevOwner);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Only re-add the member to the end of the queue if it's still 
available for assignment.
+            for (int i = 0; i < unfilledMembers.size() && !assigned; i++) {
+                String memberId = roundRobinMembers.poll();
+                if (unfilledMembers.get(memberId) > 0) {
+                    assignPartitionToMember(memberId, partition);
+                    assigned = true;
+                }
+                if (unfilledMembers.containsKey(memberId)) {
+                    roundRobinMembers.add(memberId);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns the specified partition to the given member.
+     *
+     * <p>
+     * If the member has met their allocation quota, the member is removed 
from the
+     * tracking map of members with their remaining allocations.
+     * Otherwise, the count of remaining partitions that can be assigned to 
the member is updated.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param memberId      The Id of the member to which the partition will 
be assigned.
+     * @param partition     The partition to be assigned.
+     */
+    private void assignPartitionToMember(String memberId, TopicIdPartition 
partition) {
+        newAssignment.get(memberId)
+            .targetPartitions()
+            .computeIfAbsent(partition.topicId(), __ -> new HashSet<>())
+            .add(partition.partition());
+
+        int remainingPartitionCount = unfilledMembers.get(memberId) - 1;
+        if (remainingPartitionCount == 0) {
+            unfilledMembers.remove(memberId);
+        } else {
+            unfilledMembers.put(memberId, remainingPartitionCount);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines which members can still be assigned partitions to meet the 
full quota.
+     *
+     * @return A map of member IDs and their capacity for additional 
partitions.
+     */
+    private Map<String, Integer> computeUnfilledMembers() {
+        Map<String, Integer> unfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+
+        potentiallyUnfilledMembers.forEach((memberId, remaining) -> {
+            if (remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition > 0) {
+                remaining++;
+                remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition--;
+            }
+            if (remaining > 0) {
+                unfilledMembers.put(memberId, remaining);
+            }
+        });
+
+        return unfilledMembers;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method compares the full list of partitions against the set of 
already
+     * assigned sticky partitions to identify those that still need to be 
allocated.
+     *
+     * @param allAssignedStickyPartitions   Set of partitions that have 
already been assigned.
+     * @return List of unassigned partitions.
+     */
+    private List<TopicIdPartition> 
computeUnassignedPartitions(Set<TopicIdPartition> allAssignedStickyPartitions) {
+        List<TopicIdPartition> unassignedPartitions = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Uuid> sortedAllTopics = new ArrayList<>(subscriptionList);
+        Collections.sort(sortedAllTopics);
+
+        if (allAssignedStickyPartitions.isEmpty()) {
+            return getAllTopicIdPartitions(sortedAllTopics, 
subscribedTopicDescriber);
+        }
+
+        sortedAllTopics.forEach((topic) -> {
+            int partitionCount = subscribedTopicDescriber.numPartitions(topic);
+            IntStream.range(0, partitionCount)
+                .mapToObj(i -> new TopicIdPartition(topic, i))
+                .filter(partition -> 
!allAssignedStickyPartitions.contains(partition))
+                .forEach(unassignedPartitions::add);
+        });
+
+        return unassignedPartitions;
+    }
+
+    private boolean 
isTotalUnassignedPartitionsEqualsTotalRemainingAssignments() {

Review Comment:
   "is __ equals __" is not grammatically correct. if we want to, we can do `is 
__ equal to __` but i felt that was too long.
   
   do we ever have a case where we handle a subset of unassigned partitions? 
even the variable is called unassignedPartitions



##########
group-coordinator/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/coordinator/group/assignor/OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.assignor;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.Uuid;
+import org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.common.TopicIdPartition;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.stream.IntStream;
+
+import static java.lang.Math.min;
+
+/**
+ * Assigns Kafka partitions to members of a consumer group ensuring a balanced 
distribution with

Review Comment:
   we have the step by step details at `assign()` for the range assignor right



##########
reviewers.py:
##########
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 def prompt_for_user():
     while True:
         try:
-            user_input = input("\nName or email (case insensitive): ") 
+            user_input = input("\nName or email (case insensitive): ")

Review Comment:
   we should probably fix this..



##########
group-coordinator/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/coordinator/group/common/TopicIdPartition.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.common;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.Uuid;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+public class TopicIdPartition {

Review Comment:
   ah i see. i'm still leaning towards reusing that one, but will leave it up 
for david to decide



##########
group-coordinator/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/coordinator/group/assignor/UniformAssignor.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.assignor;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.common.TopicIdPartition;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.Uuid;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import java.util.stream.IntStream;
+
+/**
+ * The Uniform Assignor distributes Kafka topic partitions among group members 
for balanced assignment.
+ * The assignor employs two different strategies based on the nature of topic
+ * subscriptions across the group members:
+ * <ul>
+ *     <li>
+ *         <b> Optimized Uniform Assignment Builder: </b> This strategy is 
used when all members have subscribed
+ *         to the same set of topics.
+ *     </li>
+ *     <li>
+ *         <b> General Uniform Assignment Builder: </b> This strategy is used 
when members have varied topic
+ *         subscriptions.
+ *     </li>
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * The appropriate strategy is automatically chosen based on the current 
members' topic subscriptions.
+ *
+ * @see OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder
+ * @see GeneralUniformAssignmentBuilder
+ */
+public class UniformAssignor implements PartitionAssignor {
+    private static final Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(UniformAssignor.class);
+    public static final String UNIFORM_ASSIGNOR_NAME = "uniform";
+
+    @Override
+    public String name() {
+        return UNIFORM_ASSIGNOR_NAME;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Perform the group assignment given the current members and
+     * topic metadata.
+     *
+     * @param assignmentSpec                The member assignment spec.
+     * @param subscribedTopicDescriber      The topic and cluster metadata 
describer {@link SubscribedTopicDescriber}.
+     * @return The new assignment for the group.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public GroupAssignment assign(
+        AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec,
+        SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber
+    ) throws PartitionAssignorException {
+
+        AbstractAssignmentBuilder assignmentBuilder;
+        if (allSubscriptionsEqual(assignmentSpec.members())) {
+            log.debug("Detected that all members are subscribed to the same 
set of topics, invoking the "
+                + "optimized assignment algorithm");
+            assignmentBuilder = new 
OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder(assignmentSpec, subscribedTopicDescriber);
+        } else {
+            assignmentBuilder = new GeneralUniformAssignmentBuilder();
+            log.debug("Detected that all members are subscribed to a different 
set of topics, invoking the "
+                + "general assignment algorithm");
+        }
+        return assignmentBuilder.buildAssignment();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if all members are subscribed to the same list of topic IDs.
+     *
+     * @param members A map of member identifiers to their respective {@code 
AssignmentMemberSpec}.
+     *                Assumes the map is non-empty.
+     * @return true if all members have the same subscription list of topic 
IDs,
+     *         false otherwise.
+     */
+    private boolean allSubscriptionsEqual(Map<String, AssignmentMemberSpec> 
members) {
+        Set<Uuid> firstSubscriptionSet = new 
HashSet<>(members.values().iterator().next().subscribedTopicIds());

Review Comment:
   this can get NPE if the members is empty right?



