https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0921800920300938


   Highlights

•

   We provide empirical evidence that supports the theory of
   ecologically unequal exchange.

•

   High-income nations are net importers of embodied materials, energy,
   land, and labor.

•

   High-income nations gain a monetary trade surplus via this resource
   appropriation.

•

   Lower-income nations provide resources but experience monetary trade
   deficits.

•

   The observed inequality is systemic and hampers global
   sustainability in multiple ways.



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