Linux-Misc Digest #302, Volume #27 Wed, 7 Mar 01 09:13:02 EST
Contents:
Re: Partitioning recommendations? (dbCooper)
Re: Virus checker for Linuix? ("green")
Latex -> PDF ("salazar")
Re: Lost my Linux partition - now what? ([EMAIL PROTECTED])
Re: Lost my Linux partition - now what? ([EMAIL PROTECTED])
Re: Moving Linux from one hard drive to another ([EMAIL PROTECTED])
Starting a GUI on Turbolinux ("Alan Fleming")
Re: Latex -> PDF (Lack Mr G M)
Newbie: How to bypass startx on boot (Zachary Agatstein)
Re: over 65535 users on Linux (Lew Pitcher)
Re: Size of LINUX (Lew Pitcher)
Re: Newbie: How to bypass startx on boot ("Peter T. Breuer")
Re: Changing Mount (Lew Pitcher)
Red Hat 7.1 Beta ISO ("Migue")
Re: slrnpull problem (Robert D'Amfino)
Re: (LESS HUGE) Re: Do I need Lilo to boot from a partition? ("Eric")
Linux programming ("Chris Fancia")
Re: Linux programming (Lew Pitcher)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
From: dbCooper <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: Partitioning recommendations?
Date: Wed, 07 Mar 2001 11:49:20 GMT
What is the use for the system?
If it's just your workstation (ie: you are the only user) then save a
lot of hassle and just do:
/boot 16M
swap 128M
/ 4.9GB
That way you don't have to think about it -- everything becomes
available.
If this is going to be a server of some sort, you can gain some
reliability by locking down some partitions with growing files, so
that they don't fill up the entire hard drive, crash the system, and
prevent it from booting.
In that case the 'typical' setup would be something like:
/boot 16M
/ 50-100M
/tmp ?how much is the most you'll need?
/var 100-200M (low volume/small server)
/var 1-2GB (high volume server, or debian w/apt-get)
/usr 1-2GB (depends on how much software you install)
/home remainder. Note that apache and ftp servers typically keep
content in /home
swap 128M
However I would still stand by just keeping everything in one big '/'
partition, with perhaps a bigish /var partition to prevent the crash I
mentioned above.
Good luck-
On 7 Mar 2001 07:00:12 GMT, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
>My RH6.1 workstation installation is having serious problems; I've probably
>been the victim of a script kiddie. I've decided to do a new installation,
>and need some guidance on partitioning. A reply on a previous thread
>recommended the following, I've had only the indicated space allocation from
>the RedHat books. The linux partition is about 4G; probably not more than
>one user. I'm not sure how much space to allocate to each partition, that's
>the recommendation I'm looking for:
>
>/boot 16M
>/
>/tmp
>/var
>/home
>/usr
>swap 128M ;will have 128MB of RAM
>
>
>-------------------------------------------
>John Meshkoff johnm at sivakalpa dot org
>remove 'johnpipe' in 'From:' to reply
>http://www.sivakalpa.org/johnpipe/
>"I do not know that I know the self fully,
>neither do I know that I know him not"
> ...from the Upanishads
------------------------------
From: "green" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: Virus checker for Linuix?
Date: Wed, 7 Mar 2001 22:05:22 +1000
or a boot sector virus that was allready there. (such as antiexec aka
stoned).
"Chris Gordon-Smith" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
news:4Gdp6.17778$Cq.397898@news2-hme0...
> John Hasler wrote:
>
> > Chris Gordon-Smith writes:
> > > Viruses that gain access to Linux and then attack Windows systems that
> > > connect to the Linux system are more common
> >
> > They are? I'm sure it's common enough for Windows viruses to passively
> > pass through Linux email servers as attachments to emails addressed to
> > Windows users, but these are oblivious to the presence of Linux. I've
> > never heard of any that function as you say. I'd describe those as
Linux
> > viruses, since to do what you claim they do they would have to
compromise
> > the Linux system.
>
> No disagreement here. I was talking about viruses that passively pass
> through Linux servers without compromising them (in the way you describe)
> and then go on to compromise Windows systems. I did not intend 'gain
> access' to mean any more than the virus being stored as data on a Linux
> filesystem, although I agree that the original wording is potentially
> misleading.
>
> A virus that could attack and compromise both Linux and Windows in the way
> you assume I meant would be quite a versatile beast!
>
> Chris Gordon-Smith
> London UK
------------------------------
From: "salazar" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Latex -> PDF
Date: Wed, 7 Mar 2001 11:59:49 -0000
I'm trying to make a PDF file from a Latex file.
