Jon,
Peirce was using the word 'category' in rhe tradition from
Aristotle to Kant.  That tradition is still alive and well in
philosophy.
It's unfortunate that the 20th c mathematicians used the
same term for a different kind of mathematical theory.  But as Robert M.
hass been saying, it's possible to apply the mathematical category theory
to analyze Peirce's theories.
JAS>
"A Categorical Manifesto" provides the kind of clear and
succinct definition that I have been seeking.JG: 
 To each species of mathematical structure, there corresponds a category
 whose objects have that structure, and whose morphisms preserve it. (p.
 2)That simple statement may look
clear and succinct, but underneath there's
the kind of complexity that Robert was talking
about.JAS> Would
 it then be accurate to say that Peirce's categories (1ns/2ns/3ns) are
mathematical categories in the sense of corresponding to the structures
of the three irreducible forms of relation
(monadic/dyadic/triadic)?Short answer: 
No.The longer answer would be along the lines that
Robert was talkinng about.John
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