[edit]
Naturally occurring earthquakes
Most naturally occurring earthquakes are related to the tectonic
nature of the Earth. Such earthquakes are called tectonic
earthquakes. The Earth's lithosphere is a patch work of plates (see
plate tectonics) in slow but constant motion caused by the heat in
the Earth's mantle and core. Plate boundaries glide past each other,
creating frictional stress. When the frictional stress exceeds a
critical value, called local strength, a sudden failure occurs. The
boundary of tectonic plates along which failure occurs is called the
fault plane. When the failure at the fault plane results in a
violent displacement of the Earth's crust, the elastic strain energy
is released and elastic waves are radiated, thus causing an
earthquake. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an
earthquake's total energy is ultimately radiated as seismic energy,
while most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the
earthquake fracture growth and is eventually converted into heat.
Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available potential energy
and thermal energy, though these losses are negligible. To describe
the physical process of occurrence of an earthquake, seismologists
use the Elastic-rebound theory.
The majority of tectonic earthquakes originate at depths not
exceeding a few tens of kilometers. Earthquakes occurring at
boundaries of tectonic plates are called interplate earthquakes,
while the less frequent events that occur in the interior of the
lithospheric plates are called intraplate earthquakes.
Where the crust is thicker and colder, earthquakes occur at greater
depths of hundreds of kilometers along subduction zones where plates
descend into the Earth's mantle. These types of earthquakes are
called deep focus earthquakes. They are possibly generated when
subducted lithospheric material catastrophically undergoes a phase
transition (e.g., olivine to spinel), releasing stored energysuch
as elastic strain, chemical energy or gravitational energythat
cannot be supported at the pressures and temperatures present at
such depths.
Earthquakes may also occur in volcanic regions and are caused by the
movement of magma in volcanoes. Such quakes can be an early warning
of volcanic eruptions.
A recently proposed theory suggests that some earthquakes may occur
in a sort of earthquake storm, where one earthquake will trigger a
series of earthquakes each triggered by the previous shifts on the
fault lines, similar to aftershocks, but occurring years later, and
with some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones.
Such a pattern was observed in the sequence of about a dozen
earthquakes that struck the Anatolian Fault in Turkey in the 20th
Century, the half dozen large earthquakes in New Madrid in 1811-
1812, and has been inferred for older anomalous clusters of large
earthquakes in the Middle East and in the Mojave Desert.
[edit]
Induced earthquakes
This section does not cite its references or sources.
You can help Wikipedia by introducing appropriate citations.
Some earthquakes are the result of a number of anthropogenic
sources, such as extraction of minerals and fossil fuel from the
Earth's crust, the removal or injection of fluids into the crust,
reservoir-induced seismicity, massive explosions, and collapse of
large buildings. These seismic events caused by human activity are
referred to by the term induced seismicity. They however are not
strictly earthquakes and usually show a different seismogram than
earthquakes that occur naturally.
A rare few earthquakes have been associated with the build-up of
large masses of water behind dams, such as the Kariba Dam in Zambia,
Africa, and with the injection or extraction of fluids into the
Earth's crust (e.g. at certain geothermal power plants and at the
Rocky Mountain Arsenal). Such earthquakes occur because the strength
of the Earth's crust can be modified by fluid pressure. Earthquakes
have also been known to be caused by the removal of natural gas from
subsurface deposits, for instance in the northern Netherlands.
The detonation of powerful explosives, such as nuclear explosions,
can cause low-magnitude ground shaking. Thus, the 50-megaton nuclear
bomb code-named Ivan detonated by the Soviet Union in 1961 created a
seismic event comparable to a magnitude 7 earthquake, producing the
seismic shock so powerful that it was measurable even on its third
passage around the Earth. In an effort to promote nuclear non-
proliferation, the International Atomic Energy Agency uses the tools
of seismology to detect illicit activities such as nuclear weapons
tests. The nuclear nations routinely monitor each others activities
through networks of interconnected seismometers, which allow to
precisely locate the source of an explosion.
