Linux-Setup Digest #318, Volume #21 Mon, 28 May 01 03:13:06 EDT
Contents:
Re: How do I make file creation time same as shown by 'date' command ("Charles
Sullivan")
Montego snd worked in 6.2 but not 7.1?? (Liam Watts)
Re: PCI modem recommendations for Linux box - what should I buy? (E J)
Desktop Environments ("Tyron Washington")
Re: partition a 19G hard disk (Dave Berntson)
Re: About RH Linux ("Tyron Washington")
pcmcia-cs and kernel stuff ("Tyron Washington")
Search 34 Linux News Groups ("David D. Huff Jr.")
"NFS serverlockdsvc: Invalid argument" error ("grendel")
Re: Mess up with dd (Svend Olaf Mikkelsen)
Re: How can I boot into linux from CD-ROM? ("Tsugi")
Re: How to configure HUGE swap? ("Peet Grobler")
NIC Driver in C ("Tyron Washington")
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
From: "Charles Sullivan" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: How do I make file creation time same as shown by 'date' command
Date: Mon, 28 May 2001 03:13:21 GMT
In article <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>, "Juergen Heinzl"
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> In article <VoHP6.10$[EMAIL PROTECTED]>, Merlin wrote: [-]
>>interesting little gotcha, when trying to deal with file creation times
>>- sorting particularly
> [-]
> Esp. since Unix does not keep a file's creation times at all 8-/ Juergen
For ext2 file systems, Linux maintains 3 different file times: Creation,
Modification, and Access.
However there does not seem to be a consistant rule governing which
of these times are changed by the various file manipulation commands.
And even some documentation (e.g., for 'ls') seems to get the Creation and
Modification times confused.
With 'ls' version 4.0p (GNU fileutils) the various times can be viewed
with:
$ ls -l filename [for Modification time]
$ ls -l --time=ctime filename [for Creation time]
$ ls -l --time=atime filename [for Access time]
Try this:
$ echo "This is a test" >test.txt
$ ls -l test.txt
$ ls -l --time=ctime test.txt
$ ls -l --time=atime test.txt
All three times will be the same.
Then do this:
$ touch -m -t 200101010000 test.txt
$ ls -l test.txt
$ ls -l --time=ctime test.txt
$ ls -l --time=atime test.txt
Only the Modification time is changed.
Next do this:
$ cat test.txt
$ ls -l test.txt
$ ls -l --time=ctime test.txt
$ ls -l --time=atime test.txt
This changes the Access time as well.
Regards,
Charles Sullivan
------------------------------
From: Liam Watts <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: comp.os.linux.hardware,comp.os.linux.redhat,comp.os.linux.help
Subject: Montego snd worked in 6.2 but not 7.1??
Date: Mon, 28 May 2001 03:37:31 GMT
As the subject states, I have a Turtle Beach Montego 3D (Aureal Vortex I
AU8820) sound card. In the 3 years I've been playing off and on with
Linux I've never been able to get it to work.
That is until I found the driver pack au88xx.1.0.5.tar.gz from
linux.org. It installed perfectly in my RH 6.2!!
Well, I wiped and installed RH7.1. I'd have thought better support, but
when I "make install20" I get the string of info I'll paste at the end
here, and it doesn't work.
Can anyone give me any pointers here with this?
Thanks!
