I wrote:
> I believe I've identified the reason why skink and some other buildfarm
> members have been failing the pg_upgrade test recently.
> ...
> Not sure what we want to do about it.  One idea is to make
> ALTER SEQUENCE not so transactional when in binary-upgrade mode.

On closer inspection, the only thing that pg_upgrade needs is to be
able to do ALTER SEQUENCE OWNED BY without a relfilenode bump.  PFA
two versions of a patch that fixes this problem, at least to the
extent that it gets through check-world without triggering the Assert
I added to GetNewRelFileNode (which HEAD doesn't).  The first one
is a minimally-invasive hack; the second one puts the responsibility
for deciding if a sequence rewrite is needed into init_params.  That's
bulkier but might be useful if we ever grow additional ALTER SEQUENCE
options that don't need a rewrite.  OTOH, I'm not very clear on what
such options might look like, so maybe the extra flexibility is useless.
Thoughts?

                        regards, tom lane

diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/catalog.c b/src/backend/catalog/catalog.c
index 11ee536..43ef4cd 100644
*** a/src/backend/catalog/catalog.c
--- b/src/backend/catalog/catalog.c
*************** GetNewRelFileNode(Oid reltablespace, Rel
*** 391,396 ****
--- 391,403 ----
  	bool		collides;
  	BackendId	backend;
  
+ 	/*
+ 	 * If we ever get here during pg_upgrade, there's something wrong; all
+ 	 * relfilenode assignments during a binary-upgrade run should be
+ 	 * determined by commands in the dump script.
+ 	 */
+ 	Assert(!IsBinaryUpgrade);
+ 
  	switch (relpersistence)
  	{
  		case RELPERSISTENCE_TEMP:
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/sequence.c b/src/backend/commands/sequence.c
index 7e85b69..188429c 100644
*** a/src/backend/commands/sequence.c
--- b/src/backend/commands/sequence.c
*************** AlterSequence(ParseState *pstate, AlterS
*** 473,490 ****
  		GetTopTransactionId();
  
  	/*
! 	 * Create a new storage file for the sequence, making the state changes
! 	 * transactional.  We want to keep the sequence's relfrozenxid at 0, since
! 	 * it won't contain any unfrozen XIDs.  Same with relminmxid, since a
! 	 * sequence will never contain multixacts.
  	 */
! 	RelationSetNewRelfilenode(seqrel, seqrel->rd_rel->relpersistence,
! 							  InvalidTransactionId, InvalidMultiXactId);
  
! 	/*
! 	 * Insert the modified tuple into the new storage file.
! 	 */
! 	fill_seq_with_data(seqrel, newdatatuple);
  
  	/* process OWNED BY if given */
  	if (owned_by)
--- 473,499 ----
  		GetTopTransactionId();
  
  	/*
! 	 * If we are *only* doing OWNED BY, there is no need to rewrite the
! 	 * sequence file nor the pg_sequence tuple; and we mustn't do so because
! 	 * it breaks pg_upgrade by causing unwanted changes in the sequence's
! 	 * relfilenode.
  	 */
! 	if (!(owned_by && list_length(stmt->options) == 1))
! 	{
! 		/*
! 		 * Create a new storage file for the sequence, making the state
! 		 * changes transactional.  We want to keep the sequence's relfrozenxid
! 		 * at 0, since it won't contain any unfrozen XIDs.  Same with
! 		 * relminmxid, since a sequence will never contain multixacts.
! 		 */
! 		RelationSetNewRelfilenode(seqrel, seqrel->rd_rel->relpersistence,
! 								  InvalidTransactionId, InvalidMultiXactId);
  
! 		/*
! 		 * Insert the modified tuple into the new storage file.
! 		 */
! 		fill_seq_with_data(seqrel, newdatatuple);
! 	}
  
  	/* process OWNED BY if given */
  	if (owned_by)
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/catalog.c b/src/backend/catalog/catalog.c
index 11ee536..43ef4cd 100644
*** a/src/backend/catalog/catalog.c
--- b/src/backend/catalog/catalog.c
*************** GetNewRelFileNode(Oid reltablespace, Rel
*** 391,396 ****
--- 391,403 ----
  	bool		collides;
  	BackendId	backend;
  