These are my steps to make it:
1) "latex file.tex" (generate file.dvi)
2a)"dvi2pdf file.dvi" (generate directly file.pdf)
or
2b)"dvi2ps -o file.ps file.dvi" (generate file.ps)
and next "ps2pdf file.ps" (and generate the file.pdf)
In both cases, the DVI file or the PS file are perfect, but, the PDF files
are with the fonts in a weak resolution.
I saw an article (http://www.adobe.com/support/techdocs/543e.htm) that talks
about the insertion of fonts of type 3 (bitmapped fonts) and not the
independent ones of type 1. I try to make what they said to do but I
couldn't solve the problem.
If anyone could help, I'll appreciate, thanks.
PS:- I have already ghostscript 6.5 (upgraded from 5.5)
--
./salazar (pedro salazar)
---
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--
./salazar (pedro salazar)
---
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Support the campaign "Vote against SPAM!"
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------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Crossposted-To: comp.os.linux.setup
Subject: Re: Lost my Linux partition - now what?
Date: Wed, 7 Mar 2001 11:54:48 +0000
George Adams <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> did eloquently scribble:
> I have (well, had) a dual-boot PC running Win95 and RH Linux 6.2. In the
> process of upgrading my Win95 partition to Win98, my boot sector and LILO
> got overwritten. Now the PC boots straights into Win98. The Linux
> partition is still there, but with no LILO it's pretty much inaccessible.
Use a boot disk and select "boot installed system", giving it the info for
the partition in needs to boot from...
Then, when you're in, just rerun lilo.
> I don't have a Linux boot disk (though I can probably get one if it will
> help.)
If you have any linux CDs, you can create a new boot disk very simply.
Is there any way to get back into my Linux partition so I can
> reinstall LILO? Or is that partition pretty much gone now? :-(
The partition is there, and safe... (Unless the windows install did more
than just delete the MBR and repartitioned as well).
--
=============================================================================
| [EMAIL PROTECTED] | Windows95 (noun): 32 bit extensions and a |
| | graphical shell for a 16 bit patch to an 8 bit |
|Andrew Halliwell BSc(hons)| operating system originally coded for a 4 bit |
| in |microprocessor, written by a 2 bit company, that|
| Computer Science | can't stand 1 bit of competition. |
=============================================================================
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Crossposted-To: comp.os.linux.setup
Subject: Re: Lost my Linux partition - now what?
Date: Wed, 7 Mar 2001 11:58:38 +0000
James D Parker Jr. <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> did eloquently scribble:
>> Loadlin to the rescue. The linux partition data is still all there
>> unless ms fdisk touched it? Use lilo only on linux partitions not the
>> mbr in multi boot systems.
> Why not use lilo for mbr in multi-boot systems? I don't personally do that but
> is there some reason why not?
Nope.
That's what lilo was designed for, after all.
--
______________________________________________________________________________
| [EMAIL PROTECTED] | |
|Andrew Halliwell BSc(hons)| "The day Microsoft makes something that doesn't |
| in | suck is probably the day they start making |
| Computer science | vacuum cleaners" - Ernst Jan Plugge |
==============================================================================
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: Re: Moving Linux from one hard drive to another
Date: Wed, 7 Mar 2001 12:03:38 +0000
James D Parker Jr. <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> did eloquently scribble:
> I recently added a second hard drive to my computer and, using Partition
> Magic V4, copied all (almost - more about that in a minute) of the Linux
> partitions from the master hard drive (hda) to the new slave (hdb) an
> resized them larger. Then I brought up Linux on hda and mounted the hdb
> copy of the root partition and modified that partition's /etc/fstab and
> /etc/mtab to point to the hdb versions of the partitions (except for the
> 'almost'). I then created a boot floppy with lilo to boot the hdb copy
> of Linux and it came up OK.
> First question: This almost seems too easy. Is that all there is to it?
You *COULD* have even made it easier...
:)
You didn't need the boot floppy. You could have edited lilo.conf and added a
second boot option for the second drive until you were sure everything
worked.
(And rerun lilo of course)
--
=============================================================================
| [EMAIL PROTECTED] | Windows95 (noun): 32 bit extensions and a |
| | graphical shell for a 16 bit patch to an 8 bit |
|Andrew Halliwell BSc(hons)| operating system originally coded for a 4 bit |
| in |microprocessor, written by a 2 bit company, that|
| Computer Science | can't stand 1 bit of competition. |
=============================================================================
------------------------------
From: "Alan Fleming" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Starting a GUI on Turbolinux
Date: Wed, 7 Mar 2001 12:25:52 -0000
Hi again, sorry for asking SUCH a basic question guys, but I'm used to
working with NT and Win2K platforms.