[edit]
Characteristics
Damage from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
Section of collapsed freeway after the 1989 Loma Prieta
earthquake.Earthquakes occur on a daily basis around the world, most
detected only by seismometers and causing no damage. Large
earthquakes however can cause serious destruction and massive loss
of life through a variety of agents of damage, including fault
rupture, vibratory ground motion (shaking), inundation (tsunami,
seiche, or dam failure), various kinds of permanent ground failure
(liquefaction, landslides), and fire or a release of hazardous
materials. In a particular earthquake, any of these agents of damage
can dominate, and historically each has caused major damage and
great loss of life; nonetheless, for most earthquakes shaking is the
dominant and most widespread cause of damage. There are four types
of seismic waves that are all generated simultaneously and can be
felt on the ground. Responsible for the shaking hazard, they are P-
waves (primary waves), S-waves (secondary or shear waves) and two
types of surfaces waves, (Love waves and Rayleigh waves).
Most large earthquakes are accompanied by other, smaller ones that
can occur either before or after the main shock; these are called
foreshocks and aftershocks, respectively. While almost all
earthquakes have aftershocks, foreshocks occur in only about 10% of
events. The power of an earthquake is always distributed over a
significant area, but in large earthquakes, it can even spread over
the entire planet. Ground motions caused by very distant earthquakes
are called teleseisms. The Rayleigh waves from the Sumatra-Andaman
Earthquake of 2004 caused ground motion of over 1 cm even at
seismometers that were located far from it, although this
displacement was abnormally large. Using such ground motion records
from around the world, seismologists can identify a point from which
the earthquake's seismic waves apparently originated. That point is
called its focus or hypocenter and usually coincides with the point
where the fault slip started. The location on the surface directly
above the hypocenter is known as the epicenter. The total length of
the section of a fault that slips, the rupture zone, can be as long
as 1,000 km for the biggest earthquakes.
Earthquakes that occur below sea level and have large vertical
displacements can give rise to tsunamis, either as a direct result
of the deformation of the sea bed due to the earthquake or as a
result of submarine landslides directly or indirectly triggered by
the quake.
[edit]
Measuring earthquakes
Since seismologists cannot directly observe rupture in the Earth's
interior, they rely on geodetic measurements and numerical
experiments to analyze seismic waves. Such analyses allow scientists
to estimate the locations and likelihoods of future earthquakes,
helping identify areas of greatest hazard and ensure safety of
people and infrastructure located in such areas.
[edit]
Severity
The severity of an earthquake is described by both magnitude and
intensity. These two frequently-confused terms both refer to
different, but related, observations. Magnitude, usually expressed
as an Arabic numeral, characterizes the size of an earthquake by
measuring indirectly the energy released. By contrast, intensity
indicates the local effects and potential for damage produced by an
earthquake on the Earth's surface as it affects humans, animals,
structures, and natural objects such as bodies of water. Intensities
are usually expressed in roman numerals, each representing the
severity of the shaking resulting from an earthquake. Any given
earthquake can be described by only one magnitude, but many
intensities since the earthquake effects vary with circumstances
such as distance from the epicenter and local soil conditions.
Charles Richter, the creator of the Richter magnitude scale,
distinguished intensity and magnitude as follows: "I like to use the
analogy with radio transmissions. It applies in seismology because
seismographs, or the receivers, record the waves of elastic
disturbance, or radio waves, that are radiated from the earthquake
source, or the broadcasting station. Magnitude can be compared to
the power output in kilowatts of a broadcasting station. Local
intensity on the Mercalli scale is then comparable to the signal
strength on a receiver at a given locality; in effect, the quality
of the signal. Intensity, like signal strength, will generally fall
off with distance from the source, although it also depends on the
local conditions and the pathway from the source to the point."
Two fundamentally different but equally important types of scales
are commonly used by seismologists to describe earthquakes. The
original force or energy of an earthquake is measured on a magnitude
scale, while the intensity of shaking occurring at any given point
on the Earth's surface is measured on an intensity scale.
For a complete list of seismic scales, see Scales.
