Buat Info perbandingan adalah daftar khilafah dalam sejarah China hue..he..he... Mereka bikinnya sejak 50 ribu tahun sebelum masehi lho, hue..he..he....
salam, Ari Condro Saya baru dapat dari Bpk AH, Tabel Kronologi Raja2 Tiongkok kiriman sdr. Tan yang sangat lengkap. Ada yang ingin saya usulkan mengenai tabel ini: 1. Penambahan nama2 raja yang belum ada, misalnya raja2 dari NanBeiChao (Dinasti Selatan-Utara), Wudai Shiguo (Lima Dinasti dan Sepuluh Kerajaan), Kerajaan2 yang sejaman dengan Song, ie: Liao, XiXia, Jin. 2. Sejaman dengan Dinasti Jin Barat (265-317M) dan Jin Timur (317-420 M) ada kerajaan2 kecil yang disebut ShiLiuGuo. 3. Penulisan raja dinasti Yuan Bagaimana ada batas (misalnya garis) antara Mongke dengan Kubilai Khan, untuk menunjukkan bahwa Kubilai Khanlah yang menaklukkan dinasti Song dan mendirikan dinasti Yuan. 4. Seperti dengan dinasti Yuan, perjalanan dinasti Qing dimulai dengan raja Aisin Gioro Nurhachi yang memakai nama dinasti ManZhou atau HouJin. Setelah ShunZhi menaklukkan dinasti Ming , ia mengganti nama dinastinya menjadi dinasti Qing. Sumber item2 di atas diambil dari tulisan Dylan WHS di: http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Pagoda/3847/chinese/utf8/chindate-utf8.htm Nama raja pada daftar Dylan ini adalah nama gelarnya, tidak ada nama pribadinya. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Dynasties and Rulers of China China has had a long history of successive rulers from mythical sages to real people documented in historical chronicles. Below is a list of rulers by their reign title. Only the main dynastic players in Chinese history are listed. The first section lists the mythical and semi-mythical rulers. These contributed towards the development of Chinese culture in general by their teaching of important skill to the people. The founders of the Xia4, Shang1 and Zhou1 dynasties are important only as signposts in the timeline, the transition between the mythical and the historical. In the second section, Dynastic China, the major dynasties are given together with reign titles and dates. The names of the founders of those dynasties are given in brackets. The year given against each ruler is the year (in the Western calendar) of ascension the throne. We end with the third section, post imperial Modern China. For a Chinese Traditional Big5 version of this page, click here. Mythical - Semi-Mythical Rulers . Mythical Rulers 50,000 BC - 2700 BC o Pre-historic (You3Chao2) (Sui4Ren2) - Taught man to use fire to cook o (Fu2Xi1) - First taught the people fishing, herd domestication, and the inventor of the octogram and writing. z(N wa1) - Younger sister of , fashioned four