I set up an old 486 to run turbolinux, so I can use it as my web-server (IIS
is crap). It all installed fine, until I rebooted the system. I can log in
fine, but I can't figure out how to run KDE or GNOME or whatever. I can
browse the various /usr and /bin directories, but I can't figure out how to
start the GUI. I once installed linuxFT 1.1 on the same system, and it
worked fine in mono x-windows. I'd rather not go back to that!
Thanx in advance.
Alan
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Lack Mr G M)
Subject: Re: Latex -> PDF
Date: Wed, 07 Mar 2001 12:32:15 GMT
In article <985864$maj$[EMAIL PROTECTED]>, "salazar" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
writes:
|>
|> I'm trying to make a PDF file from a Latex file.
Have you tried pdflatex?
--
========= Gordon Lack =============== [EMAIL PROTECTED] ============
This message *may* reflect my personal opinion. It is *not* intended
to reflect those of my employer, or anyone else.
------------------------------
From: Zachary Agatstein <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Newbie: How to bypass startx on boot
Date: Fri, 02 Mar 2001 11:14:42 -0500
I've tried to install Linux on a very slow machine (and, more
importantly, one having only 8 M of RAM). It attempts to start X11
after a boot, but never gets anywhere. Is there a way to tell LILO not
to load STARTX while it is booting?
Zach
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Lew Pitcher)
Subject: Re: over 65535 users on Linux
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Wed, 07 Mar 2001 13:19:08 GMT
On Wed, 07 Mar 2001 09:34:12 +0800, SolarisCert
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>How to configure Linux so that
>it can have more than 65535 users?
IIRC, this feature became available in the 2.4.0 kernel.
Lew Pitcher
Information Technology Consultant
Toronto Dominion Bank Financial Group
([EMAIL PROTECTED])
(Opinions expressed are my own, not my employer's.)
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Lew Pitcher)
Subject: Re: Size of LINUX
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Wed, 07 Mar 2001 13:22:32 GMT
On Tue, 6 Mar 2001 19:02:34 -0800, [EMAIL PROTECTED] (David E. Fox)
wrote:
>On Sun, 18 Feb 2001 23:27:26 GMT, Rolie Baldock
> <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>>After all that gassing, can anybody tell me how big a small LINUX
>>system sufficient to act as a LAN server would be say compared to
>>other software servers on the market? I have a couple of 486 DX-33
>
>Would likely fit on a floppy.
*Does* fit on a floppy.
See... LOAF ("Linux on a Floppy"),
LRP ("Linux Router Project"),
tomsrtbt ("Toms Root/Boot")
and others
Lew Pitcher
Information Technology Consultant
Toronto Dominion Bank Financial Group
([EMAIL PROTECTED])
(Opinions expressed are my own, not my employer's.)
------------------------------
From: "Peter T. Breuer" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: Newbie: How to bypass startx on boot
Date: Wed, 7 Mar 2001 14:18:21 +0100
Zachary Agatstein <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> I've tried to install Linux on a very slow machine (and, more
> importantly, one having only 8 M of RAM). It attempts to start X11
> after a boot, but never gets anywhere. Is there a way to tell LILO not
> to load STARTX while it is booting?
You are confused.
a) don't install X. Then you can't boot it.
b) lilo doesn't run startx, it boots a kernel.
c) no part of the init scripts runs startx, they run xdm, and only
IF you start in a runlevel that starts x.
Therefore you want to start in a non-x runlevel, and also
you want to uninstall x. So give the argument "s" or "1" or "2"
to lilo. Which runlevel is which depends on your distro. I
would normally suppose that runlevel 5 is x, but soem distros
have runlevel 3 as x.
Peter
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Lew Pitcher)
Subject: Re: Changing Mount
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Wed, 07 Mar 2001 13:33:12 GMT
On Wed, 7 Mar 2001 10:15:01 +0200, "Katriel Traum" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
wrote:
>I have a Linux installed on 1 Hard-Drive, with one Partition.
>My server runs squid, and the /var/spool/squid, is eating up at my drive
>space and speed.
>I added a new Hard-Drive to my computer.
>Now, is there a way to change the mount for /var to the new disk ( say
>/dev/hdb ), and still maintaining all data?