[edit]
Seismic intensity scales
The first intensity classification was devised by Domenico Pignataro
in 1780s. Advancements were later made by P.N.G. Egen in 1828 and
Robert Mallet in 1850s. The first widely accepted intensity scale,
the Rossi-Forel scale, was introduced in the late 1800s. Since then
numerous intensity scales have been developed and are used in
different parts of the world: the scale currently used in the United
States is the Modified Mercalli scale (MM), while the European
Macroseismic Scale is used in Europe, the Shindo scale is used in
Japan, and the MSK-64 scale is used in India, Israel, Russia and
throughout the CIS. Most of these scales have twelve degrees of
intensity, which are roughly equivalent to one another in values but
vary in the degree of sophistication employed in their formulation.
[edit]
Magnitude scales
The first attempt to qualitatively define a single, absolute value
to describe the size of earthquakes was the magnitude scale (the
name being taking from similarly formulated scales used to represent
the brightness of stars).
The Richter scale. In the 1930s, California seismologist Charles F.
Richter devised a simple numerical scale (later called magnitude) to
describe the relative sizes of earthquakes in Southern California.
The Richter scale, also known as the Richter Magnitude or Local
Magnitude (ML) scale, is a quantitative logarithmic scale. It is
obtained by measuring the maximum amplitude of a recording on a Wood-
Anderson torsion seismometer (or one calibrated to it) at a distance
of 600 km from the earthquake. Other more recent magnitude
measurements include: body wave magnitude (mb), surface wave
magnitude (Ms), and duration magnitude (MD). Each of these is scaled
to give values similar to those given by the Richter scale; but
because each is based on a measurement of one part of the
seismogram, they do not measure the overall power of the source and
can be negatively affected by saturation at higher magnitude values
meaning that they fail to report higher magnitude values for larger
events. Further, since these scales too are empirical, they provide
no values that are meaningful from a physics perspective. This does
not mean, though, that they are useless: They are because they can
be rapidly calculated, catalogues of them dating back many years are
available, and the public is familiar with them.
The moment-magnitude scale. Because of the limitations of the
magnitude scales, a new, more uniformly applicable extension of
them, known as moment magnitude, or MW, was developed. In
particular, for very large earthquakes moment magnitude gives the
most reliable estimate of earthquake size. This is because seismic
moment is derived from the concept of moment in physics and
therefore provides clues to the physical size of an earthquakethe
size of fault rupture and accompanying displacement and length of
slippageas of as well as the amount of energy released. So while
seismic moment, too, is calculated from seismograms, it can also be
obtained by working backwards from geologic estimates of the size of
the fault rupture and displacement. The values of moments for
different earthquakes range over several orders of magnitude, and
because they are not influenced by variables such as local
circumstances, the results obtained make it easy to objectively
compare the sizes of different earthquakes. These characteristics,
plus the seismic moment's immunity to saturation at higher
magnitudes and compatibility with other magnitude scales, led Tom
Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori to introduce in 1979 the moment magnitude
(MW) scale for representing the absolute size of earthquakes.
[edit]
Frequency of occurrence
See Size and frequency of occurrence below.
[edit]
Seismic maps
An isoseismal map created by the Pacific Northwest Seismograph
Network showing the instrument-recorded intensities of the Nisqually
earthquake of February 28, 2001.
A Community Internet Intensity Map generated by the USGS showing the
intensity of shaking felt by humans during the Nisqually earthquake;
locality divisions are by ZIP Code.To show the extent of various
levels of seismic effects within a particular locality,
seismologists compile special maps called isoseismal maps. An
isoseismal map uses contours to outline areas of equal value in
terms of ground shaking intensity, ground surface liquefaction,
shaking amplification, or other seismic effects. Typically, these
maps are created by combining historical instrument-recorded data
with responses to postal questionnaires that are sent to each post
office near the earthquake and to a sparser sample of post offices
with increasing distance from the earthquake. This way of preparing
a seismic hazard map can take months to complete. In contrast to the
old method, a newer method of information collection takes advantage
of the Internet to generate initial hazard maps almost instantly.
Data are received through a questionnaire on the Internet answered
by people who actually experienced the earthquake, reducing the
process of preparing and distributing a map for a particular
earthquake from months to minutes.
Seismic hazard maps have many applications. They are used by
insurance companies to set insurance rates for properties located in
earthquake-risky areas, by civil engineers to estimate the stability
of hillsides, by organizations responsible for the safety of nuclear
waste disposal facilities, and also by building codes developers as
the basis of design requirements.
