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Sub-imperialism is a valid and important concept. Callinicos is right that it was introduced by Marini with regard to Brazil, and it has been extended by Patrick Bond and others to South Africa. In the Middle East it might well apply to Iran and Turkey. As I read him, Marini regards a state as sub-imperialist if it is not imperialist on the world scale (it remains exploited by the imperialist powers) but plays an imperialist-like role regionally. Callinicos has abused the term by applying it over-widely and ignoring the “sub” aspect. His tendency, for example, labeled Argentina sub-imperialist in order to avoid taking sides against Britain in the Malvinas/Falklands war in 1982. In effect the IST treated the war as an inter-imperialist conflict. They seem to be doing the same to avoid taking the side of Turkey against Russia, to the extent that for his own reasons and for the moment Erdogan is defending the remnants of the Syrian democratic revolution. The RKOB is right about Callinicos. But his misuse of the term doesn’t mean that sub-imperialism has to be confusing. _________________________________________________________ Full posting guidelines at: http://www.marxmail.org/sub.htm Set your options at: https://lists.csbs.utah.edu/options/marxism/archive%40mail-archive.com