Assuming your /var directory is currently _not_ a seperately mounted
directory,
1) format your new drive for use in Linux
a) fdisk to partition it (if you intend to have partitions)
b) mkfs to format the partitions for filesystem use
2) log on as root and change to singleuser mode
('telinit 1')
3) mount your new harddrive partition under an available mountpoint
('mount /dev/hdb1 /mnt')
4) copy your existing /var directory to the new partition
(from the faq, this can be done with
'(cd /source/directory && tar cf - . ) |
(cd /dest/directory && tar xvfp - )'
5) archive your /var, just in case
('mv /var /old-var ; mkdir /var')
6) umount the new var partition, and remount it to /var
('umount /mnt ; mount /dev/hdb1 /var')
7) edit your /etc/fstab, and add a mount for the new /var partition
( /dev/hdb1 /var ext2 defaults 1 1)
8) change back to your regular mode ('telinit 3' for example), and
log off of root
You're done
Lew Pitcher
Information Technology Consultant
Toronto Dominion Bank Financial Group
([EMAIL PROTECTED])
(Opinions expressed are my own, not my employer's.)
------------------------------
From: "Migue" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Red Hat 7.1 Beta ISO
Date: Wed, 7 Mar 2001 14:25:47 +0100
Hello , somebody have installed RedHat 7.1 Beta ?
When I start the install it's crash when try to load the drivers ( alfer
language and keyboardmap). When I try to copy drivers.img to my harddisk y
recibe a messages like this: Unnable to load from the media .
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Robert D'Amfino)
Subject: Re: slrnpull problem
Date: Wed, 07 Mar 2001 13:38:28 -0000
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
On or about Tue, 06 Mar 2001 05:39:44 +0530
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
....Posted....
>Sorry for multiple posting. This has happened as I am not sure of use
>slrnpull. The problem of rejection was identified as due to duplicate
>posting. How ever still I am in dark why this is happening? If somebody
>can throw some light on this, I will be thankful.
>Second problem is every time I have to create new .jnewsrc file. Other
>wise downloaded messages are not shown. If recreate .jnewsrc all news
>become new. How to avoid this two problems.
>[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Try one or more of the following;
Find slrn.rc on your system, copy it to your home directory as .slrnrc
and edit it to reflect your particular newsserver, user and editor.
You can also set the colors to your taste here.
.jnewsrc should be in your home directory. chmod and chown to user,
if you are getting any errors especially if it says that you must be root.
Set permissions for /var/spool/slrnpull/news/ directorys, edit slrnpull.conf
for the newsgroups you are interested in. Be sure to export your NNTPSERVER.
Check /var/spool/slrnpull/out.going before sending and you can check the
headers to be sure of your settings. Delete duplicates.
(ps: clean out the rejects directory :))
--
ub icq 3347043
linux user 0191976
http://counter.li.org
------------------------------
From: "Eric" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: (LESS HUGE) Re: Do I need Lilo to boot from a partition?
Date: Wed, 7 Mar 2001 14:42:34 +0100
> lilo.conf:
>
> verbose=3
> # delay for 5 seconds
> delay = 50
> boot=/dev/sdb1
So there probably must be a default dos MBR on sdb,
or else whatever is in there will be executed.
This could be eg. an old LILO
You could change this to boot=/dev/sdb
> map=/boot/map
> install=/boot/boot.b
> root=/dev/sdb1
> # compact
> # linear
> prompt
> default=default
> # the default kernel image to use
> image=/vmlinuz
> label=default
> read-only
> # the stable kernel image to use
> image=/vmlinuz-2.2.14
> label=linux
> read-only
> # A test kernel
> image=/vmlinuz-2.2.14-new
> label=test
> read-only
> # Debian test kernel
> # image=/vmlinuz-2.2.14
> # label=debian
> # root=/dev/sdc1
> # read-only
> # End lilo.conf
>
> /sbin/fdisk -l:
>
>
> Disk /dev/sda: 255 heads, 63 sectors, 2213 cylinders
> Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 bytes
>
> Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
> /dev/sda1 519 1501 7895947+ 5 Extended
This is wrong.
When an extended partition crosses cyl. 1024, it must be of type 0x0F
If you do not change it, your data may get corrupted.
Changing it though may not be harmless either.
Try it, and if any of the other OS's fail, restore it, but then keep a
good back-up present.
> /dev/sda2 262 518 2064352+ 7 HPFS/NTFS
> /dev/sda3 2 261 2088450 16 Hidden FAT16
> /dev/sda4 * 1 1 8001 a OS/2 Boot Manager
> /dev/sda5 * 519 582 514048+ 6 FAT16
> /dev/sda6 * 583 735 1228941 7 HPFS/NTFS
> /dev/sda7 * 736 927 1542208+ 7 HPFS/NTFS
> /dev/sda8 * 928 1501 4610623+ 83 Linux
Don't have multiple partitions set active.