##########
group-coordinator/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/coordinator/group/assignor/OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.assignor;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.Uuid;
+import org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.common.TopicIdPartition;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import static java.lang.Math.min;
+
+/**
+ * Assigns Kafka partitions to members of a consumer group ensuring a balanced 
distribution with
+ * considerations for sticky assignments and rack-awareness.
+ * The order of priority of properties during the assignment will be: balance 
> rack matching (when applicable) > stickiness.
+ *
+ * <p> Here's the step-by-step breakdown of the assignment process:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ *     <li> Compute the quotas of partitions for each member based on the 
total partitions and member count.</li>
+ *     <li> For existing assignments, retain partitions based on the 
determined quota and member's rack compatibility.
+ *     <li> If a partition's rack mismatches with its member, track it with 
its prior owner.</li>
+ *     <li> Identify members that haven't fulfilled their partition quota or 
are eligible to receive extra partitions.</li>
+ *     <li> Derive the unassigned partitions by taking the difference between 
total partitions and the sticky assignments.</li>
+ *     <li> Depending on members needing extra partitions, select members from 
the potentially unfilled list and add them to the unfilled list.</li>
+ *     <li> Proceed with a round-robin assignment adhering to rack awareness.
+ *          For each unassigned partition, locate the first compatible member 
from the unfilled list.</li>
+ *     <li> If no rack-compatible member is found, revert to the tracked 
current owner.
+ *          If that member can't accommodate the partition due to quota 
limits, resort to a generic round-robin assignment.</li>
+ * </ul>
+ */
+public class OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder extends 
UniformAssignor.AbstractAssignmentBuilder {
+    private static final Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder.class);
+    private final AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec;
+    private final SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber;
+    // List of topics subscribed to by all members.
+    private final List<Uuid> subscriptionList;
+    private final RackInfo rackInfo;
+    // Count of members to receive an extra partition beyond the minimum quota,
+    // to account for the distribution of the remaining partitions.
+    private int remainingMembersToGetExtraPartition;
+    // Map of members to the remaining number of partitions needed to meet the 
minimum quota,
+    // including members eligible for an extra partition.
+    private final Map<String, Integer> potentiallyUnfilledMembers;
+    // Members mapped to the remaining number of partitions needed to meet the 
full quota.
+    // Full quota = minQuota + one extra partition (if applicable).
+    private Map<String, Integer> unfilledMembers;
+    private List<TopicIdPartition> unassignedPartitions;
+    private final Map<String, MemberAssignment> newAssignment;
+    // Tracks the current owner of each partition when using rack-aware 
strategy.
+    // Current refers to the existing assignment.
+    private final Map<TopicIdPartition, String> currentPartitionOwners;
+    // Indicates if a rack aware assignment can be done.
+    // True if racks are defined for both members and partitions.
+    boolean useRackAwareStrategy;
+
+    OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder(AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec, 
SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber) {
+        this.assignmentSpec = assignmentSpec;
+        this.subscribedTopicDescriber = subscribedTopicDescriber;
+        subscriptionList = new 
ArrayList<>(assignmentSpec.members().values().iterator().next().subscribedTopicIds());
+
+        RackInfo rackInfo = new RackInfo(assignmentSpec, 
subscribedTopicDescriber, subscriptionList);
+        this.rackInfo = rackInfo;
+
+        potentiallyUnfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+        unfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+        newAssignment = new HashMap<>();
+
+        // Without rack-aware strategy, tracking current owners of unassigned 
partitions is unnecessary
+        // as all sticky partitions are retained until a member meets its 
quota.
+        if (rackInfo.memberRacks.isEmpty() || 
rackInfo.partitionRacks.isEmpty()) {
+            this.useRackAwareStrategy = false;
+            currentPartitionOwners = Collections.emptyMap();
+        } else {
+            this.useRackAwareStrategy = true;
+            currentPartitionOwners = new HashMap<>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected GroupAssignment buildAssignment() {
+        int totalPartitionsCount = 0;
+        // Removes the current topic from subscriptionList if the topic 
doesn't exist in the topic metadata.
+        Iterator<Uuid> iterator = subscriptionList.iterator();
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            Uuid topicId = iterator.next();
+            int partitionCount = 
subscribedTopicDescriber.numPartitions(topicId);
+            if (partitionCount == -1) {
+                log.warn("Members are subscribed to topic " + topicId + " 
which doesn't exist in the topic metadata.");
+                iterator.remove();
+            } else {
+                totalPartitionsCount += partitionCount;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (subscriptionList.isEmpty()) {
+            log.info("The subscription list is empty, returning an empty 
assignment");
+            return new GroupAssignment(Collections.emptyMap());
+        }
+
+        // The minimum required quota that each member needs to meet for a 
balanced assignment.
+        // This is the same for all members.
+        final int minQuota;
+        int numberOfMembers = assignmentSpec.members().size();
+        minQuota = (int) Math.floor(((double) totalPartitionsCount) / 
numberOfMembers);
+        remainingMembersToGetExtraPartition = totalPartitionsCount % 
numberOfMembers;
+
+        assignmentSpec.members().forEach((memberId, assignmentMemberSpec) ->
+            newAssignment.put(memberId, new MemberAssignment(new HashMap<>()))
+        );
+
+        Set<TopicIdPartition> allAssignedStickyPartitions = 
computeAssignedStickyPartitions(minQuota);
+
+        unassignedPartitions = 
getUnassignedPartitions(allAssignedStickyPartitions);
+        unfilledMembers = getUnfilledMembers();
+
+        if (!isTotalUnassignedPartitionsEqualsTotalRemainingAssignments()) {
+            log.warn("Number of available partitions is not equal to the total 
requirement");
+        }
+
+        if (useRackAwareStrategy) rackAwareRoundRobinAssignment();
+        unassignedPartitionsRoundRobinAssignment();
+
+        return new GroupAssignment(newAssignment);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves a set of partitions that were currently assigned to members 
and will be retained in the new assignment,
+     * by ensuring that the partitions are still relevant based on current 
topic metadata and subscriptions.
+     * If rack awareness is enabled, it ensures that a partition's rack 
matches the member's rack.
+     *
+     * <p> For each member, it:
+     * <ul>
+     *     <li> Finds the valid current assignment considering topic 
subscriptions and metadata.</li>
+     *     <li> If current assignments exist, retains up to the minimum quota 
of assignments.</li>
+     *     <li> If there are members that should get an extra partition, 
assigns the next partition after the retained ones.</li>
+     *     <li> For members with assignments not exceeding the minimum quota,
+     *          it identifies them as potentially unfilled members and tracks 
the remaining quota.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @return A set containing all the sticky partitions that have been 
retained in the new assignment.
+     */
