Death tolls
Contemporary illustration of the auto-da-fe of [1]Valladolid, in which
fourteen Protestants were burned at the stake for their faith, on May
21, 1559
Garcia Carcel estimates that the total number processed by the
Inquisition throughout its history was approximately 150,000; applying
the percentages of executions that appeared in the trials of
1560-1700--about 2%--the approximate total would be about 3,000 put to
death. Nevertheless, it is likely that the toll was higher, keeping in
mind the data provided by Dedieu and Garcia Carcel for the tribunals of
Toledo and Valencia, respectively. It is likely that between 3,000 and
5,000 were executed.^[2][99]
Modern historians have begun to study the documentary records of the
Inquisition. The archives of the Suprema, today held by the [3]National
Historical Archive of Spain (Archivo Historico Nacional), conserves the
annual relations of all processes between 1540 and 1700. This material
provides information on about 44,674 judgements, the latter studied by
Gustav Henningsen and Jaime Contreras. These 44,674 cases include 826
executions in persona and 778 in effigie. This material, however, is
far from being complete--for example, the tribunal of Cuenca is
entirely omitted, because no relaciones de causas from this tribunal
have been found, and significant gaps concern some other tribunals
(e.g. Valladolid). Many more cases not reported to the Suprema are
known from the other sources (e.g. no relaciones de causas from Cuenca
have been found, but its original records have been preserved), but
were not included in Contreras-Henningsen's statistics for the
methodological reasons.^[4][100] William Monter estimates 1000
executions between 1530 and 1630 and 250 between 1630 and
1730.^[5][101]
The archives of the Suprema only provide information surrounding the
processes prior to 1560. To study the processes themselves, it is
necessary to examine the archives of the local tribunals; however, the
majority have been lost to the devastation of war, the ravages of time
or other events. [6]Jean-Pierre Dedieu has studied those of Toledo,
where 12,000 were judged for offences related to heresy.^[7][102]
Ricardo Garcia Carcel has analyzed those of the tribunal of
Valencia.^[8][103] These authors' investigations find that the
Inquisition was most active in the period between 1480 and 1530, and
that during this period the percentage condemned to death was much more
significant than in the years studied by Henningsen and Contreras.
Henry Kamen gives the number of about 2,000 executions in persona in
the whole of Spain up to 1530.^[9][104]
^
RT
On 5/6/2015 5:55 PM, Dan Winheld wrote:
And the Albigensian Crusade was just as brutal. The church was
already honing its skills.
On 5/6/2015 2:40 PM, [10][email protected]
wrote:
Wow, "the (Spanish) Inquisition was rather mild" ? I was under
the
impression that it was rather brutal. Emperor Rudolf II spent
his
childhood with relatives in Spain and was so abhorred by the
torutre
and murder of non Christians that, when he was Emperor he
assured
religious tolerance in his realm. Are you sure you are not
referring to
the Monty Python version of the Spanish Inquisition (Ge the
comfy
chair!). trj
-----Original Message-----
From: r.turovsky [11]<[email protected]>
To: lute [12]<[email protected]>
Sent: Wed, May 6, 2015 5:07 pm
Subject: [LUTE] Re: Spain vs. Italy
Mark,
there are a lot of misconceptions about inquisition, it was
rather
mild
by our 20th century standards, and most suspects were let off
the
hook.
And no one was really eliminated in Spain: 1 in 5 male Spaniards
are
genetically patrilineally Jewish now, and 1 in 10 are Moors.
University
of
Leeds did a large scale DNA study a few years ago.
RT
On 5/6/2015
8:51 AM, Mark Seifert wrote:
Regarding the Spain versus rest-of-Europe
issue ( a most fascinating
topic--thanks for introducing it, Robert Barto ),
English Prof Brittany
Hughes said that one reason the Spanish kings/queens
so brutally
expelled or forced conversion on the "Moors" (1523 was an
important
date of escalation, and then the worst of the Inquisition was
imposed
in 1609) was that the Turks liked to raid the coast of Spain
from
their
ships, escalating anti-Muslim hatred throughout this period.
She
didn't mention why the Jews were so oppressed, as they seem like
innocent
bystanders. I wonder if they also tried to eliminate the
lute, because it
was seen as a Moorish instrument, or the lute belly
reminded them of
something really evil, like the belly of a pregnant
woman, heaven forbid.