pillars of multicoloured stone set upon the back of a turtle to prop up the heavens. r(Shen2Nong2) - Introduced agriculture, medicines and healing and the formulated the 64 hexagrams. . Semi-mythical Rulers o (Wu3Di4) 2697 BC - 2033 BC S(Huang2Di4) Inventor of the calendar, music, presided over the systemisation written language and healing }R(Cang1Ji2) , minister to S, systemised the written language. (Zhuan1Xu1) grandson of S, lived in Gao1Yang2 in modern Henan 2 2 province (Di4Ku4) (Ku4) Great grandson of S (Tang2Yao2) (Yao2) Said to have created a the calendar, Great-great grandson of S, fifty years on the throne, ruled wisely. (Yu2Shun4) (Shun4) Took reign after retired, controlled water and noted for his filial piety. (San1 Dai4) Three Dynasties of the semi-mythical age o (Yu3) founder of the Xia4 Dynasty o (Tang1) founder of the Yin1 (Shang1) Dynasty o (Wu2) founder of (Xi1Zhou1) the Western Zhou Dynasty (Xian1Wang2) Ancient Kings of the mythical - semi-mythical age o great-great grandson of S o reign after retired o founder of the Xia Dynasty o founder of the Yin () or Shang Dynasty o (Wen2) father of o founder of the Western Zhou Dynasty }(SanDai zi ShengHuang) Sage Kings of the Three Dynasties o first ruler of the Xia Dynasty o first ruler of the Yin () or Shang Dynasty o called was father to o first ruler of the Western Zhou Dynasty (SanDai zi BaoJun) Cruel Rulers of the Three Dynasties o (Jie2) last ruler of the Xia Dynasty (died 1562? BC) o q(Zhou4) last ruler of the Yin () or Shang Dynasty (died 1050) o (Yuo1) last ruler of the Western Zhou Dynasty (died 771 BC) o (Li4) cruel ruler during the Western Zhou Dynasty (died 826 BC) Dynastic China . Xia4 2033-1562 BC Yu3 First ruler of Xia, tamed floods, one of the Sage kings Qi3 Tai4 Kang1 Zhong4 Kang1 Xiang1 Shao3 Kang1 Zhu4 Mang2 Xie4 Bu4 Jiang4 Jiong1 Jin3 Kong3 Jia3 Gao1 lFa1 L Gui3 (Jie2) . Shang1 1562-1066 BC Tang1 overthrew the tyrannical ruler of the tribe. A Sage king Wai4 Bing3 Zhong4 Ren2 Tai4 Jia3 Wo4 Ding1 Tai4 Geng1 Xiao3 Jia3 Yong1 Ji3 Tai4 Wu4 Zhong4 Ding1 Wai4 Ren2 He2 Dan3 Jia3 Zu3 Yi3 Zu3 Xin1 Wo4 Jia3 Zu3 Ding1 Nan2 Geng1 Yang2 Jia3 PPan2 Geng1 Xiao3 Xin1 Xiao3 Yi3 Wu3 Ding1 Zu3 Geng1 Zu3 Jia3 [Lin3 Xin1 Geng1 Ding1 Wu3 Yi3 Tai4 Ding1 (Wen2 Ding1) Di4 Yi3 Di4 Xin1 (qZhou4) . Zhou1 Dynasty (Wu3) name l(Wu3Wang2 Ji1Fa1) established the Zhou1 Dynasty. A Sage King. Father of (Cheng2Wang2). (Vun2) father of (name Xi1Bai3Chang1) ancestor of the dukes of the Lu3 and xJin4 states during the Zhou1 Dynasty. o Western Zhou1 (Xi1 Zhou1) 1066-771 BC King Wu3 (lJi1Fa1) King Cheng2 King Kang1 King Mu4 King Gong1 King Yi4 King Xiao4 King Yi2 King Li4 841 BC