+    private Set<TopicIdPartition> computeAssignedStickyPartitions(Integer 
minQuota) {
+        Set<TopicIdPartition> allAssignedStickyPartitions = new HashSet<>();
+
+        assignmentSpec.members().forEach((memberId, assignmentMemberSpec) -> {
+            // Remove all the topics that aren't in the subscriptions or the 
topic metadata anymore.
+            // If rack awareness is enabled, only add partitions if the 
consumers rack matches the partitions rack.
+            List<TopicIdPartition> validCurrentAssignment = 
getValidCurrentAssignment(memberId, assignmentMemberSpec.assignedPartitions());
+
+            int currentAssignmentSize = validCurrentAssignment.size();
+            int remaining = minQuota - currentAssignmentSize;
+
+            if (currentAssignmentSize > 0) {
+                int retainedPartitionsCount = min(currentAssignmentSize, 
minQuota);
+                for (int i = 0; i < retainedPartitionsCount; i++) {
+                    newAssignment.get(memberId)
+                        .targetPartitions()
+                        
.computeIfAbsent(validCurrentAssignment.get(i).topicId(), k -> new HashSet<>())
+                        .add(validCurrentAssignment.get(i).partition());
+                    
allAssignedStickyPartitions.add(validCurrentAssignment.get(i));
+                }
+
+                // The extra partition is located at the index 
"retainedPartitionsCount" from the current step.
+                if (remaining < 0 && remainingMembersToGetExtraPartition > 0) {
+                    newAssignment.get(memberId)
+                        .targetPartitions()
+                        
.computeIfAbsent(validCurrentAssignment.get(retainedPartitionsCount).topicId(), 
k -> new HashSet<>())
+                        
.add(validCurrentAssignment.get(retainedPartitionsCount).partition());
+                    
allAssignedStickyPartitions.add(validCurrentAssignment.get(retainedPartitionsCount));
+                    remainingMembersToGetExtraPartition--;
+                }
+            }
+            if (remaining >= 0) {
+                potentiallyUnfilledMembers.put(memberId, remaining);
+            }
+        });
+
+        return allAssignedStickyPartitions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Filters the current assignment of partitions for a given member.
+     *
+     * If a partition is assigned to a member not subscribed to its topic or
+     * if the rack-aware strategy is to be used but there is a mismatch,
+     * the partition is excluded from the valid assignment and stored for 
future consideration.
+     *
+     * @param memberId              The Id of the member whose assignment is 
being validated.
+     * @param assignedPartitions    The partitions currently assigned to the 
member.
+     *
+     * @return List of valid partitions after applying the filters.
+     */
+    private List<TopicIdPartition> getValidCurrentAssignment(String memberId, 
Map<Uuid, Set<Integer>> assignedPartitions) {
+        List<TopicIdPartition> validCurrentAssignmentList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        assignedPartitions.forEach((topicId, currentAssignment) -> {
+            List<Integer> currentAssignmentList = new 
ArrayList<>(currentAssignment);
+            if (subscriptionList.contains(topicId)) {
+                for (Integer partition : currentAssignmentList) {
+                    TopicIdPartition topicIdPartition = new 
TopicIdPartition(topicId, partition);
+                    if (useRackAwareStrategy && 
rackInfo.racksMismatch(memberId, topicIdPartition)) {
+                        currentPartitionOwners.put(topicIdPartition, memberId);
+                    } else {
+                        validCurrentAssignmentList.add(topicIdPartition);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        return validCurrentAssignmentList;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method iterates over the unassigned partitions and attempts to 
allocate them
+     * to members while considering their rack affiliations.
+     */
+    private void rackAwareRoundRobinAssignment() {
+        Queue<String> roundRobinMembers = new 
LinkedList<>(unfilledMembers.keySet());
+
+        // Sorts partitions in ascending order by number of potential 
consumers with matching racks.
+        // Partitions with no potential members aren't included in this list.
+        List<TopicIdPartition> sortedPartitions = 
rackInfo.sortPartitionsByRackConsumers(unassignedPartitions);
+
+        Iterator<TopicIdPartition> partitionIterator = 
sortedPartitions.iterator();
+        while (partitionIterator.hasNext()) {
+            TopicIdPartition partition = partitionIterator.next();
+            boolean assigned = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < roundRobinMembers.size() && !assigned; i++) {
+                String memberId = roundRobinMembers.poll();
+                Integer remainingPartitionCount = 
unfilledMembers.get(memberId);
+
+                if (remainingPartitionCount != null && remainingPartitionCount 
> 0 && !rackInfo.racksMismatch(memberId, partition)) {
+                    assignPartitionToMember(memberId, partition);
+                    assigned = true;
+                    partitionIterator.remove();
+                    unassignedPartitions.remove(partition);
+                }
+
+                // Only re-add to the end of the queue if it's still in the 
unfilledMembers map
+                if (unfilledMembers.containsKey(memberId)) {
+                    roundRobinMembers.add(memberId);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates the unassigned partitions to available members.
+     *
+     * If the rack-aware strategy is enabled, partitions are attempted to be 
assigned back to their current owners first.
+     *
+     * If a partition couldn't be assigned to its current owner due to quotas 
or
+     * if the rack-aware strategy is not enabled, the partitions are allocated 
to members in a round-robin fashion.</p>
+     */
+    private void unassignedPartitionsRoundRobinAssignment() {
+        Queue<String> roundRobinMembers = new 
LinkedList<>(unfilledMembers.keySet());
+        Iterator<TopicIdPartition> partitionIterator = 
unassignedPartitions.iterator();
+
+        while (partitionIterator.hasNext()) {
+            TopicIdPartition partition = partitionIterator.next();
+            boolean assigned = false;
+
+            if (useRackAwareStrategy && 
currentPartitionOwners.containsKey(partition)) {
+                String prevOwner = currentPartitionOwners.get(partition);
+                if (unfilledMembers.containsKey(prevOwner)) {
+                    assignPartitionToMember(prevOwner, partition);
+                    assigned = true;
+                    partitionIterator.remove();
+                    if (!unfilledMembers.containsKey(prevOwner)) {
+                        roundRobinMembers.remove(prevOwner);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Only re-add the member to the end of the queue if it's still 
available for assignment.
+            for (int i = 0; i < unfilledMembers.size() && !assigned; i++) {
+                String memberId = roundRobinMembers.poll();
+                if (unfilledMembers.get(memberId) > 0) {
+                    assignPartitionToMember(memberId, partition);
+                    assigned = true;
+                    partitionIterator.remove();
+                }
+                if (unfilledMembers.containsKey(memberId)) {
+                    roundRobinMembers.add(memberId);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns the specified partition to the given member.
+     *
+     * <p>
+     * If the member has met their allocation quota, the member is removed 
from the
+     * tracking map of members with their remaining allocations.
+     * Otherwise, the count of remaining partitions that can be assigned to 
the member is updated.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param memberId      The Id of the member to which the partition will 
be assigned.
+     * @param partition     The partition to be assigned.
+     */
+    private void assignPartitionToMember(String memberId, TopicIdPartition 
partition) {