Liam
[root@X a au88xx-1.0.5]# make install20
make install AUCHIP=AU8820
make[1]: Entering directory `/tmp/au88xx-1.0.5'
cc -D__KERNEL__ -DMODULE -DAU8820 -O -Wall -pipe -m486
-I/usr/src/linux/include
-O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -c -o vortex.o vortex.c
In file included from vortex.c:50:
/usr/include/linux/modversions.h:1:2: #error Modules should never use
kernel-hea
ders system headers,
/usr/include/linux/modversions.h:2:2: #error but headers from an
appropriate ker
nel-source
In file included from vortex.c:67:
/usr/include/asm/spinlock.h:26: conflicting types for `spinlock_t'
/usr/include/linux/spinlock.h:55: previous declaration of `spinlock_t'
/usr/include/asm/spinlock.h:68: parse error before `{'
/usr/include/asm/spinlock.h:78: parse error before `void'
/usr/include/asm/spinlock.h:93: parse error before `do'
/usr/include/asm/spinlock.h:121: conflicting types for `rwlock_t'
/usr/include/linux/spinlock.h:118: previous declaration of `rwlock_t'
/usr/include/asm/spinlock.h:146: parse error before `void'
/usr/include/asm/spinlock.h:155: parse error before `void'
vortex.c:277: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:278: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:279: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:281: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:282: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:283: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:284: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:287: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:289: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:294: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:296: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:299: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:301: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:302: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:303: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:305: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:306: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:308: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:311: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:314: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:320: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c:323: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
vortex.c: In function `scan_id':
vortex.c:485: structure has no member named `base_address'
vortex.c:486: structure has no member named `base_address'
vortex.c: In function `add_device':
vortex.c:513: warning: implicit declaration of function `init_waitqueue'
vortex.c: In function `alloc_core':
vortex.c:696: structure has no member named `base_address'
vortex.c:698: structure has no member named `base_address'
vortex.c: In function `au_audio_read':
vortex.c:794: warning: passing arg 1 of `interruptible_sleep_on' from
incompatib
le pointer type
vortex.c: In function `au_audio_write':
vortex.c:857: warning: passing arg 1 of `interruptible_sleep_on' from
incompatib
le pointer type
vortex.c: In function `au_audio_ioctl':
vortex.c:943: warning: implicit declaration of function `get_user_ret'
vortex.c:897: warning: `val' might be used uninitialized in this
function
vortex.c: In function `au_audio_mmap':
vortex.c:1114: structure has no member named `vm_offset'
vortex.c: In function `drain_playback':
vortex.c:1224: warning: passing arg 1 of `interruptible_sleep_on' from
incompati
ble pointer type
vortex.c: In function `get_frags':
vortex.c:1333: warning: implicit declaration of function `MAP_NR'
vortex.c: In function `au_handle_timer':
vortex.c:1581: warning: passing arg 1 of `__wake_up' from incompatible
pointer t
ype
vortex.c:1611: warning: passing arg 1 of `__wake_up' from incompatible
pointer t
ype
vortex.c: In function `au_mixer_ioctl':
vortex.c:1628: warning: `val' might be used uninitialized in this
function
vortex.c: In function `au_midi_read':
vortex.c:2001: warning: passing arg 1 of `interruptible_sleep_on' from
incompati
ble pointer type
vortex.c: In function `au_midi_write':
vortex.c:2050: warning: passing arg 1 of `interruptible_sleep_
ble pointer type
vortex.c: In function `au_midi_poll':
vortex.c:2079: warning: passing arg 2 of `poll_wait' from inco
ype
vortex.c:2081: warning: passing arg 2 of `poll_wait' from inco
ype
vortex.c: In function `au_handle_midi':
vortex.c:2121: warning: passing arg 1 of `__wake_up' from inco
ype
vortex.c:2132: warning: passing arg 1 of `__wake_up' from inco
ype
vortex.c: In function `sound_proc_get_info':
vortex.c:2267: structure has no member named `base_address'
make[1]: *** [vortex.o] Error 1
make[1]: Leaving directory `/tmp/au88xx-1.0.5'
make: *** [install20] Error 2
[root@x au88xx-1.0.5]#
------------------------------
From: E J <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: PCI modem recommendations for Linux box - what should I buy?
Date: Mon, 28 May 2001 04:06:11 GMT
Anything that says on the modem box "Can run DOS" usually it has a
controller chip, i.e. there
are non win modem version (HW-hardware) of USR Robotic and Acer PCI
modems that will work with linux.
Professor Bruno wrote:
> Per the subject line. Any recommendations on what to get?
>
> Thanks!
>
> Max Pyziur
> [EMAIL PROTECTED]
------------------------------
From: "Tyron Washington" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To:
alt.comp.linux,comp.os.linux,comp.os.linux.misc,comp.os.linux.questions,linux.redhat,linux.redhat.misc
Subject: Desktop Environments
Date: Mon, 28 May 2001 00:14:26 -0400
I have a couple of questions about desktop environments and stuff (I'm using
RedHat 7.0):
[1] What is the relationship between GNOME and the desktop environments
featured on themes.org (afterstep, blackbox, enlightenment, fvwm, gtk+,
icewm, kde, litestep, sawfish & wm)? Or is GNOME just another desktop
environment?
[2] What is the difference between all the desktop environments described
above? Is it simply that they draw and organize window and desktop elements
differently?
[3] I'm trying to install KDE 2.1.1 and I have downloaded all the binary
RPMs (33 files in all) needed for install. I have no idea where to start for
installation (can't find install notes anywhere). Is it a good idea to use
the command statement, <rpm -Uvh --nodeps *.i386.rpm>, to install KDE 2.1.1?
If so, is it okay to do this for all other programs I need to install with a
lot of RPMs in the install directory?
