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Sent: Saturday, February 10, 2001 7:19 PM
Subject: [mobilize-globally] CIA manual on assassination
Subject:
[MLNews!*] cia manual on assassination
Date:
Sat, 10 Feb 2001 10:52:43 EST
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Subj: cia manual on assassination
Date: 2/10/01 1:54:03 AM Mountain Standard Time
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (mihra)
To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
THIS is hr abuse USA..
Subject: CIA MANUAL -- A STUDY OF ASSASSINATION
For those of you who haven't seen this yet, and in light of the recent
news
on "making assassinations legal" again, I thought this would be
'appropriate'
to pass on to you guys... : )
Enjoy,
- T
A STUDY OF ASSASSINATION
DEFINITION
Assassination is a term thought to be derived from "Hashish", a drug
similar
to marijuana, said to have been used by Hasan-Dan-Sabah to induce
motivation
in his followers, who were assigned to carry out political and other
murders,
usually at the cost of their lives.
It is here used to describe the planned killing of a person who is not
under
the legal jurisdiction of the killer, who is not physically in the
hands of
the killer, who has been selected by a resistance organization for
death, and
who has been sele cted by a resistance organization for death, and
whose
death provides positive advantages to that organization.
EMPLOYMENT
Assassination is an extreme measure not normally used in clandestine
operations. It should be assumed that it will never be ordered or
authorized
by any U.S. Headquarters, though the latter may in rare instances
agree to
its execution by membe rs of an associated foreign service. This
reticence is
partly due to the necessity for committing communications to paper. No
assassination instructions should ever be written or recorded.
Consequently,
the decision to employ this technique must nearly always be reached in
the
field, at the area where the act will take place. Decision and
instructions
should be confined to an absolute minimum of persons. Ideally, only
one
person will be involved. No report may be made, but usually the act
will be
pr operly covered by normal news services, whose output is available
to all
concerned.
JUSTIFICATION
Murder is not morally justifiable. Self-defense may be argued if the
victim
has knowledge which may destroy the resistance organization if
divulged.
Assassination of persons responsible for atrocities or reprisals may
be
regarded as just puni shment. Killing a political leader whose
burgeoning
career is a clear and present danger to the cause of freedom may be
held
necessary.
But assassination can seldom be employed with a clear conscience.
Persons who
are morally squeamish should not attempt it.
CLASSIFICATIONS
The techniques employed will vary according to whether the subject is
unaware
of his danger, aware but unguarded, or guarded. They will also be
affected by
whether or not the assassin is to be killed with the subject
hereafter,
assassinations in which the subject is unaware will be termed
"simple"; those
where the subject is aware but unguarded will be termed "chase"; those
where
the victim is guarded will be termed "guarded."
If the assassin is to die with the subject, the act will be called
"lost." If
the assassin is to escape, the adjective will be "safe." It should be
noted
that no compromises should exist here. The assassin must not fall
alive into
enemy hands.
A further type division is caused by the need to conceal the fact that
the
subject was actually the victim of assassination, rather than an
accident or
natural causes. If such concealment is desirable the operation will be
called
"secret" ;; if concealment is immaterial, the act will be called
"open";
while if the assassination requires publicity to be effective it will
be
termed "terroristic." Following these definitions, the assassination
of
Julius Caesar was safe, simple, and terroristic, while that of Huey
Long was
lost, guarded and open. Obviously, successful secret assassinations
are not
recorded as assassination at all. [Illegible] o f Thailand and
Augustus
Caesar may have been the victims of safe, guarded and secret
assassination.
Chase assassinations usually involve clandestine agents or members of
criminal organizations.
THE ASSASSIN
In safe assassinations, the assassin needs the usual qualities of a
clandestine agent. He should be determined, courageous, intelligent,
resourceful, and physically active. If special equipment is to be
used, such
as firearms or drugs, it is clear that he must have outstanding skill
with
such equipment.