Review Comment:
   that seems like a big assumption; let's at least add something to the 
javadocs



##########
group-coordinator/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/coordinator/group/assignor/UniformAssignor.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.assignor;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.common.TopicIdPartition;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.Uuid;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import java.util.stream.IntStream;
+
+/**
+ * The Uniform Assignor distributes Kafka topic partitions among group members 
for balanced assignment.
+ * The assignor employs two different strategies based on the nature of topic
+ * subscriptions across the group members:
+ * <ul>
+ *     <li>
+ *         <b> Optimized Uniform Assignment Builder: </b> This strategy is 
used when all members have subscribed
+ *         to the same set of topics.
+ *     </li>
+ *     <li>
+ *         <b> General Uniform Assignment Builder: </b> This strategy is used 
when members have varied topic
+ *         subscriptions.
+ *     </li>
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * The appropriate strategy is automatically chosen based on the current 
members' topic subscriptions.
+ *
+ * @see OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder
+ * @see GeneralUniformAssignmentBuilder
+ */
+public class UniformAssignor implements PartitionAssignor {
+    private static final Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(UniformAssignor.class);
+    public static final String UNIFORM_ASSIGNOR_NAME = "uniform";
+
+    @Override
+    public String name() {
+        return UNIFORM_ASSIGNOR_NAME;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Perform the group assignment given the current members and
+     * topic metadata.
+     *
+     * @param assignmentSpec                The member assignment spec.
+     * @param subscribedTopicDescriber      The topic and cluster metadata 
describer {@link SubscribedTopicDescriber}.
+     * @return The new assignment for the group.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public GroupAssignment assign(
+        AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec,
+        SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber
+    ) throws PartitionAssignorException {
+
+        AbstractAssignmentBuilder assignmentBuilder;
+        if (allSubscriptionsEqual(assignmentSpec.members())) {
+            log.debug("Detected that all members are subscribed to the same 
set of topics, invoking the "
+                + "optimized assignment algorithm");
+            assignmentBuilder = new 
OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder(assignmentSpec, subscribedTopicDescriber);
+        } else {
+            assignmentBuilder = new GeneralUniformAssignmentBuilder();
+            log.debug("Detected that all members are subscribed to a different 
set of topics, invoking the "
+                + "general assignment algorithm");
+        }
+        return assignmentBuilder.buildAssignment();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if all members are subscribed to the same list of topic IDs.
+     *
+     * @param members A map of member identifiers to their respective {@code 
AssignmentMemberSpec}.
+     *                Assumes the map is non-empty.
+     * @return true if all members have the same subscription list of topic 
IDs,
+     *         false otherwise.
+     */
+    private boolean allSubscriptionsEqual(Map<String, AssignmentMemberSpec> 
members) {
+        boolean allSubscriptionsEqual = true;
+        Collection<Uuid> firstSubscriptionList = 
members.values().iterator().next().subscribedTopicIds();
+        for (AssignmentMemberSpec memberSpec : members.values()) {
+            if 
(!firstSubscriptionList.equals(memberSpec.subscribedTopicIds())) {
+                allSubscriptionsEqual = false;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return allSubscriptionsEqual;
+    }
+
+    protected static abstract class AbstractAssignmentBuilder {
+        protected abstract GroupAssignment buildAssignment();
+
+        protected boolean useRackAwareAssignment(
+            Set<String> consumerRacks,
+            Set<String> partitionRacks,
+            Map<TopicIdPartition, Set<String>> racksPerPartition
+        ) {
+            if (consumerRacks.isEmpty() || Collections.disjoint(consumerRacks, 
partitionRacks))
+                return false;
+            else {
+                return 
!racksPerPartition.values().stream().allMatch(partitionRacks::equals);
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected List<TopicIdPartition> getAllTopicIdPartitions(
+            List<Uuid> listAllTopics,
+            SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber
+        ) {
+            List<TopicIdPartition> allTopicIdPartitions = new ArrayList<>();
+            listAllTopics.forEach(topic ->
+                IntStream.range(0, 
subscribedTopicDescriber.numPartitions((topic)))
+                    .forEach(i -> allTopicIdPartitions.add(new 
TopicIdPartition(topic, i))
+                )
+            );
+            
+            return allTopicIdPartitions;
+        }
+
+        protected class RackInfo {
+            protected final Map<String, String> memberRacks;
+            protected final Map<TopicIdPartition, Set<String>> partitionRacks;
+            private final Map<TopicIdPartition, Integer> numMembersByPartition;
+
+            public RackInfo(
+                AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec,
+                SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber,
+                List<Uuid> topicIds
+            ) {
+                Map<String, List<String>> membersByRack = new HashMap<>();
+                assignmentSpec.members().forEach((memberId, 
assignmentMemberSpec) ->
+                    assignmentMemberSpec.rackId().filter(r -> 
!r.isEmpty()).ifPresent(
+                        rackId -> membersByRack.computeIfAbsent(rackId, k -> 
new ArrayList<>()).add(memberId)
+                    )
+                );
+
+                Set<String> allPartitionRacks;
+                Map<TopicIdPartition, Set<String>> partitionRacks;
+                List<TopicIdPartition> topicIdPartitions = 
getAllTopicIdPartitions(topicIds, subscribedTopicDescriber);
+
+                if (membersByRack.isEmpty()) {
+                    allPartitionRacks = Collections.emptySet();
+                    partitionRacks = Collections.emptyMap();
+                } else {
+                    partitionRacks = new HashMap<>();
+                    allPartitionRacks = new HashSet<>();
+                    topicIdPartitions.forEach(tp -> {
+                        Set<String> racks = 
subscribedTopicDescriber.racksForPartition(tp.topicId(), tp.partition());
+                        partitionRacks.put(tp, racks);
+                        if (!racks.isEmpty()) allPartitionRacks.addAll(racks);
+                    });
+                }
+
+                if (useRackAwareAssignment(membersByRack.keySet(), 
allPartitionRacks, partitionRacks)) {
+                    this.memberRacks = new 
HashMap<>(assignmentSpec.members().size());
+                    membersByRack.forEach((rack, rackConsumers) -> 
rackConsumers.forEach(c -> memberRacks.put(c, rack)));
+                    this.partitionRacks = partitionRacks;
+                } else {
+                    this.memberRacks = Collections.emptyMap();
+                    this.partitionRacks = Collections.emptyMap();
+                }
+
+                numMembersByPartition = partitionRacks.entrySet().stream()
+                    .collect(Collectors.toMap(Map.Entry::getKey, e -> 
e.getValue().stream()
+                        .map(r -> membersByRack.getOrDefault(r, 
Collections.emptyList()).size())
+                        .reduce(0, Integer::sum)));
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Determines if there's a mismatch between the memberId's rack 
and the partition's replica racks.
+             *
+             * <p> Mismatch conditions (returns {@code true}):
+             * <ul>
+             *     <li> Consumer lacks an associated rack.</li>
+             *     <li> Partition lacks associated replica racks.</li>
+             *     <li> Consumer's rack isn't among the partition's replica 
racks.</li>
+             * </ul>
+             *
+             * @param memberId      The memberId identifier.
+             * @param tp            The topic partition in question.
+             * @return {@code true} for a mismatch; {@code false} if member 
and partition racks exist and align.
+             */
+            protected boolean racksMismatch(String memberId, TopicIdPartition 
tp) {
+                String consumerRack = memberRacks.get(memberId);
+                Set<String> replicaRacks = partitionRacks.get(tp);
+                return consumerRack == null || (replicaRacks == null || 
!replicaRacks.contains(consumerRack));
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Sorts the given list of partitions based on the number of 
consumers available for each partition
+             * in a rack-aware manner.
+             *
+             * @param partitions    The list of partitions to be sorted.
+             * @return A sorted linked list of partitions with potential 
members in the same rack.
+             */
+            protected List<TopicIdPartition> 
sortPartitionsByRackConsumers(List<TopicIdPartition> partitions) {

