http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0409a.asp
The Bill of Rights - Antipathy to Militarism
by Jacob G. Hornberger, Posted December 3, 2004
The Third Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides that "no Soldier
shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of
the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law."
Obviously, the Third Amendment has little relevance today. But what is
relevant for us today is the mindset that underlay the passage of that
amendment - a mindset of deep antipathy toward militarism and standing
armies. Our ancestors' fierce opposition to a powerful military force was
consistent with their overall philosophy that guided the formation of the
Constitution and the passage of the Bill of Rights.
While the Framers understood the need for a federal government, what
concerned them was the possibility that such a government would become a
worse menace than no government at all. Their recent experience with the
British government - which of course had been their government and against
which they had taken up arms - had reinforced what they had learned through
their study of history: that the biggest threat to the freedom and
well-being of a people was their own government.
Thus, after several years operating under the Articles of Confederation, the
challenge the Framers faced was how to bring a federal government into
existence that would be sufficiently powerful to protect their rights and
liberties but that would not also become omnipotent and tyrannical.
Their solution was the Constitution, a document that would call the federal
government into existence but limit its powers to those expressly enumerated
in the document itself. Thus, a close examination of the Constitution shows
that the powers of the U.S. government originate in it. The idea was that if
a power wasn't enumerated, federal officials were precluded from exercising
it.
Even that, however, was not good enough for our American ancestors. They
wanted an express restriction on the abridgement of what had become
historically recognized as fundamental and inherent rights of the people. In
other words, they wanted what could be considered an express insurance
policy for the protection of their rights. While government officials could
not lawfully exercise powers that were not enumerated in the Constitution,
the Bill of Rights would make the point even more emphatically that federal
officials had no authority to abridge the fundamental rights of the people.
The Constitution provided other measures to protect against the rise of
omnipotent and tyrannical government. One was the division of government
into three separate branches, with the aim of establishing a system of
"checks and balances" that would prevent the rise of powerful centralized
government. Another was the Second Amendment, which ensured that the people
would retain the means of resisting tyranny or even violently overthrowing a
tyrannical government should the need arise.
Given their view that the federal government they were bringing into
existence constituted the biggest threat to their freedom and well-being,
constantly on the minds of our ancestors was the primary means by which
governments had historically subjected their people to tyranny - through the
use of the government's military forces. That is the primary reason for the
deep antipathy that the Founders had for an enormous standing military force
in their midst. They understood fully that if such a force existed, their
own government would possess the primary means by which governments have
always imposed tyranny on their own people.
Using armies for tyranny
Historically, governments had misused standing armies in two ways, both of
which ultimately subjected the citizenry to tyranny. One was to engage in
faraway wars, which inevitably entailed enormous expenditures, enabling the
government to place ever-increasing tax burdens on the people. Such wars
also inevitably entailed "patriotic" calls for blind allegiance to the
government so long as the war was being waged. Consider, for example, the
immortal words of James Madison, who is commonly referred to as "the father
of the Constitution":
Of all the enemies to public liberty war is, perhaps, the most to be
dreaded, because it comprises and develops the germ of every other. War is
the parent of armies; from these proceed debts and taxes; and armies, and
debts, and taxes are the known instruments for bringing the many under the
domination of the few. In war, too, the discretionary power of the Executive
is extended; its influence in dealing out offices, honors, and emoluments is
multiplied; and all the means of seducing the minds, are added to those of
subduing the force, of the people.... [There is also an] inequality of
fortunes, and the opportunities of fraud, growing out of a state of war, and
... degeneracy of manners and of morals.... No nation could preserve its
freedom in the midst of continual warfare.
The second way to use a standing army to impose tyranny was the direct one -
the use of troops to establish order and obedience among the citizenry.