[4] I just installed some other desktop environments (afterstep, blackbox &
icewm). How do I switch to use them? Is it suppose to be an option under the
"Session" menu at the login screen? If so, I don't see them. What did I do
wrong? (I installed icewm & blackbox with source code (tar.gz) and afterstep
with binary RPM (i386.rpm))
Any kind of help would be greatly appreciated.
TIA,
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
------------------------------
From: Dave Berntson <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: partition a 19G hard disk
Date: Sun, 27 May 2001 22:39:26 -0500
On Mon, 28 May 2001 09:29:27 +1000, Stanislaw Flatto
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
>
>delta wrote:
>
>> Hi there,
>>
>> I wanted to install Linux along with WinME on my box. I used fips to divide
>> my 19G hard disk into two partitions, with WinMe on the first half.
>
>Hi!
>From historical (and technical) reasons some hardware (BIOS) and software have
>limits which are on the 1024 cylinder boundary. (~8Gb).
>Newer software and hardware can overcome it but we have many instances like in
>your case where it hickups.
>But there is a solution/s.
>Repartition the drive and reinstall both OS's in a way that will let you do later
>installation of each without disturbing the other.
>With linux fdisk create a primary partition starting AND ending on cylinder No.1.
>
>It will be /boot.
>Now install ME letting it to take part of the drive (lets say 8Gb).
>Again with Linux fdisk create in the rest of the space Linux extended (85) and
>divide it into logical partitions /swap, / (root), /usr, /home to your liking.
>Install Linux.
>Have fun.
I am VERY new to linux, so I only offer this as a poor alternative to Mr.
Flatto's excellent advice.
If you want to save your current Windows, you might want to consider trying
to get by with a 7.5 gbyte Windows partition. Then you can fips it and use
Disk Druid during installation to create the boot, root, and swap
partitions. You won't lose your windows stuff or have to re-install it.
I have windows on 2.3 gbytes and linux on 1.7gbytes. This allows me
300mbytes for "growth" on my Win98 partition, and about 800mbytes (for
growth), on my Linux partition. I have made a lot of modifications to
streamline my win98, so I wouldn't want to go through all that again. It
took me 6 years to become a moderately competent windows user. I'm giving
myself at least a couple of years to ease into linux.
Dave
>
>> Thanks a lot in advance. Any help is really appreciated.
>>
>> Jim
>
>Stanislaw.
------------------------------
From: "Tyron Washington" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To:
alt.comp.linux,comp.os.linux,comp.os.linux.questions,linux.redhat,linux.redhat.install,linux.redhat.misc,linux.redhat.rpm
Subject: Re: About RH Linux
Date: Mon, 28 May 2001 00:29:17 -0400
Thanks alot for all your help fellas. You were very helpful!
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
"Tyron Washington" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]...
> I've just done my first install of RedHat Linux (7.0) on a 4 year old
> laptop. I'm learning the in's and out's very quickly but there's some
things
> about Linux and stuff I just can't figure out:
>
> [1] Does the sequence of commands, <./configure>, <make> and <su -c 'make
> install'> always successfully install a app, lib, etc from it's source
file
> (*.tar.gz) grabbed off the web? Should I do this install method over
instead
> of the RPM install method (RPM installs gives me too many dependency
> errors)?
>
> [2] Whenever I try to install a package (*.i386.rpm) downloaded from the
> web, I get a dependency error. What am I suppose to do after that? Do I
> download the needed files and put them in the same folder as the rpm file
or
> install them and then try the RPM install again?
>
> [3] I come across RPMs with i386, i586 or i686 in their filenames. Which
one
> do I download (I use a Pentium 150 and PIII 866)? What's the difference?
> What happen to i486?
>
> [4] I also come across RPMs with -1, -2, -3, etc. after their version
number
> in the filenames (i.e. like "-1" in gabber-0.8.3-1.i386.rpm, "-7" in
> gtk+-1.2.8-7.i386.rpm, "-4" in Eterm-0.9-4.i386.rpm, etc.) What does those
> mean? Or are they part of the version number?
>
> [5] What do I do with RPMs with the *.src.rpm extension? How are they
> different from *.i386.rpm RPMs?
>
> [6] "Gabber is a GNOME client" When I see program descriptions like this,
> does that mean the program will only work under the specified desktop
> environment (GNOME, KDE, E, Sawfish, etc.)? If so, do I just download the
> source and install with the ./configure, make, make all method and it will
> work on any DE I'm using?
>
> [7] What are the quick tips to dealing with the kernel? Because I have to
> install pcmcia-cs and it tells me I have to do something about obtaining
the
> current stable kernel source (in /usr/src/linux). I have the RedHat
> 2.2.16-22 version. Does that mean I should download the kernel version
> 2.2.16, 2.2.17, 2.2.18, 2.2.19, 2.2.20, 2.2.21 or 2.2.22? Or can I
download
> any version higher than my current version? Should I download and install
> 2.3 or 2.4, or do I have to stay within my current version's range?
