Bill Kahn wrote:
 
>  It would seem that in the University of Minnesota 
>  Departments of Psychology and Educational Psychology, 
>  evolutionary theory can be optional or even irrelevant 
>  to the work done. 

It might *seem* to Mr. Kahn that evolutionary theory is
optional or irrelevant at the U, but in reality the details 
may be more complex.  Evolutionary Psychology is now a widely 
accepted subfield in Psychology, although many evolutionary
interpretations can be very difficult to confirm and are 
amenable to "just so" explanations, meaning that 
it's very easy to develop post hoc explanations for
phenomenon which don't lend themselves to experimental
validation.  Perhaps Mr. Kahn can suggest a series
of experiments in which we can validate his hypothesis
about rape. 

I would agree that evolutionary theory has had very
little impact on Educational Psychology.  Education
in general has a bias towards pluralism and shies away
from explanations dealing with genetics and evolution.

>  I went to a symposium a few years back on the East Bank 
>  titled "Mind and Emotion" in which one professor presented 
>  what was basically a diatribe against any who would suggest 
>  an evolutionary basis for behavior; specifically, it rings 
>  in my head still, she said "biology has no place in the 
>  study of psychology." Of course, she was the only one who 
>  said anything like that, was of a certain age, and was quite 
>  possibly drunk, or was quite emotional at any rate. I find 
>  that, perhaps in the guise of political correctness, the 
>  role of evolution in forming behavior may be deemphasized in 
>  these departments and perhaps others on the Minneapolis U of M 
>  campus; they don't seem to have a problem with it in St. Paul 
>  (ahh, St. Paul).

What is ringing in Mr. Kahn's head may be a selective memory
of what was said by one of a number of symposium participants.
In such events it is common to include conflicting viewpoints.
The description of the symposium seems to offer a perspective
more compatible with Mr. Kahn's views:
http://www1.umn.edu/sesqui/resources/conference.html#emotion

>  Atherton can say the case is overstated for rape as an evolutionary 
>  adaptation or the direct result of another such adaptation 
>  for mating as the book that I cited describes, but given my 
>  experience of his department I would discount it when he does. 

I'm not sure what Mr. Kahn's experience of my Department is,
but if it is limited to this symposium then I doubt that it
is representative.  This particular symposium was not sponsored
by my department, it was sponsored by the College of Liberal Arts, 
Department of Psychology, Center for Cognitive Sciences, College 
of Education and Human Development, Institute of Child Development, 
Department of Psychiatry.  You would have to understand some of 
the academic politics at the U to realize why Educational Psychology 
is, for the most part, outside of this loop; at least in the case
of this symposium. 

>  That's what I "think," "believe," and it's pretty much my 
>  "opinion." I can't argue with any authority on how feminists 
>  handle statisics and leave that to him, a former feminist and 
>  a statistian, 

Interesting how your words are sometimes distorted: I never
claimed to be a statistian. I have only a rudimentary
understanding of statistics (although it is probably
more of an understanding than that held by many graduate students).

>  I "think." Rhetoric, jargon, semantics aside; rape is not 
>  a nice subject or experience, but I still think a complete 
>  understanding of it is important in determining ways to deal 
>  with all it's forms. Even if it were "all about power" as 
>  the majority of folks here emphasize, what does that mean, 
>  anyway? Are we talking about asserting dominance in a social 
>  group when we say it is about "power?" Doesn't that have 
>  an evolutionary basis too?

Unless you are a Creationist, it is reasonable to assume that
all life and behavior has an evolutionary basis.  That's the 
problem with evolutionary examinations, they're not very well 
constrained.  I happen to have a lot of "beliefs" about the 
evolutionary basses of human behavior, but that's about all 
that they amount to, "beliefs," and I would be very cautious 
about using them to establish social or legal policies.  Is 
the implication that because rape is a "natural" phenomenon 
that we should be more lenient on criminal rapists?

WizardMarks wrote:

> WM: I think you are exceptionally misanthropic in your 
> statements, which is your right. However, ascribing it 
> to the feminists creates an untruth.