King Xuan1 827 BC King You1 781 BC o Eastern Zhou1 |(Dong1 Zhou1) 770-256 BC King Ping2 (Ji1 Yi2Jiu4) 770 BC King Huan2 719 BC fKing Zhuang1 696 BC King Li2 681 BC King Hui4 676 BC King Xiang1 651 BC King Qing3 618 BC King Kuang1 612 BC King Ding4 606 BC King Jian3 585 BC `King Ling2 571 BC King Jing3 544 BC King Jing4 519 BC King Yuan2 475 BC King Zhen1 Ding4 468 BC King Xiao4 440 BC King Wei1 Lie4 425 BC King An1 401 BC King Lie4 375 BC @King Xian3 368 BC nKing Shen4 Jing4 320 BC King Nan3 314 BC Spring and Autumn Period (Chun1 Qiu1) 770-476 BC Warring States (Zhan4 Guo2) 475-221 BC (Seven Most Powerful States) Qin2 King Zhao1 Xiang1 (tYing2 Ze2) 306 BC King Xiao4 Wen2 250 BC fKing Zhuang1 Xiang1 249 BC Qin2 Shi3 Huang2 Di4 (Ying2 Zheng4) 246 BC see Qin below Er4 Shi4 Huang2 Di4 209 BC Wei4 Zhao4 w Han2 n Chu3 Yan4 Qi2 Retc. . Qin2 221-207 BC Qin2 Shi3 Huang2 Di4 (Ying2 Zheng4) 246 BC The First Emperor of Qin China Er4 Shi4 Huang2 Di4 209 BC The Second Emperor of Qin China . Han4 h o Western Han h(Xi1 Han4) 206 BC - 8 AD Emperor Gao1 (Liu2 Bang1) 206 BC Emperor Hui4 194 BC Emperess Gao1 187 BC Emperor Wen2 179 BC Emperor Jing3 156 BC Emperor Wu3 140 BC Emperor Zhao1 86 BC Emperor Xuan1 73 BC Emperor Yuan2 48 BC Emperor Cheng2 32 BC Emperor Ai1 6 BC Emperor Ping2 1 AD (z) Child heir, regent Wang Mang 6 AD o Xin1 9AD - 25 AD Wang2 Mang3 9 AD Emperor Shi3 Geng1 (Liu2 Xuan2) 23 AD o Eastern Han |h(Dong1 Han4) 25 - 220 AD Emperor Guang1 Mu4(Liu2 Xiu4) 25 AD Emperor Ming2 56 Emperor Zhang1 76 Emperor He2 89 Emperor Shang1 106 Emperor An1 107 Emperor Shun4 126 _Emperor Chong1 145 |Emperor Zhi4 146 Emperor Huan2 147 `Emperor Ling2 168 Emperor Shao3 189 IEmperor Xian4 189 . Three Kingdoms (San1 Guo2) 220 - 265 o Wei4 220-265 Wen2 Di4 (Cao2 Pi1) 220 Ming2 Di4 227 RQi2 Wang2 240 FlGao1 Gui4 Xiang2 Gong1 254 Yuan2 Di4 260 o Shu3 Han4 h221-263 Zhao1 Lie4 Di4 (Liu2 Bei4) 221 Hou4 Zhu3 223 o Wu2 222-280 Da4 Di4 222 Hui4 Ji1 252 Jing3 Di4 258 Mo4 Di4 264 . Jin4 x265-420 o Western Jin4 x(Xi1 Jin4) 265-317 Wu3 Di4 (RSi1 Ma3 Yan2) 265 Hui4 Di4 290 Huai2 Di4 307 Min3 Di4 313 o Eastern Jin4 |x(Dong1 Jin4) 317-420 Yuan2 Di4 (RSi1 Ma3 Rui4) 317 Ming2 Di4 318 Cheng2 Di4 322 Kang1 Di4 317 Mu4 Di4 345 Ai1 Di4 362 Hai2 Xi1 Gong1 366 Jian3 Wen2 Di4 371 Xiao4 Wu3 Di4 373 An1 Di4 397 Gong1 Di4 419 o Sixteen States (Shi2 Liu4 Guo2) Han4 h(Former Zhao wQian2 Zhao4) 304-328 Ran2 Wei4 (Later Zhao wHou4 Zhao4) 319-352 Cheng2 (Han4 h) 303-347 Former Qin2 (Qian2 Qin2) 351-394 Former Yan4 (Qian2 Yan4) 307-370 Late Yan4 (Hou4 Yan4) 384-409 Southern Yan4 (Nan2 Yan4) 398-410 Late Qin2 (Hou4 Qin2) 384-417 Xia4 407-431 Northern Wei4 (Bei3 Wei4) 409-436 Former