Hello Jürgen,
I've got the latest version of Prizmo. I had to delete the version that was on
my MBA as it wouldn't work any more and download the latest version. I bought
it quite a while back and, although it was usable then, it was messy. I still
think it's messy compared with ABBYY FineReader which I use on a regular basis.
I also use VueScan to capture multiple images before handing over the file to
FineReader if I have more than a couple of pages to scan.
I really think Prizmo is messy. Oh, and the unlabelled buttons, perhaps you
have VoiceOver set to read the help tags - I don't.
I've just done a direct comparison between Prizmo and FineReader on a double
page of a book. Prizmo produced no readable text, just a few odd letters and
symbols. I'm pasting the results below my Signature.
Cheers,
Anne
Prizmo
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71~ i!i ~
I:~
0
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0 ""
I=~ "1=1
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0 t~
0
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0 : : U
,~0 IZI ~ ' : 0 ~ : : :
~ : ~ 0
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0
ABBYY FineReader
ii i „/
I iiitned to CO,, .'ind walor via tho consumptiono! <>xy<|nn, tin:; indued
method (called indirect calorimetry) effectively measures a person's
total energy consumption.
In addition, the ratios of C02 produced relative to oxygen consumed
are different for these three major nutrients. This ratio, the volume of
C02 output divided by oxygen intake (VC02/V02) is 1.0 for carbohy-
drates, 0.70 for fat (triglyceride), and about 0.85 for protein. This ra-
tio is called the respiratory quotient (if corrected for protein oxidation)
or respiratory exchange ratio if we just use the raw number, ignoring
protein metabolism. But because protein burns at 0.85, right in the
middle, correcting for it tends to change the results little if at all. Thus
you'll often see RQ and RER used interchangeably.
A useful rule of thumb to remember is that a liter of oxygen consumed
produces about 5 kcal of metabolic energy. So a person sitting quietly
reading this chapter with an energy expenditure of 1 kcal/min is con-
suming about 200 cc of elemental oxygen per minute (1 liter t5). If
he or she had a bagel and orange juice for breakfast, most fuel being
burned is glucose, so the RQ would be -1 and C02 production would
be about the same - 200 cc/min. However, if that person were follow-
ing a very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet, 02 consumption would be
the same but C02 production would be a lot less, about 140 cc/min
(i.e., an RQ of 0.70 is indicative of virtually pure fat oxidation).
Weight, Weight Variation, and BMI
The other set of assessment tools deserving of comment are those used to
determine weight and body composition. Although modern scales are gen-
erally consistent and even pretty accurate, they suffer from not being able to
differentiate water from muscle from fat. This is particularly important for
the individual trying to chart her/his course on a weight loss diet because
humans do not regulate their body water content precisely. So if a 70 kg
adult typically contains an average of 42 liters of water, over the course of a
72
, I In,n,in I Ml i'-: II, mill I in I PiirtltlOtllUR
,i.iv that pet lon'i body does not care (fit contains 41 liters .is opposed to
43
liters <>i water, Above 4(liters, the kidneys speed their function and clear
the excess fluid, whereas below 11 liters, thirst prompts us to increase our
water intake. The result is that most people's weight varies randomly across
.i range equivalent to 2 liters of water - about 4 pounds.
When humans cut back in calories, they tend to lose weight quickly at
first. Some of this is water weight due to reduced glycogen reserves (the
body stores 3-4 grams of water along with each gram of glycogen). But
then if all subsequent weight loss comes from fat, and a 500 kcal per day
deficit results in a pound per week rate of loss (assuming a pound of adi-
pose tissue contains 3500 kcal), this weight variability within a 4 pound
range can lead to a great deal of frustration and misunderstanding for the
individual. This 4 pound range in weight variability could completely
mask four weeks of excellent diet adherence at 1 pound per week of body
fat loss. And any clinician who has worked with dieting subjects has seen
individuals who are clearly sticking to much more stringent diets plateau
for up to 2 weeks and then abruptly show a 5 lb weight loss. Obviously,
this can be explained by the unpredictable shifts in body water content.
Bottom line: the standard scale is a lousy short-term tool for monitoring
your diet progress (or somebody else's diet adherence).
A relatively recent tool is the scale or device that measures weight as well
as the person's electrical impedance. It is tempting to think that we can
be accurately informed about total weight and total body fat content in a
single measure. While these devices are useful for assessing changes in
the average body composition when a large group of subjects are studied,
the repetition variability for a given subject under differing conditions of
temperature, hydration, and even emotional stress make it questionable
for individuals as a clinical tool.
Summary
Adults can vary tremendously in body composition, ranging from 5%
body fat at one extreme to 50% at the other. Lean body mass (protein
73
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