The DOS MBR may get confused
(Well there's only one primary set active, so it will
most likely not fail)
> Partition table entries are not in disk order
I agree with fdisk that this is weird.
It doesn't harm you though.
> Disk /dev/sdb: 141 heads, 62 sectors, 1016 cylinders
strange.....
Why is this so. WHy not have 255 heads and 63 sectors?
(Don't change this though, unless you plan to reinstall)
> Units = cylinders of 8742 * 512 bytes
>
> Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
> /dev/sdb1 1 313 1368092 83 Linux
> /dev/sdb2 314 672 1569189 83 Linux
> /dev/sdb3 673 976 1328784 83 Linux
> /dev/sdb4 977 1016 174840 82 Linux swap
>
> Disk /dev/sdc: 133 heads, 62 sectors, 1017 cylinders
Same here
> Units = cylinders of 8246 * 512 bytes
>
> Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
> /dev/sdc1 * 1 429 1768736 83 Linux
> /dev/sdc2 430 699 1113210 83 Linux
> /dev/sdc3 700 971 1121456 83 Linux
> /dev/sdc4 972 1017 189658 82 Linux swap
>
>
> /sbin/lilo -v:
>
> Warning: /dev/sdb1 is not on the first disk
You realise that this is true? How do you boot linux?
Through the OS/2 bootmanager I suppose, right.
Does that point to /dev/sdb1?
I don't know the OS/2 bootmanager, but I suppose it points to
other partitions it can boot, in this case for linux it should be
pointing to /dev/sdb1 if you keep the lilo.conf as it is.
If you change the "boot=" directive, the OS/2 bootmanager
should point to /dev/sdb.
Changing either of these will probably solve the problem.
> LILO version 21.7, Copyright (C) 1992-1998 Werner Almesberger
> Linux Real Mode Interface library Copyright (C) 1998 Josh Vanderhoof
> Development beyond version 21 Copyright (C) 1999-2001 John Coffman
> Released 24-Feb-2001 and compiled at 19:10:36 on Mar 1 2001.
>
> Reading boot sector from /dev/sdb1
> Device 0x0810: BIOS drive 0x81, 141 heads, 1016 cylinders,
> 62 sectors. Partition offset: 0 sectors.
> Merging with /boot/boot.b
> Device 0x0811: BIOS drive 0x81, 141 heads, 1016 cylinders,
> 62 sectors. Partition offset: 62 sectors.
> Secondary loader: 11 sectors.
> Device 0x0811: BIOS drive 0x81, 141 heads, 1016 cylinders,
> 62 sectors. Partition offset: 62 sectors.
> Boot image: /vmlinuz
> Device 0x0811: BIOS drive 0x81, 141 heads, 1016 cylinders,
> 62 sectors. Partition offset: 62 sectors.
> Setup length is 4 sectors.
> Mapped 1399 sectors.
;-) I skipped those
> Added test
> <dev=0x81,hd=49,cyl=30,sct=21>
> "ro root=811"
> /boot/boot.0811 exists - no backup copy made.
> Map file size: 29696 bytes.
> Writing boot sector.
Nothing wrong here, as far a I can tell
Eric
------------------------------
From: "Chris Fancia" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Linux programming
Date: Wed, 7 Mar 2001 21:51:16 +0800
If I want to write a program in Linux.
And I want the program to access to the hardwares.
Eg controlling the lan cards,video cards,sound cards....
Can I done that with ONLY C/C++?
I know that is necessary to write Assembly in Windows...
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Lew Pitcher)
Subject: Re: Linux programming
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Wed, 07 Mar 2001 13:54:25 GMT
On Wed, 7 Mar 2001 21:51:16 +0800, "Chris Fancia"
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>If I want to write a program in Linux.
>And I want the program to access to the hardwares.
>Eg controlling the lan cards,video cards,sound cards....
>
>Can I done that with ONLY C/C++?
It can be done with C.
It can't be done with C++ (without extensive support of the C++
runtime in the kernel)
It can only be done in the kernel, not as an application program.
Unless, of course, your hardware control is already in the kernel, and
an API like ioctl() or a virtual file like those in the /proc virtual
directory exposes the facilities. If this is the case, then there's no
language restriction; you develop your user-mode application code in
whatever language you like.
>I know that is necessary to write Assembly in Windows...
Not necessary here.
Lew Pitcher
Information Technology Consultant
Toronto Dominion Bank Financial Group
([EMAIL PROTECTED])
(Opinions expressed are my own, not my employer's.)
------------------------------
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End of Linux-Misc Digest
******************************