+ 	/*
+ 	 * If we ever get here during pg_upgrade, there's something wrong; all
+ 	 * relfilenode assignments during a binary-upgrade run should be
+ 	 * determined by commands in the dump script.
+ 	 */
+ 	Assert(!IsBinaryUpgrade);
+ 
  	switch (relpersistence)
  	{
  		case RELPERSISTENCE_TEMP:
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/sequence.c b/src/backend/commands/sequence.c
index 7e85b69..34b8aa2 100644
*** a/src/backend/commands/sequence.c
--- b/src/backend/commands/sequence.c
*************** static Form_pg_sequence_data read_seq_tu
*** 101,107 ****
  static void init_params(ParseState *pstate, List *options, bool for_identity,
  			bool isInit,
  			Form_pg_sequence seqform,
! 			Form_pg_sequence_data seqdataform, List **owned_by);
  static void do_setval(Oid relid, int64 next, bool iscalled);
  static void process_owned_by(Relation seqrel, List *owned_by, bool for_identity);
  
--- 101,109 ----
  static void init_params(ParseState *pstate, List *options, bool for_identity,
  			bool isInit,
  			Form_pg_sequence seqform,
! 			Form_pg_sequence_data seqdataform,
! 			bool *need_newrelfilenode,
! 			List **owned_by);
  static void do_setval(Oid relid, int64 next, bool iscalled);
  static void process_owned_by(Relation seqrel, List *owned_by, bool for_identity);
  
*************** DefineSequence(ParseState *pstate, Creat
*** 115,120 ****
--- 117,123 ----
  {
  	FormData_pg_sequence seqform;
  	FormData_pg_sequence_data seqdataform;
+ 	bool		need_newrelfilenode;
  	List	   *owned_by;
  	CreateStmt *stmt = makeNode(CreateStmt);
  	Oid			seqoid;
*************** DefineSequence(ParseState *pstate, Creat
*** 153,159 ****
  	}
  
  	/* Check and set all option values */
! 	init_params(pstate, seq->options, seq->for_identity, true, &seqform, &seqdataform, &owned_by);
  
  	/*
  	 * Create relation (and fill value[] and null[] for the tuple)
--- 156,164 ----
  	}
  
  	/* Check and set all option values */
! 	init_params(pstate, seq->options, seq->for_identity, true,
! 				&seqform, &seqdataform,
! 				&need_newrelfilenode, &owned_by);
  
  	/*
  	 * Create relation (and fill value[] and null[] for the tuple)
*************** AlterSequence(ParseState *pstate, AlterS
*** 417,422 ****
--- 422,428 ----
  	HeapTupleData datatuple;
  	Form_pg_sequence seqform;
  	Form_pg_sequence_data newdataform;
+ 	bool		need_newrelfilenode;
  	List	   *owned_by;
  	ObjectAddress address;
  	Relation	rel;
*************** AlterSequence(ParseState *pstate, AlterS
*** 461,468 ****
  	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
  
  	/* Check and set new values */
! 	init_params(pstate, stmt->options, stmt->for_identity, false, seqform,
! 				newdataform, &owned_by);
  
  	/* Clear local cache so that we don't think we have cached numbers */
  	/* Note that we do not change the currval() state */
--- 467,475 ----
  	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
  
  	/* Check and set new values */
! 	init_params(pstate, stmt->options, stmt->for_identity, false,
! 				seqform, newdataform,
! 				&need_newrelfilenode, &owned_by);
  
  	/* Clear local cache so that we don't think we have cached numbers */
  	/* Note that we do not change the currval() state */
*************** AlterSequence(ParseState *pstate, AlterS
*** 473,490 ****
  		GetTopTransactionId();
  
  	/*
! 	 * Create a new storage file for the sequence, making the state changes
! 	 * transactional.  We want to keep the sequence's relfrozenxid at 0, since
! 	 * it won't contain any unfrozen XIDs.  Same with relminmxid, since a
! 	 * sequence will never contain multixacts.
  	 */
! 	RelationSetNewRelfilenode(seqrel, seqrel->rd_rel->relpersistence,
! 							  InvalidTransactionId, InvalidMultiXactId);
  
! 	/*
! 	 * Insert the modified tuple into the new storage file.
! 	 */
! 	fill_seq_with_data(seqrel, newdatatuple);
  
  	/* process OWNED BY if given */
  	if (owned_by)
--- 480,500 ----
  		GetTopTransactionId();
  
  	/*
! 	 * If needed, create a new storage file for the sequence, making the state
! 	 * changes transactional.  We want to keep the sequence's relfrozenxid at
! 	 * 0, since it won't contain any unfrozen XIDs.  Same with relminmxid,
! 	 * since a sequence will never contain multixacts.
  	 */
! 	if (need_newrelfilenode)
! 	{
! 		RelationSetNewRelfilenode(seqrel, seqrel->rd_rel->relpersistence,
! 								  InvalidTransactionId, InvalidMultiXactId);
  
! 		/*
! 		 * Insert the modified tuple into the new storage file.
! 		 */
! 		fill_seq_with_data(seqrel, newdatatuple);
! 	}
  
