Oh cool. I was aware that equals and subset and df-br don't take parentheses 
but I hadn't quite thought of them as all examples of a "class thing class" 
(and produce a formula) pattern. I see we have this nicely documented in the 
"Infix and parentheses" section of conventions.html

On June 5, 2023 8:05:19 AM PDT, "David A. Wheeler" <[email protected]> 
wrote:
>> On Monday, June 5, 2023 at 9:18:51 AM UTC+8 [email protected] wrote:
>> '=' stands for class equality: https://us.metamath.org/mpeuni/wceq.html 
>> (e.g. equality of numbers)
>> '↔' stands for the logical biconditional: 
>> https://us.metamath.org/mpeuni/wb.html (i.e. equality of truth values)
>
>> On Jun 5, 2023, at 1:26 AM, Humanities Clinic <[email protected]> 
>> wrote:
>> 
>> Erm yes I know that.. But it's a little confusing when one sign should/can 
>> be used instead of the other.. Can someone clarify?
>
>Sure! If the left & right sides are classes (including sets), use "=".
>If the left & right sides are wffs (that is, values that are true or false), 
>use "<->".
>
>So you'd say A = B and ( ph <-> ps ), not the other way around.
>The constant true is represented as "T." and the constant false is "F.",
>so you'd compare to them using "<->". Here's a true statement:
>( T. <-> A. x x = x )
>
>While we're mentioning it, set.mm is picky about parentheses. Here are the 
>conventions:
>
>* When a function that takes two classes and produces a class is applied
>  as part of an infix expression, the expression is always surrounded by
>  parentheses.  For example, the use of "+" in <tt>( 2 + 2 )</tt>.
>* Predicate expressions in infix form that take two or three wffs
>  (a true or false value) and produce a wff are also always
>  surrounded by parentheses, such as <tt>( ph -> ps )</tt>.
>* In contrast, a binary relation
>  (which compares two classes and produces a wff)
>  applied in an infix expression is *not* surrounded by parentheses. This
>  includes set membership, for example, "1 e. RR" (1 is a member
>  of the set of real numbers) has no parentheses. This also includes "=".
>
>You can find other set.mm conventions in:
>* set.mm general conventions - https://us.metamath.org/mpeuni/conventions.html
>* set.mm label naming conventions - 
>https://us.metamath.org/mpeuni/conventions-labels.html
>
>--- David A. Wheeler
>
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