In building codes, the shaking-hazard maps are converted into
seismic zone maps, which are used for seismic analysis of structural
components of buildings. The seismic zone maps depict seismic
hazards as zones of different risk levels. Such zones are typically
designated as Seismic Zone 0, Seismic Zone 1, Seismic Zone 2 and so
on. The seismic zone maps usually show the severity of expected
earthquake shaking for a particular level of probability, such as
the levels of shaking that have a 1-in-10 chance of being exceeded
in a 50-year period. Buildings and other structures must be designed
with adequate strength to withstand the effects of probable seismic
ground motions within the Seismic Zone where the building or
structure is being constructed.
[edit]
Size and frequency of occurrence
Small earthquakes occur every day all around the world, and often
multiple times a day in places like California and Alaska in the
U.S., as well as Indonesia and Japan on the other side of the
Pacific.[1] Large earthquakes occur less frequently, the
relationship being exponential; namely, roughly ten times as many
earthquakes larger than magnitude 4 occur in a particular time
period than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. For example, it has
been calculated that the average recurrence for the United Kingdom
can be described as follows:
an earthquake of 3.7 or larger every year
an earthquake of 4.7 or larger every 10 years
an earthquake of 5.6 or larger every 100 years.
Most of the world's earthquakes (90%, and 81% of the largest) take
place in the 40,000 km-long, horseshoe-shaped zone called the circum-
Pacific seismic belt, also known as the Pacific Ring of Fire, which
for the most part bounds the Pacific Plate.[2][3] Massive
earthquakes tend to occur along other plate boundaries, too, such as
along the Himalaya Mountains.
[edit]
Preparation for earthquakes
Emergency preparedness
Household seismic safety
Seismic retrofit
Earthquake prediction
[edit]
Specific fault articles
Alpine Fault
Calaveras Fault
Hayward Fault Zone
North Anatolian Fault Zone
New Madrid Fault Zone
San Andreas Fault
Great Sumatran fault
[edit]
Specific earthquake articles
[edit]
Pre-20th Century
Shaanxi Earthquake (1556). Deadliest known earthquake in history,
estimated to have killed 830,000 in China.
Cascadia Earthquake (1700).
Kamchatka earthquakes (1737 and 1952).
Lisbon earthquake (1755).
New Madrid Earthquake (1811).
Fort Tejon Earthquake (1857).
Charleston earthquake (1886). Largest earthquake in the Southeast
and killed 100.
Assam earthquake of 1897 (1897). Large earthquake that destroyed all
masonary structures, measuring more than 8 on the Richter scale.
[edit]
20th Century
San Francisco Earthquake (1906).
Great Kanto earthquake (1923). On the Japanese island of Honshu,
killing over 140,000 in Tokyo and environs.
Assam earthquake of 1950 (1950). Earthquake in Assam measures 8.6M.
Kamchatka earthquakes (1952 and 1737).
Quake Lake (1959) 7.5 on Richter scale. Formed a lake in southern
Montana, USA
Great Chilean Earthquake (1960). Biggest earthquake ever recorded,
9.5 on Moment magnitude scale.
Good Friday Earthquake (1964) Alaskan earthquake.
Ancash earthquake (1970). Caused a landslide that buried the town of
Yungay, Peru; killed over 40,000 people.
Sylmar earthquake (1971). Caused great and unexpected destruction of
freeway bridges and flyways in the San Fernando Valley, leading to
the first major seismic retrofits of these types of structures, but
not at a sufficient pace to avoid the next California freeway
collapse in 1989.
Tangshan earthquake (1976). The most destructive earthquake of
modern times. The official death toll was 255,000, but many experts
believe that two or three times that number died.
Guatemala (1976). 7.5 on the Richter Scale, causing 23,000 deaths,
77,000 injuries and the destruction of more than 250,000 homes.
Great Mexican Earthquake (1985). 8.1 on the Richter Scale, killed
over 6,500 people (though it is believed as many as 30,000 may have
died, due to missing people never reappearing.)
Whittier Narrows earthquake (1987).
Armenian earthquake (1988). Killed over 25,000.
