Jim:

> There isn't really a debate that I know, except about semantics. Banks
> can't create commodity money (a province of nature, as it were) or
> fiat money (a province of the state). They create bookkeeping money,
> i.e., liquid assets that are entries in a bank's books, that
> corresponds to debt.

We are in a minor disagreement, Jim. Fiat money is debt also, the debt
of the central bank to itself. Further, fiat money is credit also, the
credit of the central bank to itself. Hence, in your terminology, fiat
money is bookkeeping money also, which means that debt (liabilities) =
money = credit (assets) to the central bank at the moment the central
bank creates it.

Things get different when central bank lends that money to the rest of
the world.  Prior to that, both the assets and the liabilities are
equally liquid since they are the same thing, but after the money is
lent to the rest of the world, the central bank assets, that is, the
central bank credit may get illiquid. But, this is not a problem to
the central bank, because if the central  bank assets/credit disappear
altogether, the central bank liabilities/debt and hence money
disappear also. Then the central bank can create new money if the
money is fiat money.

This is what the other banks cannot do in the presence of a central bank.

However, if there is no central bank, and the US did not have one
until 1913, then who creates the fiat money?

Best,
Sabri
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