Allow NOT VALID foreign key constraints on partitioned tables

This feature was intentionally omitted when FKs were first implemented
for partitioned tables, and had been requested a few times; the
usefulness is clear.

Validation can happen for each partition individually, which is useful
to contain the number of locks held and the duration; or it can be
executed for the partitioning hierarchy as a single command, which
validates all child constraints that haven't been validated already.

This is also useful to implement NOT ENFORCED constraints on top.

Author: Amul Sul <sula...@gmail.com>
Discussion: 
https://postgr.es/m/CAAJ_b96Bp=-ZwihPPtuaNX=srz0u6zsxd3+fgaro0juka8v...@mail.gmail.com

Branch
------
master

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/b663b9436e7509b5e73c8c372539f067cd6e66c1

Modified Files
--------------
doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_table.sgml         |   2 -
src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c          | 150 +++++++++++++++++++++---------
src/test/regress/expected/foreign_key.out |  97 +++++++++++++++++--
src/test/regress/sql/foreign_key.sql      |  72 +++++++++++++-
4 files changed, 263 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-)

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