>
> Any kind of help to any question or part of a question will be greatly
> appreciated.
>
> Thanks in advance,
> [EMAIL PROTECTED]
>
>
------------------------------
From: "Tyron Washington" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To:
alt.comp.linux,comp.os.linux,comp.os.linux.hardware,comp.os.linux.misc,comp.os.linux.networking,comp.os.linux.questions,linux.redhat,linux.redhat.install,linux.redhat.misc
Subject: pcmcia-cs and kernel stuff
Date: Mon, 28 May 2001 00:46:44 -0400
I'm running RedHat Linux 7.0 (kernel version 2.2.16-22) and I'm trying to
install pcmcia-cs with a contributed driver so I can use my IBM EtherJet PC
card. After typing <make config>, I get a error message saying:
Linux source directory [/usr/src/linux]: <I hit enter here>
Linux source tree /usr/src/linux is incomplete or missing!
...
[config] Error 1
I download several source kernels (from 2.2.xx to 2.4.5) from kernel.org.
What do I do now?
Do I install the latest stable kernel source (2.4.5) and run <make config>
for pcmcia-cs again?
Can someone tell me the instructions step by step including the necessary
commands so I can get this network pc card working?
any kind of help would be greatly appreciated.
thanks in advance,
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
------------------------------
From: "David D. Huff Jr." <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Search 34 Linux News Groups
Date: Mon, 28 May 2001 05:01:12 GMT
http://www.computer-critters.com/myphpusenet/
Just my way to give back to the Linux community that has done so much
for me.
There are currently over 33,000 Usenet posts in the database and about
1300-1400 are added on a daily basis.
For best results use enter a single key word and click search.
Please note, using the Advanced Search may not produce any results
because of the rigorous filtering process.
While I did not write this excellent application I have modified it
considerably to increase the search capability.
If you have a need for a Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP programmer feel free
to contact me direct.
Happy Computing!
------------------------------
From: "grendel" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: alt.linux,alt.os.linux,comp.os.linux.misc
Subject: "NFS serverlockdsvc: Invalid argument" error
Date: Mon, 28 May 2001 05:46:22 GMT
How can I get rid of the "NFS serverlockdsvc: Invalid argument" error I get
a t startup (think it causes NFS Server to fail or something)? This started
after I upgraded to 2.4.X (2.4.5)? I compiled with NFS server and client as
modules. Thanks.
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Svend Olaf Mikkelsen)
Subject: Re: Mess up with dd
Date: Mon, 28 May 2001 06:13:18 GMT
[EMAIL PROTECTED] (nickr_21045) wrote:
>Does anyone know of a way to recover this or to
>get any of the data on /dev/hda1 partition? I'm
>really over my head.
>
>I did :
>
>dd if=bare.i of=/dev/hda1
>
>by mistake I meant to do dd if=bare.i of=dev/fd0
>/dev/hda1 is a windows 98 FAT32 partition I wrote 1788+0 records.
>
>Now when I try to mount the windows partition I get
>
>mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /fat-c
>mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/hda1,
> or too many mounted file systems
>
>I can't boot up into windows at all though the linux partion is fine.
>
>Here is my partition table:
> MB
>hda1 Primary Win95 FAT32 3446.40
>hda3 Primary Linux ext2 2870.63
>hda5 Logical Linux swap 131.61
The damage is similar to what the CIH-virus does, so a tool for this
may be able to work. A more safe procedure is to get Findpart at
http://inet.uni2.dk/~svolaf/utilities.htm
do
findpart all fp.txt
and mail me the file fp.txt. From the description, the partition can
be fully recovered, since the second FAT copy will not be damaged.
--
Svend Olaf
------------------------------
From: "Tsugi" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: How can I boot into linux from CD-ROM?
Date: Mon, 28 May 2001 02:32:57 -0700
Hello.
vmlinuz boot=/dev/hdc5 worked!
but I got another problem. eth0 initialization [Failed] during the process
and cannot
access to the internet .
any idea please?
tsugi
"Tsugi" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
news:9ero99$cip$[EMAIL PROTECTED]...
> I tried tab at the Boot: prompt, but nothing happened. It doesn't even
> show Lilo prompt. I am going to re-try to double check.
> thanks,
>
> tsugi
>
> "Gernot Fink" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
> news:9ermi1$qml7$[EMAIL PROTECTED]...
> > In article <9erltp$86r$[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
> > "Tsugi" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
> > > Unfortunately, it did not work fine. It says it cannot find the
image.