Review Comment:
   on 
   > available for each partition in a rack-aware manner.
   
   i don't see which part is "in a rack-aware manner" in the code.
   
   > test case
   can we test that the sorting happens as expected



##########
group-coordinator/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/coordinator/group/assignor/OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.assignor;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.Uuid;
+import org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.common.TopicIdPartition;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.stream.IntStream;
+
+import static java.lang.Math.min;
+
+/**
+ * Assigns Kafka partitions to members of a consumer group ensuring a balanced 
distribution with
+ * considerations for sticky assignments and rack-awareness.
+ * The order of priority of properties during the assignment will be: balance 
> rack matching (when applicable) > stickiness.
+ *
+ * <p> Here's the step-by-step breakdown of the assignment process:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ *     <li> Compute the quotas of partitions for each member based on the 
total partitions and member count.</li>
+ *     <li> For existing assignments, retain partitions based on the 
determined quota and member's rack compatibility.
+ *     <li> If a partition's rack mismatches with its member, track it with 
its prior owner.</li>
+ *     <li> Identify members that haven't fulfilled their partition quota or 
are eligible to receive extra partitions.</li>
+ *     <li> Derive the unassigned partitions by taking the difference between 
total partitions and the sticky assignments.</li>
+ *     <li> Depending on members needing extra partitions, select members from 
the potentially unfilled list
+ *          and add them to the unfilled list.</li>
+ *     <li> Proceed with a round-robin assignment adhering to rack awareness.
+ *          For each unassigned partition, locate the first compatible member 
from the unfilled list.</li>
+ *     <li> If no rack-compatible member is found, revert to the tracked 
current owner.
+ *          If that member can't accommodate the partition due to quota 
limits, resort to a generic round-robin assignment.</li>
+ * </ul>
+ */
+public class OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder extends 
UniformAssignor.AbstractAssignmentBuilder {
+    private static final Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder.class);
+    private final AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec;
+    private final SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber;
+    // List of topics subscribed to by all members.
+    private final List<Uuid> subscriptionList;
+    private final RackInfo rackInfo;
+    // Count of members to receive an extra partition beyond the minimum quota,
+    // to account for the distribution of the remaining partitions.
+    private int remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition;
+    // Map of members to the remaining number of partitions needed to meet the 
minimum quota,
+    // including members eligible for an extra partition.
+    private final Map<String, Integer> potentiallyUnfilledMembers;
+    // Members mapped to the remaining number of partitions needed to meet the 
full quota.
+    // Full quota = minQuota + one extra partition (if applicable).
+    private Map<String, Integer> unfilledMembers;
+    private List<TopicIdPartition> unassignedPartitions;
+    private final Map<String, MemberAssignment> newAssignment;
+    // Tracks the current owner of each partition when using rack-aware 
strategy.
+    // Current refers to the existing assignment.
+    private final Map<TopicIdPartition, String> currentPartitionOwners;
+    // Indicates if a rack aware assignment can be done.
+    // True if racks are defined for both members and partitions.
+    boolean useRackAwareStrategy;
+
+    OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder(AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec, 
SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber) {
+        this.assignmentSpec = assignmentSpec;
+        this.subscribedTopicDescriber = subscribedTopicDescriber;
+        this.subscriptionList = new 
ArrayList<>(assignmentSpec.members().values().iterator().next().subscribedTopicIds());
+
+        this.rackInfo = new RackInfo(assignmentSpec, subscribedTopicDescriber, 
subscriptionList);
+        this.potentiallyUnfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+        this.unfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+        this.newAssignment = new HashMap<>();
+
+        // If consumer or member racks are unavailable, rack aware strategy is 
not used.
+        this.useRackAwareStrategy = !(rackInfo.memberRacks.isEmpty() || 
rackInfo.partitionRacks.isEmpty());
+        // Without rack-aware strategy, tracking current owners of unassigned 
partitions is unnecessary
+        // as all sticky partitions are retained until a member meets its 
quota.
+        this. currentPartitionOwners = useRackAwareStrategy ? new HashMap<>() 
: Collections.emptyMap();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected GroupAssignment buildAssignment() throws 
PartitionAssignorException{
+        int totalPartitionsCount = 0;
+        // Removes the current topic from subscriptionList if the topic 
doesn't exist in the topic metadata.
+        Iterator<Uuid> iterator = subscriptionList.iterator();
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            Uuid topicId = iterator.next();
+            int partitionCount = 
subscribedTopicDescriber.numPartitions(topicId);
+            if (partitionCount == -1) {
+                log.warn("Members are subscribed to topic " + topicId + " 
which doesn't exist in the topic metadata.");
+                iterator.remove();
+            } else {
+                totalPartitionsCount += partitionCount;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (subscriptionList.isEmpty()) {
+            log.info("The subscription list is empty, returning an empty 
assignment");
+            return new GroupAssignment(Collections.emptyMap());
+        }
+
+        // The minimum required quota that each member needs to meet for a 
balanced assignment.
+        // This is the same for all members.
+        int numberOfMembers = assignmentSpec.members().size();
+        final int minQuota = (int) Math.floor(((double) totalPartitionsCount) 
/ numberOfMembers);
+        remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition = totalPartitionsCount % 
numberOfMembers;
+
+        assignmentSpec.members().forEach((memberId, assignmentMemberSpec) ->
+            newAssignment.put(memberId, new MemberAssignment(new HashMap<>()))
+        );
+
+        Set<TopicIdPartition> allAssignedStickyPartitions = 
computeAssignedStickyPartitions(minQuota);
+        unassignedPartitions = 
computeUnassignedPartitions(allAssignedStickyPartitions);
+        unfilledMembers = computeUnfilledMembers();
+
+        if (!isTotalUnassignedPartitionsEqualsTotalRemainingAssignments()) {
+            throw new PartitionAssignorException("Number of available 
partitions is not equal to the total requirement");
+        }
+
+        if (useRackAwareStrategy) rackAwareRoundRobinAssignment();
+        unassignedPartitionsRoundRobinAssignment();
+
+        return new GroupAssignment(newAssignment);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves a set of partitions that were currently assigned to members 
and will be retained in the new assignment,
+     * by ensuring that the partitions are still relevant based on current 
topic metadata and subscriptions.
+     * If rack awareness is enabled, it ensures that a partition's rack 
matches the member's rack.
+     *
+     * <p> For each member, it:
+     * <ul>
+     *     <li> Finds the valid current assignment considering topic 
subscriptions and metadata.</li>
+     *     <li> If current assignments exist, retains up to the minimum quota 
of assignments.</li>
+     *     <li> If there are members that should get an extra partition,
+     *          assigns the next partition after the retained ones.</li>
+     *     <li> For members with assignments not exceeding the minimum quota,
+     *          it identifies them as potentially unfilled members and tracks 
the remaining quota.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @return A set containing all the sticky partitions that have been 
retained in the new assignment.
+     */
+    private Set<TopicIdPartition> computeAssignedStickyPartitions(Integer 
minQuota) {
+        Set<TopicIdPartition> allAssignedStickyPartitions = new HashSet<>();
+
+        assignmentSpec.members().forEach((memberId, assignmentMemberSpec) -> {
+            // Remove all the topics that aren't in the subscriptions or the 
topic metadata anymore.
+            // If rack awareness is enabled, only add partitions if the 
consumers rack matches the partitions rack.
+            List<TopicIdPartition> validCurrentAssignment = 
validCurrentAssignment(
+                memberId,
+                assignmentMemberSpec.assignedPartitions()
+            );
+
+            int currentAssignmentSize = validCurrentAssignment.size();
+            int remaining = minQuota - currentAssignmentSize;
+
+            if (currentAssignmentSize > 0) {

Review Comment:
   i meant if currentAssignmentSize is 0, then retainedPartitionsCount will be 
0 and hence we won't iterate anyways