In defense of Spain, Dr. Teofilo Ruiz of UCLA in his "Terror of
History"
course said that the Spanish ended their witch hunting decades
before
England and Germany (and America). Maybe the adverse effects of
eliminating
Jews and Muslims helped them realize that getting rid of
all their witches
wouldn't improve anything.
I had a really spooky/scary experience in 1973
after I got a minimum
wage job vacuuming dust off the books in the dark
stacks of Widener
Library (built after the Titanic went down in honor of a
son of a
Boston Brahmin family). Was sitting on the cold concrete floor
dusting
a row of books when I encountered a black leather clad tome
whose
binding showed one word, my last name spelled correctly, and the
date
"1728"
in silver Gothic letters. Shocked and amazed, I pulled it out,
opened it
and discovered it was a baroque legal textbook discussing in
incredible
detail some issues regarding die Hexen. Though I was
studying German at the
time, I couldn't quite figure out if it covered
how to identify/prosecute or
how to defend/absolve the witches! There
were columns and tables of
criteria, and even some numbers. I suspect
the botched Salem trials and
executions before the turn of the century
caused Germans concern so they
wanted to do a better legal job than the
crazed Massachusetts clerics. Talk
about having a skeleton in one's
family's ancestral closet. I tried later
to access that volume on
line, but the book appears to be gone. Since
classes had ended, I
didn't take the book to my German teacher Herr Reller,
but I also
feared what the book might contain. I believe by 1728 the
Spanish had
gotten over any obsession about Hexen, but not yet England and
Germany.
Mark Seifert
On Wednesday, May 6, 2015 4:07 AM, Mathias
Roesel
[1][13]<[email protected]> wrote:
Read Hillary Mantel on
that topic, you'll get another view.
Mathias
> -----Original
Message-----
> From: [[14]2][email protected]
[mailto:[[15]3][email protected]] On Behalf Of
> Chris Barker
>
Sent: Tuesday, May 05, 2015 6:11 PM
> To: 'Monica Hall'; 'Edward Chrysogonus
Yong'
> Cc: 'Lutelist'
> Subject: [LUTE] Re: Spain vs. Italy
>
>
I agree on Thomas Cromwell as well! Had Henry VIII not been king at
that
time I'd
> call him a thug too!
>
> Chris
>
> -----Original
Message-----
> From: [[16]4][email protected]
[mailto:[[17]5][email protected]] On Behalf Of
> Monica Hall
> Sent:
Tuesday, May 05, 2015 9:19 AM
> To: Edward Chrysogonus Yong
> Cc:
Lutelist
> Subject: [LUTE] Re: Spain vs. Italy
>
> Yes - Simon
Schama has likened Cromwell and his supporters to the
Taliban in
>
Afghanistan.
> They were certainly responsible for destroying some of our
cultural
heritage.
> And Thomas Cromwell a century earlier was just an
avaricious thug.
> Monica
>
>
> ----- Original Message -----
From: "Edward Chrysogonus Yong" [18]<[6][email protected]>
> To: "Mark
Wheeler" [19]<[7][email protected]>
> Cc: "Monica Hall"
[20]<[8][email protected]>; "ml"
[21]<[9][email protected]>;
>
"Lutelist" [22]<[10][email protected]>
> Sent: Tuesday, May 05, 2015 10:55
AM
> Subject: [LUTE] Re: Spain vs. Italy
>
>
> >
> > England
falling to 16th C Catholic Spain may have been better for
> > music and
culture than falling to Cromwell and the Puritans, just
saying...
> >
======= > >
> > tou%to ylektroniko'n taxudromei'on ek ei'Fwnou
emeu% epe'mfthy.
> > Hae litterae electronicae ab iPhono missae sunt.
>
iPhone._
> > This e-mail was sent from my iPhone.
> >
> >> On 5
May 2015, at 4:40 pm, Mark Wheeler [23]<[11][email protected]>
wrote:
>
> >> Regarding Elizabeth I's racism here is an interesting
article
>
> >>
[12][24]https://www.press.jhu.edu/timeline/sel/Bartels_2006.pdf
>
> >> What Monica says about not judging the past by an
inappropriate
set
> >> of criteria is true and is also appropriate to the "racism"
of
the
> >> English Queen.