  	/* process OWNED BY if given */
  	if (owned_by)
*************** read_seq_tuple(Relation rel, Buffer *buf
*** 1205,1213 ****
   * init_params: process the options list of CREATE or ALTER SEQUENCE, and
   * store the values into appropriate fields of seqform, for changes that go
   * into the pg_sequence catalog, and seqdataform for changes to the sequence
!  * relation itself.  Set *changed_seqform to true if seqform was changed
!  * (interesting for ALTER SEQUENCE).  Also set *owned_by to any OWNED BY
!  * option, or to NIL if there is none.
   *
   * If isInit is true, fill any unspecified options with default values;
   * otherwise, do not change existing options that aren't explicitly overridden.
--- 1215,1224 ----
   * init_params: process the options list of CREATE or ALTER SEQUENCE, and
   * store the values into appropriate fields of seqform, for changes that go
   * into the pg_sequence catalog, and seqdataform for changes to the sequence
!  * relation itself.  Set *need_newrelfilenode to true if we changed any
!  * parameters that require assigning a new sequence relfilenode (interesting
!  * for ALTER SEQUENCE).  Also set *owned_by to any OWNED BY option, or to NIL
!  * if there is none.
   *
   * If isInit is true, fill any unspecified options with default values;
   * otherwise, do not change existing options that aren't explicitly overridden.
*************** init_params(ParseState *pstate, List *op
*** 1217,1222 ****
--- 1228,1234 ----
  			bool isInit,
  			Form_pg_sequence seqform,
  			Form_pg_sequence_data seqdataform,
+ 			bool *need_newrelfilenode,
  			List **owned_by)
  {
  	DefElem    *as_type = NULL;
*************** init_params(ParseState *pstate, List *op
*** 1231,1236 ****
--- 1243,1249 ----
  	bool		reset_max_value = false;
  	bool		reset_min_value = false;
  
+ 	*need_newrelfilenode = false;
  	*owned_by = NIL;
  
  	foreach(option, options)
*************** init_params(ParseState *pstate, List *op
*** 1245,1250 ****
--- 1258,1264 ----
  						 errmsg("conflicting or redundant options"),
  						 parser_errposition(pstate, defel->location)));
  			as_type = defel;
+ 			*need_newrelfilenode = true;
  		}
  		else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "increment") == 0)
  		{
*************** init_params(ParseState *pstate, List *op
*** 1254,1259 ****
--- 1268,1274 ----
  						 errmsg("conflicting or redundant options"),
  						 parser_errposition(pstate, defel->location)));
  			increment_by = defel;
+ 			*need_newrelfilenode = true;
  		}
  		else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "start") == 0)
  		{
*************** init_params(ParseState *pstate, List *op
*** 1263,1268 ****
--- 1278,1284 ----
  						 errmsg("conflicting or redundant options"),
  						 parser_errposition(pstate, defel->location)));
  			start_value = defel;
+ 			*need_newrelfilenode = true;
  		}
  		else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "restart") == 0)
  		{
*************** init_params(ParseState *pstate, List *op
*** 1272,1277 ****
--- 1288,1294 ----
  						 errmsg("conflicting or redundant options"),
  						 parser_errposition(pstate, defel->location)));
  			restart_value = defel;
+ 			*need_newrelfilenode = true;
  		}
  		else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "maxvalue") == 0)
  		{
*************** init_params(ParseState *pstate, List *op
*** 1281,1286 ****
--- 1298,1304 ----
  						 errmsg("conflicting or redundant options"),
  						 parser_errposition(pstate, defel->location)));
  			max_value = defel;
+ 			*need_newrelfilenode = true;
  		}
  		else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "minvalue") == 0)
  		{
*************** init_params(ParseState *pstate, List *op
*** 1290,1295 ****
--- 1308,1314 ----
  						 errmsg("conflicting or redundant options"),
  						 parser_errposition(pstate, defel->location)));
  			min_value = defel;
+ 			*need_newrelfilenode = true;
  		}
  		else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "cache") == 0)
  		{
*************** init_params(ParseState *pstate, List *op
*** 1299,1304 ****
--- 1318,1324 ----
  						 errmsg("conflicting or redundant options"),
  						 parser_errposition(pstate, defel->location)));
  			cache_value = defel;
+ 			*need_newrelfilenode = true;
  		}
  		else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "cycle") == 0)
  		{
*************** init_params(ParseState *pstate, List *op
*** 1308,1313 ****
--- 1328,1334 ----
  						 errmsg("conflicting or redundant options"),
  						 parser_errposition(pstate, defel->location)));
  			is_cycled = defel;
+ 			*need_newrelfilenode = true;
  		}
  		else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "owned_by") == 0)
  		{
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