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The core issue is that animals have nerve endings and experience pain, just like we do. To continue to hold to ideas which elevate some animal species over others because of their brain power, ie, the power of abstraction, is really beside the point. I think Shane's point is a good one. Not only do animals attempt to avoid pain, they also attempt to avoid violent death. Ipso facto, they "value" life and a pain free existence. Greg ________________________________________________ Send list submissions to: Marxism@lists.econ.utah.edu Set your options at: http://lists.econ.utah.edu/mailman/options/marxism/archive%40mail-archive.com