Liang2 (Bei3 Liang2) 313-376 Late Liang2 (Hou4 Liang2) 386-403 Southern Liang2 (Nan2 Liang2) 397-414 Northern Liang2 (Bei3 Liang2) 397-439 Western Liang2 (Xi1 Liang2) 400-421 Western Qin2 (Xi1 Qin1) 385-431 . Northern and Southern Dynasties (Nan2 Bei3 Chao2) o Southern Dynasties (Nan2 Chao2) Song4 420-479 Wu3 Di4 (Liu2 Yu4) 420 Shao3 Di4 423 Wen2 Di4 424 Xiao4 Wu3 Di4 454 UQian2 Fei4 Di3 465 Ming2 Di4 465 UHou4 Fei4 Di4 473 Shun4 Chen2 477 Qi2 R479-502 Gao1 Di4 (Xiao1 Dao3 Cheng2) 479 Wu3 Di4 483 dYu4 Lin2 Wang2 494 Hai3 Ling2 Wang2 494 Ming2 Di4 494 |Dong1 Hun1 Hou2 499 He2 Di4 501 Liang2 502-557 Wu3 Di4 (Xiao1 Yan3) 502 Jian3 Wen2 Di4 550 Yuan2 Di4 552 Jing4 Di4 555 Chen2 557-589 Wu3 Di4 (Chen2 Ba4 Xian1) 557 Wen2 Di4 560 UFei4 Di4 567 Xuan1 Di4 569 Hou4 Zhu3 587 o Northern Dynasties (Bei3 Chao2) Northern Wei4 (Bei3 Wei4) 386-534 Dao4 Wu3 Di4 (Tuo4 Ba2 Gui1) 386 Ming2 Yuan2 Di4 409 Tai4 Wu3 Di4 424 Nan2 An1 Di4 452 Wen2 Cheng2 Di4 452 IXian4 Wen3 Di4 466 Xiao4 Wen2 Di4 471 Xuan1 Wu3 Di4 500 Xiao4 Ming2 Di4 516 fXiao4 Zhuang1 Di4 528 LVChang2 Guang1 Wang2 530 hJie1 Min3 Di4 531 An1 Ding4 Wang2 532 Xiao4 Wu3 Di4 532 Eastern Wei4 |(Dong1 Wei4) 534-550 oXiao4 Jing4 Di4 (Yuan2 Shan4 Jian4) 534 Northern Qi2 R(Bei3 Qi2) 550-577 Wen2 Xuan1 Di4 (Gao1 Yang2) 550 UFei4 Di4 560 Xiao4 Zhao1 Di4 560 Wu3 Cheng2 Di4 561 hou4 Zhu3 565 You4 Zhu3 577 Western Wei4 (Xi1 Wei4) 535-556 Wen2 Di4 (Yuan2 Bao3 Ju4) 535 UFei4 Di4 552 Gong1 Di4 554 Northern Zhou1 (Bei3 Zhou1) 557-581 hXiao4 Min3 Di4 (XYu3 Wen2 Jiao4) 557 Ming2 Di4 557 Wu3 Di4 561 Xuan1 Di4 579 oJing4 Di4 579 . Sui2 581-618 Wen2 Di4 (Yang2 Jian1) 581 Yang2 Di4 605 xYi4 Ning2 617 . Tang2 618-907 Gao1 Zu3 (YLi3 Yuan1) 618 Tai4 Zong1 627 Gao1 Zong1 650 Zhong1 Zong1 684 Rui4 Zong1 684 Wu3 Hou4 (Wu3 Zhao4) 684 Zhou1 690-705 Wu3 Hou, Empress Wu3 (tWu3 Ze2 Tian1) 690 Zhong1 Zong1 (@Li3 Xian3) 705 Shang1 Di4 710 Rui4 Di4 710 Xuan2 Di4 712 CSu4 Zong1 756 Dai4 Zong1 762 De2 Zong1 780 Shun4 Zong1 805 Xian4 Zong1 806 Mu4 zong1 821 Jing4 Zong1 825 Wen2 Zong1 826 Wu3 Zong1 841 Xuan1 Zong1 847 Yi4 Zong1 859 Xi1 Zong1 874 Zhao1 Zong1 889 Ai1 Zong1 904 . Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (Wu3 Dai4 Shi2 Guo2) o Five Dynasties (Wu2 Dai4) Later Liang2 (Hou Liang2) 907-923 Tai4 Zu3 (Zhu1 Huang3) 907 Mo1 Di4 913 Later Tang2 (Hou4 Tang2) 923-936 fZhuang1 Zong1 (Li3 Cun2 Xu4) 923 Ming2 Zong1 926 hMin3 Di4 934 Mo4 Di4 934 Later Jin4 x(Hou4 Jin4) 936-946 Gao1 Zu3 (Shi2 Jing3 Tang2) 936 Chu1 Di4 943 Later Han4 h(Hou4 Han4) 947-950 Gao1 Zu3 (Liu2 Hao4) 947 [Yin3 Di4 949 Later Zhou1 (Hou4 Zhou1) 951-960 Tai4 Zu3 (Guo1 Wei1) 951 Shi4 Zong1 955 Gong1 Di4 960 o Ten Kingdoms (Shi2 Guo2) Wu2 902-937 