> >>
> >> It may not be PC, but I personally
am exceedingly happy that
England
> >> did not fall to 16th century
Catholic Spain!
> >>
> >> All the best
> >> Mark
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>> On May 5, 2015, at 9:41 AM, Monica Hall wrote:
>
> >>> Yes - you are right. We shouldn't judge the past by an
> >>>
inappropriate set of criteria.
> >>> Spain has got a bad press in the
English speaking world because
most
> >>> of us study history from an
English/Northern Europe point of
view.
> >>> Queen Elizabeth I was a
racist - want to expel all coloured
people
> >>> from England. So was
Shakespeare. Jews are always villains.
> >>>
> >>> Monica briefly
>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>> ----- Original Message ----- From: "ml"
[25]<[13][email protected]>
> >>> To: "LUTELIST List"
[26]<[14][email protected]>
> >>> Sent: Monday, May 04, 2015 8:53 PM
>
Subject: [LUTE] Re: Spain vs. Italy
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>> Spain was
not an exception regarding free vs. conservative
> >>>> thinking. I mean,
Spain was not more conservative than England
or
> >>>> France, in regard
to what is right or wrong in religion,
morality
> >>>> (for instance
sexuality.) and so on. Fear was (and is) the explication of
nearly
everything.
> >>>>
> >>>> Perhaps Jean Delumeau (La peur en
Occident, Fayard, 1978) hits
the
> >>>> nail when he says, concluding
his wonderful book, that Satan was
> >>>> seen everywhere. He is the enemy,
he inspires the turks, the
> >>>> witches, the heresies, the plagues, etc.
When the attention is
> >>>> focused on jews and 'moriscos' (that is what
happens in Spain),
the
> >>>> witches are not so closely monitorized. In
other european
> >>>> countries, not so much worried with jews, heresies
(here the
> >>>> protestants, there the catholics) were prosecuted
instead.
Only
two
> >>>> countries, Delumeau continues, "escaped from this
general fear:
> >>>> Poland and Italy. The latter perhaps because of being
more pagan
> >>>> than his neighbors (that was Erasmus' opinion), or
because
the
> >>>> church was controlling it better than elsewhere. In any
case,
it
> >>>> seems that Italy lost his mind because of these fears in
a
lesser degree than
> other countries."
> >>>>
> >>>> But. if we read
Carlo Ginzburg's Il formaggio e i fermi. Il
cosmo
> >>>> di un mugnaio
del '500 (1976), a seminal work in micro-history,
> >>>> Italy suffered
under the inquisition as well.
> >>>> Galileo's case is of course very well
known.
> >>>>
> >>>> It's all too easy to project from our present time
to that past.
> >>>>
> >>>> Regards from Barcelona, dear lute friends.
:-)
> >>>>
> >>>> Manolo
> >>>>
> >>>>
> >>>>
> >>>>> El
04/05/2015, a las 19:27, Sean Smith [27]<[15][email protected]>
escribio:
>
> >>>>>
> >>>>> That's what I'm thinking, too. The very first
piece in Dalza's
> >>>>> book is the Caldibi Castigliano and it certainly
points to a
> >>>>> refined and complex idiom unlike anything else in his
Ferrerese
or
> >>>>> Venetiana dance cycles.
> >>>>>
> >>>>>
Sean
> >>>>>
> >>>>>
> >>>>>
> >>>>> On May 4, 2015, at 9:52 AM,
Gary Boye wrote:
> >>>>>
> >>>>> A word of caution here:
> >>>>>
We are making judgements based primarily on the printed
evidence
(i.e., the 7 main vihuela tablatures); there was a great deal
of
music (most of it!) that took place in Spain outside of these
>
formal, published works.
> >>>>>
> >>>>> Publishing was a big deal
in the 16th century. Getting an
> >>>>> imprimatur from a conservative and
literally Inquisitorial
> >>>>> government was unlikely with a large
collection of dance music;
> >>>>> much easier to play it conservative and
stick to sacred
> >>>>> intabulations. The vihuela manuscripts hint at a
wider
repertoire,
> >>>>> as does the existence of guitar music from a
later period. Who
> >>>>> knows what was happening on the streets, but the
Inquisition
> >>>>> wouldn't have had much to do if everyone in Spain was
a
straight-laced as
> the vihuela tablatures make it seem .