Except in terroristic assassinations, it is desirable that the
assassin be
transient in the area. He should have an absolute minimum of contact
with the
rest of the organization and his instructions should be given orally
by one
person only. His safe evacuation after the act is absolutely
essential, but
here again contact should be as limited as possible. It is preferable
that
the person issuing instructions also conduct any withdrawal or
covering
action which may be necessary.
In lost assassination, the assassin must be a fanatic of some sort.
Politics,
religion, and revenge are about the only feasible motives. Since a
fanatic is
unstable psychologically, he must be handled with extreme care. He
must not
know the iden tities of the other members of the organization, for
although
it is intended that he die in the act, something may go wrong. While
the
Assassin of Trotsky has never revealed any significant information, it
was
unsound to depend on this when the act was p lanned.
PLANNING
When the decision to assassinate has been reached, the tactics of the
operation must be planned, based upon an estimate of the situation
similar to
that used in military operations. The preliminary estimate will reveal
gaps
in information and possibly indicate a need for special equipment
which must
be procured or constructed. When all necessary data has been
collected, an
effective tactical plan can be prepared. All planning must be mental;
no
papers should ever contain evidence of the oper ation.
In resistance situations, assassination may be used as a
counter-reprisal.
Since this requires advertising to be effective, the resistance
organization
must be in a position to warn high officials publicly that their lives
will
be the price of rep risal action against innocent people. Such a
threat is of
no value unless it can be carried out, so it may be necessary to plan
the
assassination of various responsible officers of the oppressive regime
and
hold such plans in readiness to be used only i f provoked by excessive
brutality. Such plans must be modified frequently to meet changes in
the
tactical situation.
TECHNIQUES
The essential point of assassination is the death of the subject. A
human
being may be killed in many ways but sureness is often overlooked by
those
who may be emotionally unstrung by the seriousness of this act they
intend to
commit. The spe cific technique employed will depend upon a large
number of
variables, but should be constant in one point: Death must be
absolutely
certain. The attempt on Hitler's life failed because the conspiracy
did not
give this matter proper attention.
Techniques may be considered as follows:
1. Manual.
It is possible to kill a man with the bare hands, but very few are
skillful
enough to do it well. Even a highly trained Judo expert will hesitate
to risk
killing by hand unless he has absolutely no alternative. However, the
simplest local tools a re often much the most efficient means of
assassination. A hammer, axe, wrench, screw driver, fire poker,
kitchen
knife, lamp stand, or anything hard, heavy and handy will suffice. A
length
of rope or wire or a belt will do if the assassin is strong and agile.
All
such improvised weapons have the important advantage of availability
and
apparent innocence. The obviously lethal machine gun failed to kill
Trotsky
where an item of sporting goods succeeded.
In all safe cases where the assassin may be subject to search, either
before
or after the act, specialized weapons should not be used. Even in the
lost
case, the assassin may accidentally be searched before the act and
should not
carry an incrimin ating device if any sort of lethal weapon can be
improvised
at or near the site. If the assassin normally carries weapons because
of the
nature of his job, it may still be desirable to improvise and
implement at
the scene to avoid disclosure of his identity.
2. Accidents.
For secret assassination, either simple or chase, the contrived
accident is
the most effective technique. When successfully executed, it causes
little
excitement and is only casually investigated.
The most efficient accident, in simple assassination, is a fall of 75
feet or
more onto a hard surface. Elevator shafts, stair wells, unscreened
windows
and bridges will serve. Bridge falls into water are not reliable. In
simple
cases a private meeting with the subject may be arranged at a
properly-cased
location. The act may be executed by sudden, vigorous [excised] of the
ankles, tipping the subject over the edge. If the assassin immediately
sets
up an outcry, playing the "horrified wit ness", no alibi or
surreptitious
withdrawal is necessary. In chase cases it will usually be necessary
to stun
or drug the subject before dropping him. Care is required to insure
that no
wound or condition not attributable to the fall is discernible after
death.