Former Shu3 (Qian2 Shu3) 907-925 Wu2 Yue4 907-978 Chu3 907-951 Min3 }909-945 Nan2 Han4 h917-971 Jing1 Nan2 G(Nan2 Ping2 ) 924-963 Later Shu3 (Hou4 Shu3) 934-965 Southern Tang2 (Nan2 Tang2) 937-975 Northern Han4 h(Bei3 Han4) 951-979 etc . Song4 Dynasty o Northern Song4 (Bei3 Song4) 960-1127 Tai4 Zu3 (wZhao4 Kuang1 Yin4) 960 Tai4 Zong1 976 Zhen1 Zong1 998 Ren2 Zong1 1023 Ying2 Zong1 1064 Shen2 Zong1 1068 Zhe2 Zong1 1086 Hui1 Zong1 1101 JQin1 Zong1 1126 o Southern Song4 (Nan2 Song4) 1127-1279 Gao1 Zong1 (wZhao4 Gou4) 1127 Xiao4 Zong1 1163 Guang1 Zong1 1190 Ning2 Zong1 1195 Li1 Zong1 1225 Du4 Zong1 1265 Gong1 Di4 1275 Huan4 Zong1 1276 mDi4 Bing3 1278 . Liao2 |916-1125 Tai4 Zu3 (CYe2 L A1 Bao3 Ji1) 907 Tai4 Zong1 927 Shi4 Zong1 947 Mu4 Zong1 951 Jing3 Zong1 969 }Sheng4 Zong1 982 dXing1 Zong1 1031 Dao4 Zong1 1055 Tian1 Zuo4 Di4 1101 . Western Xia4 (Xi1 Xia4) 1032-1226 (The Tanguts hDang3Xiang4 [inhabited the Ordos]) (Li3 Yuan2Hao4) 1032 Yi4 Zong1 1049 Hui4 Zong1 1057 Chong2 Zong1 1086 Ren2 Zong1 1140 Huan2 Zong1 1194 Xiang1 Zong1 1206 Shen2 Zong1 1211 IXian4 Zong1 1223 Nan2 Ping2 Wang2 1226 . Jin2 1115-1234 Tai4 Zu3 (FYuan2 Yan2 Min2) 1115 Tai4 Zong1 1123 Xi1 Zong1 1135 Hai3 Ling2 Wang2 1149 Shi4 Zong1 1161 Zhuang1 Zong1 1190 lBWei4 Shao4 Wang2 1209 Xuan4 Zong1 1213 Ai1 Zong1 1224 Mo4 Di4 1234 . Yuan2 1279-1368 o Mongol (Meng3 Gu3) Dynasty Tai4 Zu3 (FBei4 Er2 Zhi3 Jin1 Tie3 Mu4 Zhen1 / Temujin / Genghis Khan / Chingiz) 1206 Tuo1 Lei2 / ToLui (O) 1228 Tai4 Zong1 (C_�g�dei / �got�i) 1229 RNai3 Ma3 Zhen1 Hou4 / T�regene (QQueen Regent) Zhen1 1242 Ding4 Zong1 (FG�y�k) 1246 Hai3 Mi2 Shi1 Hou4 / Ogul Gaimysh / Oghul Qaimish (QQueen Regent) 1249 Xian4 Zong1 (M�ngke / M�ngk�) 1251 Shi4 Zu3 (Hu1 Bi4 Lie4 / Kublai Khan / Qubilai) 1260 Kublai Khan names his dynasty "Yuan2 " in 1271 and conquers Song4 China in 1279 o Yuan2 1279-1368 Shi4 Zu3 (Hu1 Bi4 Lie4 / Kublai Khan / Qubilai) 1279 Cheng2 Zong1 ( FTie3 Mu4 Er3 / Tem�r / Tem�r �ljeit�) 1295 Wu2 Zong1 (KhaiShan / Kuluk) 1308 Ren2 Zong1 (_Ayurparibhadra / Buyantu / Ayurbarwada) 1312 Ying1 Zong1 (TSudhipala / Shidebala) 1321 Tai4 Ding4 Di4 (OFYes�n Tem�r) 1324 Tian1 Shun4 Di4 (Asikipa / Aragibag) 1328 Wen2 Zong1 (DTogh Tem�r / Toq Tem�r) 1328 Ming2 Zong1 (Kushala / Qoshila) 1329 ** The last character in is unavailable in the Big5 Character set. It is composed of although the Unicode 3.0 CJK UI Extention A now contains this character at U+3EDD or 16093 . Ning2 Zong1 (U|Rinchen Pal / Irinjibal) 1332 Shun4 Di4 (Toghan Tem�r / Toghon Tem�r) 1333 . Ming2 1368-1661 Tai4 Zu3 (Zhu1 Yuan2 Zhuang1) 1368 Hui4 Di4 1399 Cheng2 Zu3 1403 Ren2 Zong1 1425 Xuan1 Zong1 1426 Ying1 Zong1 1436 Dai4 Zong1 1450 