##########
group-coordinator/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/coordinator/group/assignor/OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.assignor;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.Uuid;
+import org.apache.kafka.coordinator.group.common.TopicIdPartition;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.stream.IntStream;
+
+import static java.lang.Math.min;
+
+/**
+ * Assigns Kafka partitions to members of a consumer group ensuring a balanced 
distribution with
+ * considerations for sticky assignments and rack-awareness.
+ * The order of priority of properties during the assignment will be: balance 
> rack matching (when applicable) > stickiness.
+ *
+ * <p> Here's the step-by-step breakdown of the assignment process:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ *     <li> Compute the quotas of partitions for each member based on the 
total partitions and member count.</li>
+ *     <li> For existing assignments, retain partitions based on the 
determined quota and member's rack compatibility.
+ *     <li> If a partition's rack mismatches with its member, track it with 
its prior owner.</li>
+ *     <li> Identify members that haven't fulfilled their partition quota or 
are eligible to receive extra partitions.</li>
+ *     <li> Derive the unassigned partitions by taking the difference between 
total partitions and the sticky assignments.</li>
+ *     <li> Depending on members needing extra partitions, select members from 
the potentially unfilled list
+ *          and add them to the unfilled list.</li>
+ *     <li> Proceed with a round-robin assignment adhering to rack awareness.
+ *          For each unassigned partition, locate the first compatible member 
from the unfilled list.</li>
+ *     <li> If no rack-compatible member is found, revert to the tracked 
current owner.
+ *          If that member can't accommodate the partition due to quota 
limits, resort to a generic round-robin assignment.</li>
+ * </ul>
+ */
+public class OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder extends 
UniformAssignor.AbstractAssignmentBuilder {
+    private static final Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder.class);
+    private final AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec;
+    private final SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber;
+    // List of topics subscribed to by all members.
+    private final List<Uuid> subscriptionList;
+    private final RackInfo rackInfo;
+    // Count of members to receive an extra partition beyond the minimum quota,
+    // to account for the distribution of the remaining partitions.
+    private int remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition;
+    // Map of members to the remaining number of partitions needed to meet the 
minimum quota,
+    // including members eligible for an extra partition.
+    private final Map<String, Integer> potentiallyUnfilledMembers;
+    // Members mapped to the remaining number of partitions needed to meet the 
full quota.
+    // Full quota = minQuota + one extra partition (if applicable).
+    private Map<String, Integer> unfilledMembers;
+    private List<TopicIdPartition> unassignedPartitions;
+    private final Map<String, MemberAssignment> newAssignment;
+    // Tracks the current owner of each partition when using rack-aware 
strategy.
+    // Current refers to the existing assignment.
+    private final Map<TopicIdPartition, String> currentPartitionOwners;
+    // Indicates if a rack aware assignment can be done.
+    // True if racks are defined for both members and partitions.
+    boolean useRackAwareStrategy;
+
+    OptimizedUniformAssignmentBuilder(AssignmentSpec assignmentSpec, 
SubscribedTopicDescriber subscribedTopicDescriber) {
+        this.assignmentSpec = assignmentSpec;
+        this.subscribedTopicDescriber = subscribedTopicDescriber;
+        this.subscriptionList = new 
ArrayList<>(assignmentSpec.members().values().iterator().next().subscribedTopicIds());
+
+        this.rackInfo = new RackInfo(assignmentSpec, subscribedTopicDescriber, 
subscriptionList);
+        this.potentiallyUnfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+        this.unfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+        this.newAssignment = new HashMap<>();
+
+        // If consumer or member racks are unavailable, rack aware strategy is 
not used.
+        this.useRackAwareStrategy = !(rackInfo.memberRacks.isEmpty() || 
rackInfo.partitionRacks.isEmpty());
+        // Without rack-aware strategy, tracking current owners of unassigned 
partitions is unnecessary
+        // as all sticky partitions are retained until a member meets its 
quota.
+        this. currentPartitionOwners = useRackAwareStrategy ? new HashMap<>() 
: Collections.emptyMap();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected GroupAssignment buildAssignment() throws 
PartitionAssignorException{
+        int totalPartitionsCount = 0;
+        // Removes the current topic from subscriptionList if the topic 
doesn't exist in the topic metadata.
+        Iterator<Uuid> iterator = subscriptionList.iterator();
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            Uuid topicId = iterator.next();
+            int partitionCount = 
subscribedTopicDescriber.numPartitions(topicId);
+            if (partitionCount == -1) {
+                log.warn("Members are subscribed to topic " + topicId + " 
which doesn't exist in the topic metadata.");
+                iterator.remove();
+            } else {
+                totalPartitionsCount += partitionCount;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (subscriptionList.isEmpty()) {
+            log.info("The subscription list is empty, returning an empty 
assignment");
+            return new GroupAssignment(Collections.emptyMap());
+        }
+
+        // The minimum required quota that each member needs to meet for a 
balanced assignment.