Falls into the sea or swiftly flowing rivers may suffice if the
subject
cannot swim. It will be more reliable if the assassin can arrange to
attempt
rescue, as he can thus be sure of the subject's death and at the same
time
establish a workable al ibi. If the subject's personal habits make it
feasible, alcohol may be used [2 words excised] to prepare him for a
contrived accident of any kind.
Falls before trains or subway cars are usually effective, but require
exact
timing and can seldom be free from unexpected observation.
Automobile accidents are a less satisfactory means of assassination.
If the
subject is deliberately run down, very exact timing is necessary and
investigation is likely to be thorough. If the subject's car is
tampered
with, reliability is very lo w. The subject may be stunned or drugged
and
then placed in the car, but this is only reliable when the car can be
run off
a high cliff or into deep water without observation.
Arson can cause accidental death if the subject is drugged and left in
a
burning building. Reliability is not satisfactory unless the building
is
isolated and highly combustible.
3. Drugs.
In all types of assassination except terroristic, drugs can be very
effective. If the assassin is trained as a doctor or nurse and the
subject is
under medical care, this is an easy and rare method. An overdose of
morphine
administered as a sedat ive will cause death without disturbance and
is
difficult to detect. The size of the dose will depend upon whether the
subject has been using narcotics regularly. If not, two grains will
suffice.
If the subject drinks heavily, morphine or a similar narcotic can be
injected
at the passing out stage, and the cause of death will often be held to
be
acute alcoholism.
Specific poisons, such as arsenic or strychine, are effective but
their
possession or procurement is incriminating, and accurate dosage is
problematical. Poison was used unsuccessfully in the assassination of
Rasputin and Kolohan, though the latte r case is more accurately
described as
a murder.
4. Edge Weapons
Any locally obtained edge device may be successfully employed. A
certain
minimum of anatomical knowledge is needed for reliability.
Puncture wounds of the body cavity may not be reliable unless the
heart is
reached. The heart is protected by the rib cage and is not always easy
to
locate.
Abdominal wounds were once nearly always mortal, but modern medical
treatment
has made this no longer true.
Absolute reliability is obtained by severing the spinal cord in the
cervical
region. This can be done with the point of a knife or a light blow of
an axe
or hatchet.
Another reliable method is the severing of both jugular and carotid
blood
vessels on both sides of the windpipe.
If the subject has been rendered unconscious by other wounds or drugs,
either
of the above methods can be used to insure death.
5. Blunt Weapons
As with edge weapons, blunt weapons require some anatomical knowledge
for
effective use. Their main advantage is their universal availability. A
hammer
may be picked up almost anywhere in the world. Baseball and
[illegible] bats
are very widely dist ributed. Even a rock or a heavy stick will do,
and
nothing resembling a weapon need be procured, carried or subsequently
disposed of.
Blows should be directed to the temple, the area just below and behind
the
ear, and the lower, rear portion of the skull. Of course, if the blow
is very
heavy, any portion of the upper skull will do. The lower frontal
portion of
the head, from th e eyes to the throat, can withstand enormous blows
without
fatal consequences. 6. Firearms
Firearms are often used in assassination, often very ineffectively.
The
assassin usually has insufficient technical knowledge of the
limitations of
weapons, and expects more range, accuracy and killing power than can
be
provided with reliability. Since certainty of death is the major
requirement,
firearms should be used which can provide destructive power at least
100% in
excess of that thought to be necessary, and ranges should be half that
considered practical for the weapon.
Firearms have other drawbacks. Their possession is often
incriminating. They
may be difficult to obtain. They require a degree of experience from
the
user. They are [illegible]. Their [illegible] is consistently
over-rated.
However, there are many cases in which firearms are probably more
efficient
than any other means. These cases usually involve distance between the
assassin and the subject, or comparative physical weakness of the
assassin,
as with a woman.
(a) The precision rifle.
In guarded assassination, a good hunting or target rifle should always
be
considered as a possibility. Absolute reliability can nearly always be
achieved at a distance of one hundred yards. In ideal circumstances, t
he
range may be extended to 250 yards. The rifle should be a well made
bolt or
falling block action type, handling a powerful long-range cartridge.