Ying1 Zong1 1457 Xian4 Zong1 1465 Xiao4 Zong1 1488 Wu3 Zong1 1506 Shi4 Zong1 1522 Mu4 Zong1 1567 Shen2 Zong1 1573 Guang1 Zong1 1620 Xi1 Zong1 1621 Si1 Zong1 1628 . Qing1 1636-1911 Also known as the Man3 Zhou1 Manchu MDynasty o Later Jin1 1616-1636 Tai4 Zu3 Tian1 Ming4 (X_Ai4 Xin1 Jue2 Luo2 Nu2 Er3 Ha3 Chi4, Aisin Gioro Nurhachi) 1616 Tai4 Zong1 Tian1 Cong1 1627 Shi4 Zu3 Shun4 Zhi4 1634 Shun4 Zhi4 changes the dynastic name Later Jin1 to Qing1 in 1636, conquering Ming China in 1644 o Qing1 1644 - 1911 Shi4 Zu3 Shun4 Zhi4 1644 }Sheng4 Zu3 Kang1 Xi1 1662 Shi4 Zong1 Yong1 Zheng4 1723 Gao1 Zong1 Qian2 Long2 1736 Ren2 Zong1 cJia1 Qing4 1796 Xuan1 Zong1 Dao4 Guang1 1821 Wen2 Zong1 SXian2 Feng1 1851 Mu4 Zong1 Tong2 Zhi4 1862 De2 Zong2 wGuang2 Xu4 1875 xPu3 Yi4 yXuan1 Tong3 1909 o Kingdom of Heavenly Peace (Tai4 Ping2 Tian1 Guo2) 1850-1864 Hong2 Xiu4 Quan2 (b.1813 d. 1864) 1850 Hong2 Xiu4 Quan is said to have commited suicide by taking poison, and was suceeded by his son, FHong2 Tian1Gui4 Fu2 (b. 23 Nov 1849 d. 18 Nov 1864) 1864 The Fu2 character in Hong2 Tian1Gui4 Fu2 Fwas appended to his name by his father when he was twelve years old. TianGui Fu continues the Tai4 Ping2 Tian1 Guo2 until his surrender, capture and execution of his followers. He dies a few days before his fifteenth birthday having succeeded his father for just over five and a half months. o MMan1 Zhou1 Guo2 (Manchukuo) Puppet State 1932 - 1945 (X_xAi4 Xin1 Jue2 Luo2 Pu3 Yi4 / Aisin Gioro Pu Yi ) 1932-1945 PuYi becomes Emperor of Manchukuo, 28 January 1932. Abidicated 15 August 1945 after Japanese surrender. Later, he was captured by the Communists and reeducated, gaining a pardon on 4 December 1959 and dies in 1967. Modern China : Presidents of the Republic . Republic of China A1912 - OSun1 Wen2 (b. 1866 - d. 1925) (OSun1 Zhong1 Shan1, OSun1 Yi4 Xian1 / Sun Yat Sen) Jan - Feb 1912 Proclaimed provisional president of the new Republic of China, with negotiations occuring with the XuanTong court for the emperors abdication (Feb 1912). PYuan2 Shi4 Kai (Y�an Shi-k'ai b. 1859 d. 1916) March 1912 - 6 June 1916 As part of the terms of the abdication, Yuan Shikai replaces Sun YatSen and becomes the new provisional in March. He tries to proclaim himself Emperor in January 1916, and forced by public opposition to abandon that. He dies naturally, and the Age of the Warlords effectively begins. yrAge of the Warlords1916-1928 Northern (Beijing) Regime Li Yuanhong (Li Y�an-hung) 1916-1917 TFeng Guozhang (Feng Kuo-chang) 1917-1918 Xu Shichang (Hs� Shih-ch'ang) 1918-1922 Li Yuanhong (Li Y�an-hung) 1922-1923 KCao Gun (Ts'ao Kun) 1923 Duan Qirui (Tuan Chi-jui) 1924 Southern (VGuangzhou