> When I have a large system to evacuate it takes rather long, granted. But if 
> I have leakages somewhere (for example at the cock that I use to feed the 
> penning mixture to the system) then the intruding air will distribute 
> homogeneously inside the vacuum.

That's not really true.  Pressure flows like electricity does.  If your vacuum 
system is a long thin hose, it acts like a resistor, and you can easily have a 
higher pressure in one end of the hose than the other.  The higher the vacuum, 
the slower things tend to propagate, too.  Even without a leak, you can have a 
pressure differential.  You'd think that things would stabilize eventually, but 
all your surfaces are outgassing at various rates, and the pump is moving 
molecules from inside your system to outside, so the pressure will usually be 
lowest at the pump inlet and rise from there.  The narrower the bore, the 
faster the rise.

> When I have a small(er) system, it might not take so long to evacuate, but in 
> this case small leakages will ruin the system more rapidly.

Not really - your pump's capacity and the rate of leakage will reach an 
equilibrium, and that would be similar regardless of system size.  And, due to 
the flow resistance I mentioned above, the pressure will be highest near the 
leak and lowest near the pump.

The situation you describe is more like if you'd pumped down to a low pressure 
and then a leak appeared for whatever reason (common when doing gas fills).  In 
this case, the pressure will tend to rise more quickly in a small system, but 
again this depends on the geometry.  If you have a small, long, thin system, 
with the leak at one end and the pump in the middle, the pressure will get 
pretty high pretty fast near the leak.  If you have a large system that's a 
sphere, the pressure near the leak will rise more slowly.

Vacuum systems take some getting used to, and require their own sorts of 
thinking.

> So basically, the idea is to include a small volume in between to compensate 
> for that. Is that nonsense?

That's like adding a capacitor to a circuit - it will give you some surge 
capacity, but will tend to give you slower pumpdown and it'll have more surface 
area to outgas.  And if it's connected to the thing where you care about the 
vacuum (your tube) by a resistance (narrow passage), it won't help 
particularly.  And this is the same reasoning that would apply to a low 
impedance power supply - you can put in a big filter capacitor, but if there's 
impedance between it and your load, the voltage is going to sag when your load 
draws more current (like a leak in a vacuum system).

So it's not pure nonsense, but my guess is that it isn't going to do what you 
want.  The winning strategy is generally to keep your pump capacity higher than 
your leak capacity, keep your leaks far from where you care about your vacuum, 
and provide a wide, short passage between your pump and the place you care 
about your vacuum.

Why yes, I have worked on vacuum systems, why do you ask?

We had a time with this on one project where we had this loud screaming 1200 
l/s turbomolecular pump exhausting through a 6-inch port into our target area.  
But 3 meters away, through 1½ tubing, we had an electron gun with a 1cm 
diameter dispenser cathode that outgassed like mad when heated.  We finally had 
to tack on some ion pumps at the gun end to keep the vacuum there clean.

- John

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