The .300
F.A.B. Magnum is probably the best cartridge readily available. Other
excellent calibers are . 375 M.[illegible]. Magnum, .270 Winchester,
.30 -
106 p.s., 8 x 60 MM Magnum, 9.3 x 62 kk and others of this type. These
are
preferable to ordinary military calibers, since ammunition available
for them
is usually of the expanding bullet type, whereas most ammunition for
military
rifles is full jacketed and hence not sufficiently let hal. Military
ammunition should not be altered by filing or drilling bullets, as
this will
adversely affect accuracy.
The rifle may be of the "bull gun" variety, with extra heavy barrel
and set
triggers, but in any case should be capable of maximum precision.
Ideally,
the weapon should be able to group in one inch at one hundred yards,
but
21/2" groups are adequa te. The sight should be telescopic, not only
for
accuracy, but because such a sight is much better in dim light or near
darkness. As long as the bare outline of the target is discernable, a
telescope sight will work, even if the rifle and shooter are in total
darkness.
An expanding, hunting bullet of such calibers as described above will
produce
extravagant laceration and shock at short or mid-range. If a man is
struck
just once in the body cavity, his death is almost entirely certain.
Public figures or guarded officials may be killed with great
reliability and
some safety if a firing point can be established prior to an official
occasion. The propaganda value of this system may be very high.
(b) The machine gun.
Machine guns may be used in most cases where the precision rifle is
applicable. Usually, this will require the subversion of a unit of an
official guard at a ceremony, though a skillful and determined team
might
conceivably dispose of a loyal gun crow without commotion and take
over the
gun at the critical time.
The area fire capacity of the machine gun should not be used to search
out a
concealed subject. This was tried with predictable lack of success on
Trotsky. The automatic feature of the machine gun should rather be
used to
increase reliability by placing a 5 second burst on the subject. Even
with
full jacket ammunition, this will be absolute lethal is the burst
pattern is
no larger than a man. This can be accomplished at about 150 yards. In
ideal
circumstances, a properly padded and targeted ma chine gun can do it
at 850
yards. The major difficulty is placing the first burst exactly on the
target,
as most machine gunners are trained to spot their fire on target by
observation of strike. This will not do in assassination as the
subject will
not wait.
(c) The Submachine Gun.
This weapon, known as the "machine-pistol" by the Russians and Germans
and
"machine-carbine" by the British, is occasionally useful in
assassination.
Unlike the rifle and machine gun, this is a short range weapon and
since it
fires pistol ammu nition, much less powerful. To be reliable, it
should
deliver at least 5 rounds into the subject's chest, though the .45
caliber
U.S. weapons have a much larger margin of killing efficiency than the
9 mm
European arms.
The assassination range of the sub-machine gun is point blank. While
accurate
single rounds can be delivered by sub-machine gunners at 50 yards or
more,
this is not certain enough for assassination. Under ordinary
circumstances,
the 5MG should be used as a fully automatic weapon. In the hands of a
capabl
e gunner, a high cyclic rate is a distinct advantage, as speed of
execution
is most desirable, particularly in the case of multiple subjects.
The sub-machine gun is especially adapted to indoor work when more
than one
subject is to be assassinated. An effective technique has been devised
for
the use of a pair of sub-machine gunners, by which a room containing
as many
as a dozen subjects can be "purifico" in about twenty seconds with
little or
no risk to the gunners. It is illustrated below. While the U.S.
sub-machine
guns fire the most lethal cartridges, the higher cyclic rate of some
foreign
weapons enable the gunner to cover a target quicker with acceptable
pattern
density. The Bergmann Model 1934 is particularly good in this way. The
Danish
Madman? SMG has a moderately good cyclic rate and is admirably compact
and
concealable. The Russian SHG's have a good cyclic rate, but are
handicapped
by a small, light protective which requires more kits for equivalent
killing
effect.
(d) The Shotgun.