+        // This is the same for all members.
+        int numberOfMembers = assignmentSpec.members().size();
+        final int minQuota = (int) Math.floor(((double) totalPartitionsCount) 
/ numberOfMembers);
+        remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition = totalPartitionsCount % 
numberOfMembers;
+
+        assignmentSpec.members().forEach((memberId, assignmentMemberSpec) ->
+            newAssignment.put(memberId, new MemberAssignment(new HashMap<>()))
+        );
+
+        Set<TopicIdPartition> allAssignedStickyPartitions = 
computeAssignedStickyPartitions(minQuota);
+        unassignedPartitions = 
computeUnassignedPartitions(allAssignedStickyPartitions);
+        unfilledMembers = computeUnfilledMembers();
+
+        if (!isTotalUnassignedPartitionsEqualsTotalRemainingAssignments()) {
+            throw new PartitionAssignorException("Number of available 
partitions is not equal to the total requirement");
+        }
+
+        if (useRackAwareStrategy) rackAwareRoundRobinAssignment();
+        unassignedPartitionsRoundRobinAssignment();
+
+        return new GroupAssignment(newAssignment);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves a set of partitions that were currently assigned to members 
and will be retained in the new assignment,
+     * by ensuring that the partitions are still relevant based on current 
topic metadata and subscriptions.
+     * If rack awareness is enabled, it ensures that a partition's rack 
matches the member's rack.
+     *
+     * <p> For each member, it:
+     * <ul>
+     *     <li> Finds the valid current assignment considering topic 
subscriptions and metadata.</li>
+     *     <li> If current assignments exist, retains up to the minimum quota 
of assignments.</li>
+     *     <li> If there are members that should get an extra partition,
+     *          assigns the next partition after the retained ones.</li>
+     *     <li> For members with assignments not exceeding the minimum quota,
+     *          it identifies them as potentially unfilled members and tracks 
the remaining quota.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @return A set containing all the sticky partitions that have been 
retained in the new assignment.
+     */
+    private Set<TopicIdPartition> computeAssignedStickyPartitions(Integer 
minQuota) {
+        Set<TopicIdPartition> allAssignedStickyPartitions = new HashSet<>();
+
+        assignmentSpec.members().forEach((memberId, assignmentMemberSpec) -> {
+            // Remove all the topics that aren't in the subscriptions or the 
topic metadata anymore.
+            // If rack awareness is enabled, only add partitions if the 
consumers rack matches the partitions rack.
+            List<TopicIdPartition> validCurrentAssignment = 
validCurrentAssignment(
+                memberId,
+                assignmentMemberSpec.assignedPartitions()
+            );
+
+            int currentAssignmentSize = validCurrentAssignment.size();
+            int remaining = minQuota - currentAssignmentSize;
+
+            if (currentAssignmentSize > 0) {
+                int retainedPartitionsCount = min(currentAssignmentSize, 
minQuota);
+                IntStream.range(0, retainedPartitionsCount).forEach(i -> {
+                    newAssignment.get(memberId)
+                        .targetPartitions()
+                        
.computeIfAbsent(validCurrentAssignment.get(i).topicId(), __ -> new HashSet<>())
+                        .add(validCurrentAssignment.get(i).partition());
+                    
allAssignedStickyPartitions.add(validCurrentAssignment.get(i));
+                });
+
+                // The extra partition is located at the index 
"retainedPartitionsCount" from the current step.
+                if (remaining < 0 && remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition > 
0) {
+                    newAssignment.get(memberId)
+                        .targetPartitions()
+                        
.computeIfAbsent(validCurrentAssignment.get(retainedPartitionsCount).topicId(), 
__ -> new HashSet<>())
+                        
.add(validCurrentAssignment.get(retainedPartitionsCount).partition());
+                    
allAssignedStickyPartitions.add(validCurrentAssignment.get(retainedPartitionsCount));
+                    remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition--;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (remaining >= 0) {
+                potentiallyUnfilledMembers.put(memberId, remaining);
+            }
+
+        });
+
+        return allAssignedStickyPartitions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Filters the current assignment of partitions for a given member.
+     *
+     * If a partition is assigned to a member not subscribed to its topic or
+     * if the rack-aware strategy is to be used but there is a mismatch,
+     * the partition is excluded from the valid assignment and stored for 
future consideration.
+     *
+     * @param memberId              The Id of the member whose assignment is 
being validated.
+     * @param assignedPartitions    The partitions currently assigned to the 
member.
+     *
+     * @return List of valid partitions after applying the filters.
+     */
+    private List<TopicIdPartition> validCurrentAssignment(
+        String memberId,
+        Map<Uuid, Set<Integer>> assignedPartitions
+    ) {
+        List<TopicIdPartition> validCurrentAssignmentList = new ArrayList<>();
+        Set<Uuid> subscriptionSet = new HashSet<>(subscriptionList);
+
+        assignedPartitions.forEach((topicId, currentAssignment) -> {
+            if (subscriptionSet.contains(topicId)) {
+                currentAssignment.forEach((partition) -> {
+                    TopicIdPartition topicIdPartition = new 
TopicIdPartition(topicId, partition);
+                    if (useRackAwareStrategy && 
rackInfo.racksMismatch(memberId, topicIdPartition)) {
