In his detailed exposition of warfare in nonstate societies, Pinker
(2011, pp. 40–56) conflates all prestate societies under a general
heading and glosses over a very well documented and durable tenet of
anthropology, namely that, with a few exceptions, warfare, as commonly
understood, is rare or uncommon in many hunting and gathering societies.
Evidence for it and its dire effects becomes prevalent only with the
dramatic changes brought about by the Neolithic Revolution. The
domestication of plants and animals, the transition from nomadic to
sedentary living, and the subsequent growth of population and of fixed
property brought profound changes to human societies, including rising
rates of intergroup conflict and its deadly consequences. Classic
accounts of the Mesolithic and Neolithic and warfare are provided by
Haas (1993) for the Anasazi of the American Southwest, Roksandic (2004)
for the European Mesolithic, and Flannery & Marcus (2012, pp. 367–76)
for the valley of Oaxaca. Other authorities who have addressed this
issue include Harris and William Divale (Divale &Harris 1976), Cohen
(1977), Kelly (2000), Ferguson (1997, 2006), Ferguson & Whitehead
(1992), Rowthorn & Seabright (2010), and Fry (2006, 2013). Keeley (1997)
himself has contributed to this topic through his own research,
documenting the intensification of intergroup violence in the LBK
(Linear b and keramik) cultures as Neolithic farmers succeeded
Mesolithic hunters at the Mesolithic-to-Neolithic transition across
Northern Europe.
https://libcom.org/history/hunter-gatherers-human-evolution-new-light-old-debates-richard-b-lee
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