BODY { font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12px; }John, list:
I would further say that our species requires language since our knowledge is not innate and must be both developed and learned. What kind of language? All language is primarily symbolic and all language must acknowledge agents and interactions. Or subject/object and verbs. Other aspects such as grammatical structure, numbers, etc are variable. I'd say this: the symbolic aspect and the agent/interaction aspect is required. Socialization is simply based around the acknowledgement of others and their, and your, role in the functioning in the group. As far as bilingual and trilingual children [common in Europe] - as you note, there seems to be no problem. I'm aware of many such families - and even more, how the infant connects the language to the person. Such that - if Parent A is speaking Language Y most of the time, and Parent B speaks Z....the child will get quite upset if the languages are switched. I don't think that the nature/nurture question will ever be resolved! Edwina On Wed 08/08/18 1:44 PM , John F Sowa s...@bestweb.net sent: On 8/8/2018 8:41 AM, Edwina Taborsky wrote: > if you see our species [homo sapiens] as a kind of 'black slate' Both of the articles cited are contributions to the nature/nurture debates that have been going on for centuries. Neither one said that the infant's mind or brain is a "blank slate" at birth. > our species is not born with innate knowledge and requires a long > nurturance period. And our type of socialization requires language. > So- how do you get away from the notion that the requirement for > language is innate? You need large numbers of researchers exploring the issues from many points of view. And as Peirce said, do not block the way of inquiry. Chomsky, for example, has spent the past 40 years in blocking attempts to disprove his hypotheses from 60 years ago. For example, consider "our type of socialization requires language." That's true. But what kind of language? What kind of socialization? And what aspects of each are required or optional? Dan E. shows how a language and culture that developed in centuries of isolation from "our type of socialization" can be radically different from "our kind of language". It's unethical to deprive infants of various stimuli to see what happens, but there are naturally occurring situations that create variations. For an example from the other article: > So a child’s brain will develop differently depending on how > attentive her parents are, whether she lives in poverty, and > which culture she grows up in. > > “Early infancy is a critical time for establishing the biology > of a healthy mind. You’re not born with a social brain, you > grow one.” Another kind of study addresses the issues of infants raised by parents with two different native languages, spoken and signed. (Not surprisingly, the study was done in Canada.) See below. John _______________________________________________________________ From slide 14 of http://jfsowa.com/talks/vrmind.pdf [1] A study of bilingual infants whose parents speak or sign different languages: * ● All six combinations of four languages: English, French, American Sign Language (ASL), and Langue des Signes Québécoise (LSQ). ● Monolingual and bilingual babies go through the same stages and at the same ages for both spoken and signed languages. ● Hearing babies born to profoundly deaf parents babble with their hands, but not vocally. ● Babies bilingual in a spoken and a signed language babble in both modalities – vocally and with their hands. ● And they express themselves with equal fluency in their spoken and signed language at every stage of development. The same brain areas that support spoken languages support signed languages, but other areas are also involved. ** * Laura-Ann Petitto (2005) http://petitto.net/pubs/published [2] ** R. Campbell, M. MacSweeney, & D. Waters (2007) Sign language and the brain: A review. https://academic.oup.com/jdsde/article/13/1/3/500594 [3] Links: ------ [1] http://webmail.primus.ca/parse.php?redirect=http%3A%2F%2Fjfsowa.com%2Ftalks%2Fvrmind.pdf [2] http://webmail.primus.ca/parse.php?redirect=http%3A%2F%2Fpetitto.net%2Fpubs%2Fpublished [3] http://webmail.primus.ca/parse.php?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjdsde%2Farticle%2F13%2F1%2F3%2F500594
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