A large bore shotgun is a most effective killing instrument as long as
the
range is kept under ten yards. It should normally be used only on
single
targets as it cannot sustain fire successfully. The barrel may be
"sawed" off
for convenience, but this is not a significant factor in its killi ng
performance. Its optimum range is just out of reach of the subject. 00
buckshot is considered the best shot size for a twelve gage gun, but
anything
from single balls to bird shot will do if the range is right. The
assassin
should aim for the solar plexus as the shot pattern is small at close
range
and can easily [illegible] the head.
(e) The Pistol.
While the handgun is quite inefficient as a weapon of assassination,
it is
often used, partly because it is readily available and can be
concealed on
the person, and partly because its limitations are not widely
appreciated.
While many well kn own assassinations have been carried out with
pistols
(Lincoln, Harding, Ghandi), such attempts fail as often as they
succeed,
(Truman, Roosevelt, Churchill).
If a pistol is used, it should be as powerful as possible and fired
from just
beyond reach. The pistol and the shotgun are used in similar tactical
situations, except that the shotgun is much more lethal and the pistol
is
much more easily conceale d.
In the hands of an expert, a powerful pistol is quite deadly, but such
experts are rare and not usually available for assassination missions.
.45 Colt, .44 Special, .455 Kly, .45 A.S.[illegible] (U.S. Service)
and .357
Magnum are all efficient calibers. Less powerful rounds can suffice
but are
less reliable. Sub-power cartridges such as the .32s and .25s should
be
avoided.
In all cases, the subject should be hit solidly at least three times
for
complete reliability.
(f) Silent Firearms
The sound of the explosion of the proponent in a firearm can be
effectively
silenced by appropriate attachments. However, the sound of the
projective
passing through the air cannot, since this sound is generated outside
the
weapon. In cases w here the velocity of the bullet greatly exceeds
that of
sound, the noise so generated is much louder than that of the
explosion.
Since all powerful rifles have muzzle velocities of over 2000 feet per
second, they cannot be silenced.
Pistol bullets, on the other hand, usually travel slower than sound
and the
sound of their flight is negligible. Therefore, pistols, submachine
guns and
any sort of improvised carbine or rifle which will take a low velocity
cartridge can be silenc ed. The user should not forget that the sound
of the
operation of a repeating action is considerable, and that the sound of
bullet
strike, particularly in bone is quite loud.
Silent firearms are only occasionally useful to the assassin, though
they
have been widely publicized in this connection. Because permissible
velocity
is low, effective precision range is held to about 100 yards with
rifle or
carbine type weapons, while with pistols, silent or otherwise, are
most
efficient just beyond arms length. The silent feature attempts to
provide a
degree of safety to the assassin, but mere possession of a silent
firearm is
likely to create enough hazard to counter the advantage of its
silence. The
silent pisto l combines the disadvantages of any pistol with the added
one of
its obviously clandestine purpose.
A telescopically sighted, closed-action carbine shooting a low
velocity
bullet of great weight, and built for accuracy, could be very useful
to an
assassin in certain situations. At the time of writing, no such weapon
is
known to exist.
7. Explosives.
Bombs and demolition charges of various sorts have been used
frequently in
assassination. Such devices, in terroristic and open assassination,
can
provide safety and overcome guard barriers, but it is curious that
bombs have
often been the imp lement of lost assassinations.
The major factor which affects reliability is the use of explosives
for
assassination. the charge must be very large and the detonation must
be
controlled exactly as to time by the assassin who can observe the
subject. A
small or moderate explosi ve charge is highly unreliable as a cause of
death,
and time delay or booby-trap devices are extremely prone to kill the
wrong
man. In addition to the moral aspects of indiscriminate killing, the
death of
casual bystanders can often produce public reacti ons unfavorable to
the
cause for which the assassination is carried out.
Bombs or grenades should never be thrown at a subject. While this will
always
cause a commotion and may even result in the subject's death, it is
sloppy,
unreliable, and bad propaganda. The charge must be too small and the
assassin
is never sure of: (1) reaching his attack position, (2) placing the
charge
close en ough to the target and (3) firing the charge at the right
time.
