I have been following the conversation about literature circles and I too
have been struggling with how to truly get a handle on them.  I recently
read Mini Lessons for Literature Circles by Harvey Daniels and Nancy
Steineke and this has helped me tremendously!  I implemented new
mini-lessons before the actual literature circle starts using short stories
so the students get the hang of talking about the different elements of
literature.  I also made sure there was enough time for the groups to bond.
If they don’t feel comfortable with each other, they are less likely to
share their ideas.  When I first group the students, they start with an ice
breaker (such as 3 truths and a lie or something like that) then they come
up with their own rules and consequences for discussions.  I have found
that by giving the students the responsibility of making rules and
enforcing them, it is the student that is accountable for themselves as
well as the rules and consequences.  I must say, some of the students have
come up with better rules/consequences than I would.  As far as the
discussions go, in the Mini-Lesson book, there are various strategies to
help the students focus on the conversation as well as take turn.  One of
the ideas that I liked is called “Save the Last Word for Me.”  This is
where one student poses a question or quote to the group and they are not
allowed to respond in any way until everyone else in the group has spoken.
At first this seems a little awkward for the students, but eventually they
get the hang of it and they ALL begin to participate in discussion.  It is
great  In order for students to prepare for discussion, I model and
talk about taking active reading notes using post-it notes.  This strategy
has been extremely successful and most of the student’s come in ready and
willing to discuss!  As far as supporting struggling readers, before
literature circles begin, I make sure there are different choices of a
lower leveled text that would appeal to boys and girls.  I give book talks
and I also talk to the students individually about their choice.  Every
discussion I assess the student’s reading by the post it notes and
reflections afterward.  Often times with literature circles I try to focus
on 1-2 important elements and/or reading strategies that I want the
students to master.  The daily assessments help me figure out what groups I
might need to pay a little more attention to the next discussion.  Check
out the book! It is a great resource.
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