> >>>>>
. .
> >>>>>
> >>>>> Gary
> >>>>>
> >>>>> Dr. Gary R. Boye
>
Professor and Music Librarian
> >>>>> Appalachian State University
> >>>>>> On 5/4/2015 12:37 PM, Dan Winheld wrote:
> >>>>>> In
other words, because the only two ethnic/cultural groups
that
> >>>>>>
had any rhythm were invited to leave the premises at once. It
was
>
said that when all the Jewish & Moorish doctors, scholars,
> >>>>>>
scientists, and artists & academics showed up on his doorstep,
> >>>>>> the
Sultan of Turkey asked "Has the King of Spain lost his
mind?"
> >>>>>>
Lacking some rhythm myself, I do enjoy the all the great
vihuela
music a lot- but even I have to sometimes "move" over to Italy
&
Germany for a little jumping around.
> >>>>>>
> >>>>>> Dan
> >>>>>>> On 5/4/2015 3:36 AM, Ron Andrico wrote:
> >>>>>>>
Well, the first answer that springs to mind is because Spain
had
>
recently kicked out all the dance musicians, who had moved to
Italy.
> >>>>>>> They were left with a bunch of upwardly mobile
courtiers
(Milan), and serious-minded priests with so much time on
their
hands that they intabulated every piece of vocal polyphony
they
could put their hands on.
> >>>>>>> Actually, there is quite a bit
of dance music in Fuenllana's
> >>>>>>> print, some but much less in the
other six published books.
> >>>>>>> Also, there was quite a bit of dance
music evident in Naples,
> >>>>>>> which was Spanish at the time.
>
RA
> >>>>>>>> Date: Mon, 4 May 2015 09:29:52 +0200
> >>>>>>>>
To: [[28]16][email protected]
> >>>>>>>> From: [[29]17][email protected]
>
Subject: [LUTE] Spain vs. Italy
> >>>>>>>>
> >>>>>>>> Hi all,
In the early 1500s, why are dances so common in Italian lute
>
music
> >>>>>>> and
> >>>>>>>> so rare in the vihuela rep. ?
Thanks
> >>>>>>>> --
> >>>>>>>> Sent from my Android phone
with GMX Mail. Please excuse my
brevity.
> >>>>>>>>
> >>>>>>>>
>
To get on or off this list see list information at
> >>>>>>>>
[18][30]http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute-admin/index.html
> >>>>>>>
>
--
> >>>>
> >>>>
> >>>> --
> >>
> >>
> >>
>
> >
>
>
--
References
1.
[31]mailto:[email protected]
2. [32]mailto:[email protected]
3.
[33]mailto:[email protected]
4. [34]mailto:[email protected]
5.
[35]mailto:[email protected]
6. [36]mailto:[email protected]
7.
[37]mailto:[email protected]
8. [38]mailto:[email protected]
9.
[39]mailto:[email protected]
10. [40]mailto:[email protected]
11.
[41]mailto:[email protected]
12.
[42]https://www.press.jhu.edu/timeline/sel/Bartels_2006.pdf
13.
[43]mailto:[email protected]
14. [44]mailto:[email protected]
15.
[45]mailto:[email protected]
16. [46]mailto:[email protected]
17.
[47]mailto:[email protected]
18.
[48]http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/%7Ewbc/lute-admin/index.html
--
--
References
Visible links
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition#cite_note-99
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historical_Archive_%28Spain%29
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition#cite_note-100
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition#cite_note-101
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Dedieu
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition#cite_note-102
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition#cite_note-103
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition#cite_note-104
10. mailto:[email protected]
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24. https://www.press.jhu.edu/timeline/sel/Bartels_2006.pdf
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42. https://www.press.jhu.edu/timeline/sel/Bartels_2006.pdf
43. mailto:[email protected]
44. mailto:[email protected]
45. mailto:[email protected]
46. mailto:[email protected]
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48. http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/%7Ewbc/lute-admin/index.html
Hidden links:
50.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Contemporary_illustration_of_the_Auto-da-fe_held_at_Validolid_Spain_21-05-1559..jpg