Well if Humanists have an optimistic view of human nature
then I guess it follows that those of us who have a more
"realistic" or existential view can be categorized as 
misanthropic, however I don't see how it follows from
my believing that Feminists have lobbied to change rape
laws and that they may have influenced the statistical 
recording of rapes that my viewpoint is necessarily 
misanthropic.  As I stated, "correctness" on this issue 
is often a litmus test and many people have been persecuted 
for failing it.

Because of my focus on individual rights I strongly
supported Feminism in the 60s and 70s and my views
we well aligned with what was then called "radical
feminism," but times changed and many Feminists became
more interested in lobbying for preferences than
equality.  I gave up completely when people began
arguing that rationality was an oppressive feature
of the patriarchy and that logical consistency was
not a necessary component of political discourse.

> WM: The victims probably don't experience sexual arousal. 
> That rapists do is meaningless. If it were such a strong 
> motivator, all men would be rapists. 

Ah, the problem with "just so" hypothesizing. ;-) Hunger
is a pretty strong motivator, yet not everyone becomes
a killer when they're starving.  I'd suggests that there
are other contributing factors. Regardless, your logical 
implication is not necessarily true.

> Two points about the "power" exercised in rape: it's not 
> 'power,' so much as 'power over.' In my estimation that's 
> a long winded way of saying bullying. (Or in today's 
> parlance, extreme bullying.)

I don't see much difference between "power" and "power over,"
but I would agree that having control and inflicting pain
is an important factor.

> The FBI profilers give the information that serial killers are 
> "sexually aroused" when killing. Killing certainly qualifies as 
> power over in the ultimate extreme. Serial killers and serial 
> rapists seem cut from the same cloth.

I agree, but a lack of empathy is also an important factor.

> For the victims, none of this palaver is worth doodely.  

I don't agree.  Understanding the psyche of the attacker
can be a powerful tool.  Or you can get lucky and have
just read the right book and be able to talk the person
out of killing you.  Years ago, when I helped teach rape 
classes, it was empathized that thinking smart could save your
life.  I haven't read anything to contradict that.

> What the adult victim feels is that some despicable creature 
> really wants to be a monster and will stop at nothing. The 
> victims are also scared witless since the SOB could kill them 
> as well as rape them. He could also further torture them, 
> then kill them. Whether the rapist has his sexual feelings 
> engaged is immaterial. 

Again, I disagree.  Knowledge is power.

> Rape is not entirely lizard brain behavior, it has the overlay 
> of bullying. Theoretically, at least, animals, not having eaten 
> of the fruit-of-the-tree-of-knowledge-of-good-and-evil, do not 
> feel violated, tortured, horrified, frightened, disgusted, offended, 
> or any other emotions victims express having felt.

I guess I don't know enough about the prevalence of rape
in the animal kingdom to know what animals feel.  Maybe Mr. Kahn
can give us an evolutionary viewpoint.

> I'd be willing to bet that rapists feel rageful and, as bullies, 
> want to find a victim for their rage. Bullies do not set up fair 
> arguments/fights with the persons they're angry with. They're too 
> cowardly for that. They want a substitute, one who is not as strong, 
> as big, and who can be caught off guard.

I think that this perspective is too narrow.  I read a quote from
an authority on rape recently that stated that if you didn't want 
to be raped just gain 300 pounds; that most rapists are interested 
in the taking what they cannot obtain.  

> I would also say that all those instances in which males, in 
> particular, engage is pinching fannies, feeling up girls and 
> women furtively and not so furtively, calling women and girls 
> by disgusting names and slang for body parts are also bullying 
> and done just because, in this society, it has been acceptable 
> behavior for males. That rather enlarges the number of potential 
> rapists because these are all bullying behaviors, even if 
> all men are not rapists.

Not all men are cads.  In fact most men are not cads.  Many
feminists have forgotten that one of major tenets of Feminism
was sexual freedom, not victimization.  The demonization of
sexual relations has been an unintended consequence of the
Feminism movement.  I don't think that I'll outlive the New 
Puritanism, but I hope that my children will.  I think that
we should all keep in mind that rapists represent a very small
abnormal proportion of the population, unless of course you
believe that rape is an evolutionary imperative. 

Michael Atherton
Prospect Park


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