Ordinarily, if a government has no huge standing army at its disposal, many
people will choose to violate immoral laws that always come with a
tyrannical regime; that is, they engage in what is commonly known as "civil
disobedience" - the disobedience to immoral laws. But as the Chinese people
discovered at Tiananmen Square, when the government has a standing army to
enforce its will, civil disobedience becomes much more problematic.
Consider again the words of Madison:
A standing military force, with an overgrown Executive will not long be
safe companions to liberty. The means of defence agst. foreign danger, have
been always the instruments of tyranny at home. Among the Romans it was a
standing maxim to excite a war, whenever a revolt was apprehended.
Throughout all Europe, the armies kept up under the pretext of defending,
have enslaved the people.
The idea is that governments use their armies to produce the enemies, then
scare the people with cries that the barbarians are at the gates, and then
claim that war is necessary to put down the barbarians. With all this,
needless to say, comes increased governmental power over the people.
Sound familiar?
The Founding Fathers
Here is how Henry St. George Tucker put it in Blackstone's 1768 Commentaries
on the Laws of England:
Wherever standing armies are kept up, and when the right of the people
to keep and bear arms is, under any color or pretext whatsoever, prohibited,
liberty, if not already annihilated, is on the brink of destruction.
Virginian Patrick Henry pointed out the difficulty associated with violent
resistance to tyranny when a standing army is enforcing the orders of the
government:
A standing army we shall have, also, to execute the execrable commands
of tyranny; and how are you to punish them? Will you order them to be
punished? Who shall obey these orders? Will your mace-bearer be a match for
a disciplined regiment?
When the Commonwealth of Virginia ratified the Constitution in 1788, its
concern over standing armies mirrored that of Patrick Henry:
... that standing armies in time of peace are dangerous to liberty, and
therefore ought to be avoided, as far as the circumstances and protection of
the community will admit; and that in all cases the military should be under
strict subordination to and governed by the civil power.
Virginia's concern was expressed by North Carolina, which stated in its
Declaration of Rights in 1776,
that the people have a Right to bear Arms for the Defence of the State,
and as Standing Armies in Time of Peace are dangerous to Liberty, they ought
not to be kept up, and that the military should be kept under strict
Subordination to, and governed by the Civil Power.
The Pennsylvania Convention repeated that principle:
... as standing armies in time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they
ought not to be kept up; and that the military shall be kept under strict
subordination to and be governed by the civil power.
The U.S. State Department's own website describes the convictions of the
Founding Fathers regarding standing armies:
Wrenching memories of the Old World lingered in the 13 original English
colonies along the eastern seaboard of North America, giving rise to deep
opposition to the maintenance of a standing army in time of peace. All too
often the standing armies of Europe were regarded as, at best, a rationale
for imposing high taxes, and, at worst, a means to control the civilian
population and extort its wealth.
In fact, as Roy G. Weatherup pointed out in his excellent article, "Standing
Armies and Armed Citizens: A Historical Analysis of the Second Amendment"
(www.saf.org/journal/ 1_stand.html), the abuses of their government's
standing army was one of the primary reasons that the British colonists took
up arms against that army in 1776:
[The Declaration of Independence] listed the colonists' grievances,
including the presence of standing armies, subordination of civil to
military power, use of foreign mercenary soldiers, quartering of troops, and
the use of the royal prerogative to suspend laws and charters. All of these
legal actions resulted from reliance on standing armies in place of the
militia.
Moreover, as William S. Fields and David T. Hardy point out in their
excellent article, "The Third Amendment and the Issue of the Maintenance of
Standing Armies: A Legal History" (www.saf.org/LawReviews/FieldsAnd
Hardy2.html), the deep antipathy that the Founders had toward standing
armies followed a long tradition among the British people of opposing the
standing armies of their king:
The experience of the early Middle Ages had instilled in the English
people a deep aversion to the professional army, which they came to
associate with oppressive taxes, and physical abuses of their persons and
property (and corresponding fondness for their traditional institution the
militia). This development was to have a profound effect on the development
of civil rights in both England and the American colonies.... During the
seventeenth century, problems associated with the involuntary quartering of
soldiers and the maintenance of standing armies became crucial issues
propelling the English nation toward civil war.