and Nanchang) Regimes Sun Wen 1921-1925 Sun having spent some time in exile in Japan and in the West, returns to China, and seeing the outcome of the age of Warlordism, tries to set up a rival powerbase in Guangzhou. Since the foreign powers does not recognise the southern parliament, the Guangzhou rump parliament suffers from lack of financial support. Sun dies and succeeded by Generalissimo Jiang Jieshi. YJiang3 Jie4 Shi2 (Chiang Kai-Shek) 1925 - 1928 After the death of Sun YatSen, Jiang sets about bringing China under control, defeating the Warlords in the north and when he takes Beijing/Peking, he is recognised as the true government of China. Nationalist Government, China YJiang JieShi (Chiang Kai-Shek) 1928 - 1949 China becomes a one party state under the "Organic Law" of 1928. Jiang contends with the Japanese occupation in the puppet state of Manchukuo, Communists, and natural disasters. The economy suffers inflation. After Japanese departure, civil war leads to defeat where the nationalists flee to Taiwan in December 1948 with 2 million supporters. Nationalist government moved to Taiwan 1949 - present YJiang2 Jie4 Shi2 (Chiang Kai-Shek) 1949 - 1975 After Chiang KaiShek's death, Vice President Yen Chia-kan (Yan2 Jia1 Gan4 ) becomes the acting president 1975 - 1978 YChiang Ching-Kuo (b. 1910 d. 1988) 1978 - 1988 xLi3 Deng1 Hui1 / Lee Teng-hui (b. 1923) 1988 - 2000 Chen2 Shui3 Bian3 (b. 1951) 2000 - Communists |Mao ZeDong 1931 - 1949 Mao leads a band of Communist followers on what will become known as The Long March when Jiang attacks them. Civil war occurs after the departure of the Japanese forces, and won by the communists in 1949. . People's Republic of China A1949 - present |Mao2 Ze2 Dong1 / Mao Tse-Tung (b. 1893) 1949 - 1976 After Mao ZeDong's death, Prime Minister Hua4 Guo2 Feng1 (Ah) becomes acting head of state 1976-1977 Deng4 Xiao3 Ping2 (b. 1902) 1976 - 1997 Jiang1 Ze2 Ming2 (b. 1926) 1997 - References . Si Jiao Hao Ma Xin Ci Dian a~, Shang Wu Yin Shu Guan ^ . Shang Wu Xin Zi Dian , Shang Wu Yin Shu Guan ^ . Benesse KanWa Jiten ho . From Emperor to Citizen, The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi. Transl. W.J.F. Jenner . God's Chinese Son, (The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong XiuQuan), Jonathan Spence. Harper Collins, 1996. ISBN 0-00-255584-0. . A History of China, J.A.G. Roberts, Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-65426-9 . The Cambridge illustrated history of China, Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-43519-6 pbk / ISBN 0-521-66991-X hbk . Modern China - An Illustrated History, J.A.G. Roberts, Sutton Pub. ISBN 0-86299-847-6 . The Concise Encyclopedia of World History. Rodney Castleden . Ancestors - 900 Years in the Life of a Chinese Family, Frank Ching, Harrap, ISBN 0-245-54675-8 . The Mongols, E.D. Phillips. Thames and Hudson. 