Placing the charge surreptitiously in advance permits a charge of
proper size
to be employed, but requires accurate prediction of the subject's
movements.
Ten pounds of high explosive should normally be regarded as a minimum,
and
this is explosive of fragmentation material. The latter can consist of
any
hard, [illegible] material as long as the fragments are large enough.
Metal
or rock fragments should be walnut-size rather than pen-size. If solid
plates
are used, to be ruptured by the explosion, cast iron, 1" thick, gives
excellent fragmentation. Military or commercial high explosives are
practical
for use in assassination. Homemade or improvised e xplosives should be
avoided. While possibly powerful, they tend to be dangerous and
unreliable.
Anti-personnel explosive missiles are excellent, provided the assassin
has
sufficient technical knowledge to fuse them properly. 81 or 82 mm
mortar
shells, or the 120 mm mortar shell, are particularly good.
Anti-personnel
shells for 85, 88, 90, 100 and 105 mm guns and howitzers are both
large
enough to be completely reliable and small enough to be carried by one
man.
The charge should be so placed that the subject is not ever six feet
from it
at the moment of detonation.
A large, shaped charge with the [illegible] filled with iron fragments
(such
as 1" nuts and bolts) will fire a highly lethal shotgun-type
[illegible] to
50 yards. This reaction has not been thoroughly tested, however, and
an exact
replica of the proposed device should be fired in advance to determine
exact
range, pattern-size, and penetration of fragments. Fragments should
penetrate
at lea st 1" of seasoned pine or equivalent for minimum reliability.
Any
firing device may be used which permits exact control by the assassin.
An
ordinary commercial or military explorer is efficient, as long as it
is
rigged for instantaneous action with no time fuse in the system. The
wise
[illegible] electric target can serve as the triggering device and
provide
exact timing from as far away as the assassin can reliably hit the
target.
This will avid the disadvantages olitary or commercial high explosives
are
practical for use in assassination. Homemade or improvised explosives
should
be avoided. While possibly powerful, they tend to be dangerous and
unreliable. Anti-personnel explosive missiles are excellent, provided
the
assassin has sufficient technical knowledge to fuse them properly. 81
or 82
mm mortar shells, or the 120 mm mortar shell, are particularly good.
Anti-personnel shells for 85, 88, 90, 100 and 105 mm guns and
howitzers are
both large enough to be completely reliable and small enough to be
carried by
one man.
The charge should be so placed that the subject is not ever six feet
from it
at the moment of detonation.
A large, shaped charge with the [illegible] filled with iron fragments
(such
as 1" nuts and bolts) will fire a highly lethal shotgun-type
[illegible] to
50 yards. This reaction has not been thoroughly tested, however, and
an exact
replica of the proposed device should be fired in advance to determine
exact
range, pattern-size, and penetration of fragments. Fragments should
penetrate
at least 1" of seasoned pine or equivalent for minimum reliability.
Any firing device may be used which permits exact control by the
assassin. An
ordinary commercial or military explorer is efficient, as long as it
is
rigged for instantaneous action with no time fuse in the system.
The wise [illegible] electric target can serve as the triggering
device and
provide exact timing from as far away as the assassin can reliably hit
the
target. This will avid the disadvantages of stringing wire between the
proposed positions of the ass assin and the subject, and also permit
the
assassin to fire the charge from a variety of possible positions.
The radio switch can be [illegible] to fire [illegible], though its
reliability is somewhat lower and its procurement may not be easy.
EXAMPLES
([illegible] may be presented brief outlines, with critical
evaluations of
the following assassinations and attempts:
Marat Hedrich Lincoln Hitler Harding Roosevelt Grand Duke Sergei
Truman
Pirhivie Mussolini Archduke Francis Ferdinand Benes Rasputin Aung Sang
Madero
[illegible] Kirov Abdullah Huey Long Ghandi Alexander of Yugoslvia
Trotsky
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