Did the antipathy against standing armies mean that our ancestors were
pacifists? On the contrary! After all, don't forget that they had only
recently won a violent war against their own government and its enormous and
powerful standing army.
In their minds, the military bedrock of a free society lay not in an
enormous standing army but rather in the concept of the citizen-soldier -
the person in ordinary life in civil society who is well-armed and
well-trained in the use of weapons and who is always ready in times of
deepest peril to come to the aid of his country - but only to defend against
invasion and not to go overseas to wage wars of aggression or wars of
"liberation." As John Quincy Adams put it in his July 4, 1821, address to
Congress, America "does not go abroad, in search of monsters to destroy."
U.S. foreign policy
Are the ideas and principles of the Founding Fathers relevant today? They
couldn't be more relevant. Many decades ago, President Dwight Eisenhower
warned us about the growing power of the military-industrial complex in
American life. Unfortunately, the American people failed to heed his
warning. The result has been an ever-growing military cancer that is
bringing death, ruin, shame, and economic disaster to our nation - just as
our Founding Fathers said it would.
More and more people are finally recognizing that the anger and hatred that
foreigners have for the United States is rooted in morally bankrupt, deadly,
and destructive foreign policies - policies that have been enforced by
America's enormous standing military force. The resulting blow-back in terms
of terrorist attacks, such as those on the World Trade Center in 1993 and
2001, have been used as the excuse for waging more wars thousands of miles
away, and those wars have produced even more anger and hatred, with the
concomitant threat of even more terrorist counter-responses. All that, in
turn, has provided the excuse for more foreign interventions,
ever-increasing military budgets, consolidation of power, increasing taxes,
and massive infringements on the civil liberties of the American people.
It is not a coincidence that the president's indefinite detention and
punishment of American citizens for suspected terrorist crimes without
according them due process, habeas corpus, right to counsel, jury trials,
freedom of speech, or other fundamental rights guaranteed by the
Constitution and the Bill of Rights are being enforced by the standing army
that our ancestors warned us against. And make no mistake about it: Given
orders of their commander in chief, especially in a "national security
crisis," to establish "order" in America, U.S. soldiers will do the same
thing that soldiers throughout history have done - they will obey the orders
given to them. Just ask the survivors of the massacre at the Branch Davidian
compound at Waco or the victims of rape and sex abuse at Abu Graib prison in
Iraq or Jose Padilla, an American citizen who is currently in Pentagon
custody, where he has been denied due process, habeas corpus, and other
rights accorded by the U.S. Constitution.
In determining the future direction of our nation, the choice is clear: Do
we continue down the road of empire, standing armies, foreign wars and
occupations, and sanctions and embargoes, along with the taxes, regulations,
and loss of liberty that inevitably come with them? Do we continue a foreign
policy, enforced by the U.S. military, that engenders ever-increasing anger
and hatred among the people of the world, which then engenders violent
"blowback" against Americans, which is in turn used to justify more of the
same policies?
Or do we change direction and move our nation in the direction of the vision
of our Founding Fathers - toward liberty and the restoration of a republic
to our nation - toward a society in which the government is limited to
protecting the nation from invasion and barred from invading or attacking
foreign nations - a world in which the United States is once again the model
society for freedom, prosperity, peace, and harmony - a nation in which the
Statue of Liberty once again becomes a shining beacon for those striving to
escape the tyranny and oppression of their own governments?
Jacob Hornberger is founder and president of The Future of Freedom
Foundation. Send him email.
This article was originally published in the September 2004 edition of
Freedom Daily.
--
Jay P Hailey ~Meow!~
MSNIM - jayphailey ;
AIM -jayphailey03;
ICQ - 37959005
HTTP://jayphailey.8m.com
"The vulgar fictions of a demented Irishman." - Louis
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