1969 . The Mongol Warriors - Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, H�leg�, Tamerlane. David Nicolle. 1990. ISBN 1-85314-104-6 . Ghengis Khan - Conqueror of the World. Leo De Hartog. I. B. Taurus (publ.). 1989. ISBN 1-86064-375-2 Plus tambahan untuk dinasti dalam Islam seperti dibawah ini, untuk direnungkan. :)) ----- Original Message ----- From: "Dwi W. Soegardi" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Pertanyaannya, apa kriteria khilafah yang "resmi" itu? Sekedar informasi, berikut ini adalah daftar khilafah dalam sejarah islam: 1. Ummayyah (661-750) 2. Abbasiyah (750-1258) 3. Umayyah II (780-1031) 3. Buyids (945-1055) 4. Fatimiyah (909-1171) 5. Saljuk (1055-1194) 6. Ayyubid (1169-1260) 7. Mamluks (1250-1517) 8. Ottoman (1280-1922) 9. Safavid (1501-1722) 10. Mughal (1526-1857) Karena sering "overlap", panteslah sering terjadi "penggal-memenggal" kepala antar khilafah. salam, Ari Condro ----- Original Message ----- From: "Carla Annamarie" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> i think u re misinterpret my statement...:))..im not denying that perhaps in Arabs ppl there're also philosopher and thinker..(i also read abt Ibnu sina and al-farabi btw) .and im not denying klo memang terdapat kejayaan peradaban Islam amongst Islam ppl and islamic countries, tp klo mo diperbandingkan dgn peradaban2 dunia yang lain kyknya jauh bgt yaa.., for example peradaban china... *************************************************************************** Berdikusi dg Santun & Elegan, dg Semangat Persahabatan. Menuju Indonesia yg Lebih Baik, in Commonality & Shared Destiny. www.ppi-india.org *************************************************************************** __________________________________________________________________________ Mohon Perhatian: 1. Harap tdk. memposting/reply yg menyinggung SARA (kecuali sbg otokritik) 2. Pesan yg akan direply harap dihapus, kecuali yg akan dikomentari. 3. Lihat arsip sebelumnya, www.ppi-india.da.ru; 4. Satu email perhari: [EMAIL PROTECTED] 5. No-email/web only: [EMAIL PROTECTED] 6. kembali menerima email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Yahoo! Groups Links <*> To visit your group on the web, go to: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ppiindia/ <*> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] <*> Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to: http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