+                        currentPartitionOwners.put(topicIdPartition, memberId);
+                    } else {
+                        validCurrentAssignmentList.add(topicIdPartition);
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        });
+
+        return validCurrentAssignmentList;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method iterates over the unassigned partitions and attempts to 
allocate them
+     * to members while considering their rack affiliations.
+     */
+    private void rackAwareRoundRobinAssignment() {
+        Queue<String> roundRobinMembers = new 
LinkedList<>(unfilledMembers.keySet());
+
+        // Sorts partitions in ascending order by number of potential 
consumers with matching racks.
+        // Partitions with no potential members aren't included in this list.
+        List<TopicIdPartition> sortedPartitions = 
rackInfo.sortPartitionsByRackConsumers(unassignedPartitions);
+
+        sortedPartitions.forEach((partition) -> {
+            boolean assigned = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < roundRobinMembers.size() && !assigned; i++) {
+                String memberId = roundRobinMembers.poll();
+                Integer remainingPartitionCount = 
unfilledMembers.getOrDefault(memberId, 0);
+
+                if (remainingPartitionCount > 0 && 
!rackInfo.racksMismatch(memberId, partition)) {
+                    assignPartitionToMember(memberId, partition);
+                    assigned = true;
+                    unassignedPartitions.remove(partition);
+                }
+
+                // Only re-add to the end of the queue if it's still in the 
unfilledMembers map
+                if (unfilledMembers.containsKey(memberId)) {
+                    roundRobinMembers.add(memberId);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates the unassigned partitions to available members.
+     *
+     * If the rack-aware strategy is enabled, partitions are attempted to be 
assigned back to their current owners first.
+     *
+     * If a partition couldn't be assigned to its current owner due to quotas 
or
+     * if the rack-aware strategy is not enabled, the partitions are allocated 
to members in a round-robin fashion.</p>
+     */
+    private void unassignedPartitionsRoundRobinAssignment() {
+        Queue<String> roundRobinMembers = new 
LinkedList<>(unfilledMembers.keySet());
+
+        unassignedPartitions.forEach((partition) -> {
+            boolean assigned = false;
+
+            if (useRackAwareStrategy && 
currentPartitionOwners.containsKey(partition)) {
+                String prevOwner = currentPartitionOwners.get(partition);
+                if (unfilledMembers.containsKey(prevOwner)) {
+                    assignPartitionToMember(prevOwner, partition);
+                    assigned = true;
+                    if (!unfilledMembers.containsKey(prevOwner)) {
+                        roundRobinMembers.remove(prevOwner);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Only re-add the member to the end of the queue if it's still 
available for assignment.
+            for (int i = 0; i < unfilledMembers.size() && !assigned; i++) {
+                String memberId = roundRobinMembers.poll();
+                if (unfilledMembers.get(memberId) > 0) {
+                    assignPartitionToMember(memberId, partition);
+                    assigned = true;
+                }
+                if (unfilledMembers.containsKey(memberId)) {
+                    roundRobinMembers.add(memberId);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns the specified partition to the given member.
+     *
+     * <p>
+     * If the member has met their allocation quota, the member is removed 
from the
+     * tracking map of members with their remaining allocations.
+     * Otherwise, the count of remaining partitions that can be assigned to 
the member is updated.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param memberId      The Id of the member to which the partition will 
be assigned.
+     * @param partition     The partition to be assigned.
+     */
+    private void assignPartitionToMember(String memberId, TopicIdPartition 
partition) {
+        newAssignment.get(memberId)
+            .targetPartitions()
+            .computeIfAbsent(partition.topicId(), __ -> new HashSet<>())
+            .add(partition.partition());
+
+        int remainingPartitionCount = unfilledMembers.get(memberId) - 1;
+        if (remainingPartitionCount == 0) {
+            unfilledMembers.remove(memberId);
+        } else {
+            unfilledMembers.put(memberId, remainingPartitionCount);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines which members can still be assigned partitions to meet the 
full quota.
+     *
+     * @return A map of member IDs and their capacity for additional 
partitions.
+     */
+    private Map<String, Integer> computeUnfilledMembers() {
+        Map<String, Integer> unfilledMembers = new HashMap<>();
+
+        potentiallyUnfilledMembers.forEach((memberId, remaining) -> {
+            if (remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition > 0) {
+                remaining++;
+                remainingMembersToGetAnExtraPartition--;
+            }
+            if (remaining > 0) {
+                unfilledMembers.put(memberId, remaining);
+            }
+        });
+
+        return unfilledMembers;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method compares the full list of partitions against the set of 
already
+     * assigned sticky partitions to identify those that still need to be 
allocated.
+     *
+     * @param allAssignedStickyPartitions   Set of partitions that have 
already been assigned.
+     * @return List of unassigned partitions.
+     */
+    private List<TopicIdPartition> 
computeUnassignedPartitions(Set<TopicIdPartition> allAssignedStickyPartitions) {

Review Comment:
   not sure why i left this comment, can disregard



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