Re: Precise time over time

[Rob Seaman]

On Aug 10, 2005, at 9:14 PM, John.Cowan wrote: Where on earth do these systems get mean solar time?  That requires solar observations plus the current equation of time. An interesting question - that I'm sure one of the time lords could answer in great detail if at any time over the past five years they had deigned to participate in this discussion. The method you suggest would work, but I believe mean and apparent solar time historically were derived from nighttime sidereal observations.  For one thing it is much easier to determine the time of transit of a point-like star against a black sky rather than peering at the half degree wide disk of the Sun through the daytime glare.  The fundamental reference these days is a grid of extragalactic sources quite thoroughly fixed to the celestial sphere. However, the question is irrelevant.  One is willing to entertain the notion of many different choices for a civil time scale.  The first question is:  one standard or several or many?  I suspect even folks on the extreme opposite sides of the leap second question would today prefer a single world wide civil time standard.  Originally, of course, there were as many civil time standards as train stations, etc. So, imagine any single choice for international civil time.  Let's pick some option that nobody has yet championed.  Some timekeeper exhibiting periodic regularity that will be divided into 24 big hours of 60 big minutes of 60 seconds too big to be confused with SI seconds.  How about the Lunar month?  Forget about the day entirely - just like the ITU proposal suggests.  On the other hand, there is a direct (well, rather indirect really) connection between the month and the solar day, so the astronomers will be happy - right?  So - what? So, we've invested good solid effort in reaching a consensus before implementing a new civil time standard, and the new standard has some connection to some observable natural phenomenon - and that is really all we need to know external to the civil time interface.  The details of how the standard is implemented and promulgated are opaque outside the interface.  In fact, part of the friction in all of our discussions has been precisely that we are too willing to violate both the TAI and UTC interfaces.  One crowd knows too much about the internals of the astronomically derived interface - and the other crowd knows way too much about the internals of the atomic time interface.   This special knowledge isn't necessarily helpful in deciding the fundamental question:   What international civil time scale is most appropriate for the wide range of human activities and communities?  This is a question for use cases and requirements and risk analyses and economic impact statements and international conferences and... Personally, I am indeed willing to entertain all sorts of notions about what makes an appropriate civil time scale.  I suspect most of my buddies from the astronomical software community are similarly open minded.  It has appeared since day one of this debate, however, that exactly one option has ever been entertained by the ITU.  And whatever options ever do reach the table for discussion, it matters greatly what process is followed to choose between those options. Rob Seaman National Optical Astronomy Observatory