bagi yang pernah menonton film "A beautiful mind"
yang dibintangi oleh Russel Crowe (2001), mungkin
salah satu adegan yang "amusing" adalah ketika
John Nass (yang saat itu masih sebagai graduate
student di Princeton University) bersama sekelompok
temannya di kantin kampus, sambil "mengamati" gerak
gerik seorang gadis yang baru masuk kantin, juga
membuat coretan-coretan "serius" di atas secarik kertas.
Corat-coret ini bukan untuk iseng "menggambar" gadis
tsb. seperti lazimnya dilakukan orang, tetapi melakukan
perhitungan analisis, untuk memprediksi bagaimana atau
seberapa besar "prospek hubungan" yang ada, jika beberapa
pemuda yang ada di ruang tersebut pada saat itu secara
bersamaan tertarik dan ingin menjadi pemenang/berhasil
menjadi pendamping gadis tersebut - baik melalui strategi
"kompetisi" atau "kooperasi" ... :)
Konon, paling tidak menurut film ini, corat-coret yang
dibuat oleh John Nash di atas meja kantin itu kemudian
menjaid salah satu cikal bakal dari Game Theory.
Profesor Joh Nash (1950) memang kemudian menjadi salah
satu pelopor dari Game-Theory. Pelopor pendahulunya
adalah von Neuman (1928). Game Theory telah diterapkan
di banyak bidang. Awalnya di bidang Biologi, dan kemudian
juga ekonomi. Saat ini, Game-Theory juga diterapkan
di bidang Teknik/Engineering di dalam merancang suatu
sistem.
=> Pengantar mengenai Game-Theory:
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_equilibrium>
=> Tutorial Game Theory:
<http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/schools/game.htm>
=> Buku & Bahan Kuliah & Web-Simulator Game-Theory:
<http://gametheory.tau.ac.il/gu/>
---------------------
Aplikasi Game Theory:
---------------------
(1) bidang ekonomi: pasar energi listrik dengan kendala
teknis tertentu (teknik transmisi):
<http://www.ece.utexas.edu/~baldick/papers/transmissionconstrainedcournot.pdf
(2) bidang biologi/teori evolusi: John Maynard Smith
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory>
(3) bidang teknik/engineering:
* bidang teknik telekomunikasi: alokasi channel pada
suatu sistem komunikasi nirkabel (wireless communication system)
<http://web.mit.edu/lizhong/www/publications/junauction.pdf>
<http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/Research/DTG/lce-pub/public/ijw24/Wong_20020528.pdf
* bidang desain/perancangan IC(Integrated Circuits) / VLSI :
<http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=944681>
====( IM )==================================================
Mon Oct 10, 2005 4:29 pm,
-----------------------------------------
Israeli, American Win Nobel for Economics
-----------------------------------------
By MATT MOORE, AP Business Writer
STOCKHOLM, Sweden - Israeli-American Robert J. Aumann
and American Thomas C. Schelling won the 2005 Nobel M
emorial Prize in Economic Sciences on Monday for their
work on game theories that help explain political and
economic conflicts from arms races to price wars.
"Why do some groups of individuals, organizations and
countries succeed in promoting cooperation while others
suffer from conflict?" the Royal Swedish Academy of
Sciences said.
Schelling, 75, is a professor at the University of
Maryland's department of economics and a professor
emeritus at Harvard. Aumann, 84, is a professor at
the Center for Rationality at the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem.
It was the sixth straight year that Americans have won
the prize, or had a share in it.
Aumann (OW-man) and Schelling were cited for using
game-theory analysis to "explain economic conflicts
such as price wars and trade wars, as well as why some
communities are more successful than others in managing
common-pool resources."
"The repeated-games approach clarifies the raison d'etre
of many institutions, ranging from merchant guilds and
organized crime to wage negotiations and international
trade agreements," the citations said.
"I feel great," Aumann, reached by telephone in Israel,
told The Associated Press. He told the prize committee,
"This was a total surprise. I'm totally overwhelmed."
Reached by the AP at his home in Bethesda, Md., Schelling
said he knew his co-winner, but had never worked with him.
"They (the Nobel committee) linked us together because he
is a producer of game theory and I am a user of game theory,"
he said. "I use game theory to help myself understand conflict
situations and opportunities."
The academy, in its citation, lauded Schelling for showing
"that a party can strengthen its position by overtly worsening
its own options, that the capability to retaliate can be more
useful than the ability to resist an attack, and that uncertain
retaliation is more credible and more efficient than certain retaliation."
Those insights, the academy said, "have proven to be of great
relevance for conflict resolution and efforts to avoid war."
Aumann was cited for his work in looking at how real-world
situations can affect the theory.
"In many real-world situations, cooperation may be easier to
sustain in a long-term relationship than in a single encounter.
Analyses of short-run games are, thus, often too restrictive,"
the academy said. "Robert Aumann was the first to conduct a
full-fledged formal analysis of so-called infinitely repeated
games. His research identified exactly what outcomes can be
upheld over time in long-run relations."
Game theory, which is often used in a political or military
context to explain conflicts between countries, can also be
applied to the business world.
"The understanding of game theory helps explain economic
conflicts like price competition and commerce wars," said
Jorgen Weibull, chairman of the prize committee.
Aumann was born in Frankfurt, Germany, but holds U.S. and
Israeli citizenship. He is not the first Israeli to win the
economics prize. In 2002, Daniel Kahneman, who also has U.S.
and Israeli citizenship, shared the award.
It was the sixth consecutive year that Americans have won
the prize.
Last year's winners were Edward C. Prescott, an Arizona
State University professor, and Norwegian Finn E. Kydland,
an economics professor at the University of California, Santa
Barbara, who won for their research on how government policies
affect economies around the world and why supply-side shocks
like high oil prices can dampen business cycles.
The economics prize, worth 10 million kronor ($1.3 million),
is the only one of the Nobel awards not established in the will
of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite.
The medicine, physics, chemistry, literature and peace prizes
were first awarded in 1901, while the economics prize was set
up separately by the Swedish central bank in 1968.
___
On the Net:
http://www.nobelprize.org
-------------------------------------------------------------
Israeli Professor Robert J. Aumann speaks at his office at
the Hebrew University in Jerusalem October 10, 2005. Aumann
and Thomas Schelling of the U.S. won the 2005 Nobel economics
prize on Monday for their 'game-theory analysis', which can
help resolve conflicts in trade and business -- and even
avoid war. REUTERS/Ronen Zvulun
-------------------------------------------------------------
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