> I
> > > might
> >
> > Image is the name of the kernelimage from the cd.
> >
> > This shold be the first word after the lilo prompt.
> >
> > Press tab to get the name of your Kernelimage
> >
> >
> > > have to install on the primary drive to be able to boot, I guess.
> > >
> > > Thank you for your help anyways,
> > >
> > > Tsugi
> > >
> > >
> > > "Tsugi" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
> > > news:9erjke$46i$[EMAIL PROTECTED]...
> > >> Thanks for the quick response. I will try it.
> > >>
> > >>
> > >> "Gernot Fink" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
> > >> news:9erj22$sgc0$[EMAIL PROTECTED]...
> > >> > In article <9eri1r$1ei$[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
> > >> > "Tsugi" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
> > >> > > After the installation of RedHat 7.1, I tried to boot from CD-ROM
> to
> > > log
> > >> in
> > >> > > to linux, but
> > >> > > I always end up with installation, not the boot process from HDD.
> > >> > > At the boot: prompt, I tried "boot=/dev/hdc5", but did not
work.
> > >> > > Is there any command to log in to RedHat from CD-ROM, is it a
> must
> > > to
> > >> >
> > >> > try zImage root=/dev/hdc5
> > >> >
> > >> > where zImage is what comes if you press tab on the lilo prompt
> > >> >
> > >> >
> > >> > --
> > >> > MFG Gernot
> > >>
> > >>
> > >
> > >
> >
> > --
> > MFG Gernot
>
>
------------------------------
From: "Peet Grobler" <peetgr at absa.co.za>
Subject: Re: How to configure HUGE swap?
Date: Mon, 28 May 2001 08:21:39 +0200
I would say, since you have the space, make one single 128MB swap disk. Run
the machine for a few days, and have a look (using free) if your swap space
is even used. If not, keep it, delete it, whatever you like. If it is
however used, have a look at memory usage, and base your desision on that.
I'll bet the swap won't even get touched.
Also, afiak, Linux supports only up to 128mb swap partitions. Am I correct
in this or did in change in later kernel versions?
Peter T. Breuer wrote in message ...
>Milica Medved <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>> I am putting together an AMD 1.3GHz machine with 1.5Gb RAM,
>> for processing 64Mb+ data sets. It will run Red Hat 7.1.
>
>> With a 75Gb hard drive, I have plenty of space to spare BUT, I am
>> worried about performance, since the memory/swap size is so huge.
>
>Swap? You should never be using swap. It works at the speed of the
>disk, which is maybe 100 times slower than memory.
>
>> QUESTIONS:
>
>> 1) Will a 1.5Gb swap partition work fine, or would it be too large?
>
>It is too large.
>
>> I am worried about seek times or other things I can't even imagine
yet.
>> Would three 512Mb partitions work faster?
>
>Not if they are on the same disk/controller.
>
>> 2) Will creating multiple partitions (e.g. 3x1.5Gb) work faster/slower
>> then a single partition of a) 1.5Gb; b) 4.5Gb?
>
>NO (how could it? All accesses go through the same physical device).
>
>> I know that splitting swap partitions accross multiple physical drives
>> improves performance, but I will only have one, so that's not an issue.
>
>You could have none, near as anything, if you plan on any kind of speed
>optimization!
>
>> Basically, I'd go for, say, 3 or 4 1.5Gb swap partitions, but I am afraid
>> of ruining the performance by an overkill, or simply of not optimizing it
>> out of pure ignorance. I am NOT worried about waisting hard drive
capacity.
>> If you can help with advice, thanks.
>
>Don't do this. You have it arse-backwards. Swap is not a concern.
>Memory and disk are. Optimize those, not the thing you use when they
>fail!
>
>Peter
------------------------------
From: "Tyron Washington" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To:
alt.comp.linux,comp.os.linux,comp.os.linux.hardware,comp.os.linux.misc,comp.os.linux.networking,comp.os.linux.questions,linux.redhat.install,linux.redhat.misc
Subject: NIC Driver in C
Date: Mon, 28 May 2001 02:33:54 -0400
I'm new to Linux and I need to know how to install a driver for my network
card. The driver file ends in .c, which I have no idea what to do with it.
I'm plan on running RedHat 7.1. and the NIC is a SMC 1211TX. I don't see any
install instructions on SMC's web site. They just link directly to the
driver file:
http://www.smc.com/smc/drivers/Drivers/1211/rtl8139.c
Please help.
Even if RedHat 7.1 will recognize the card during installation, please still
tell me how to install drivers in .c format so I know how to do this stuff
myself.
Thanks in advance,
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
------------------------------
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