Loma Prieta earthquake (1989). Severely affecting Santa Cruz, San
Francisco and Oakland in California. This is also called the World
Series Earthquake. It struck as the World Series was just getting
underway. Revealed necessity of accelerated seismic retrofit of road
and bridge structures.
Northridge, California earthquake (1994). Damage showed seismic
resistance deficiencies in modern low-rise apartment construction.
Great Hanshin earthquake (1995). Killed over 6,400 people in and
around Kobe, Japan.
Ýzmit earthquake (1999) Killed over 17,000 in northwestern Turkey.
Düzce earthquake (1999)
Chi-Chi earthquake (1999)
Baku earthquake (2000).
[edit]
21st Century
Nisqually Earthquake (2001).
Gujarat Earthquake (2001).
Dudley Earthquake (2002).
Bam Earthquake (2003). Over 40,000 people are reported dead.
Parkfield, California earthquake (2004). Not large (6.0), but the
most anticipated and intensely instrumented earthquake ever recorded
and likely to offer insights into predicting future earthquakes
elsewhere on similar slip-strike fault structures.
Chuetsu Earthquake (2004).
Indian Ocean Earthquake (2004). One of the largest earthquakes ever
recorded at 9.0. Epicenter off the coast of the Indonesian island
Sumatra. Triggered a tsunami which caused nearly 300,000 deaths
spanning several countries.
Sumatran Earthquake (2005).
Fukuoka earthquake (2005).
Kashmir earthquake (2005). Killed over 79,000 people. Many more at
risk from the Kashmiri winter.
Lake Tanganyika earthquake (2005).
Java earthquake (2006).
--- In [email protected], "M Ikhsan Modjo"
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
> Buat saudara-saudariku yang muslim terutama. Saya pikir ini baik.
Dan bukan
> hanya penjelasan secara "rasional".
>
> Wassalam,
>
> http://www.pesantrenvirtual.com/index.php?
option=com_content&task=view&id=991&Itemid=2
>
> Pesantren Virtual Online
> Musibah dalam Prespektif Teologi Islam
> Ditulis oleh Dewan Asatidz
>
>
> "Dan apapun musibah yang menimpa kamu maka adalah disebabkan
oleh
> perbuatan tanganmu sendiri, ....". (QS. Asy-Syuaraa : 30)
>
> Musibah demi musibah datang silih berganti. Musibah yang
terjadi di
> tengah-tengah kita, akhir-akhir ini, terjadi dalam "bentuk"
yang
> berbeda. Pertama, musibah kecelakaan, yang berupa kecelakaan
pesawat
> terbang komersial, helikopter militer, kereta api, dan
sebagainya.
> Bentuk yang lain, adalah musibah alam, baik itu gempa bumi,
banjir
> bandang dan sebagainya.
>
> Kira-kira, manusia sekarang ini mengidentifikasi "musibah"
sebagai
> [segala hal dahsyat, yang terjadi "di luar" kehendak manusia
dan
> menyebabkan kematian dan kesengsaraan banyak manusia]. Pada
saat
> terjadinya "musibah" itu, manusia baru merasakan keprihatinan
yang
> mendalam. Tidak tahu apa yang harus dilakukan, tetapi
kebanyakan
> menyerahkan kepada Yang Maha Tunggal. Sayangnya, "penyerahan"
kepada
> Sang Kuasa tersebut lebih bernuansa Su' udz-Dzan atau
Negative
> Thinking kepada-Nya.
>
> Sejatinya, makna "musibah" dalam kacamata teologi Islam
tidaklah
> sesederhana dari yang selama ini kita pahami. Kalau kita
mau
> menyisakan perhatian kita kepada pemahaman sekelompok umat Islam,
maka
> kita akan tahu bahwa ada sebagian umat yang merasa bahwa
pemberian
> penghargaan, kenaikan jabatan, bagi mereka, itu pun
sebuah "musibah".
> Sudah tentu, hal tersebut "musibah" bagi yang bersangkutan.
Biasanya,
> orang yang berpedoman demikian akan semakin tunduk kepada Allah
Swt
> ketika mendapatkan penghargaan. Dari sinilah bisa dipahami bahwa
sudah
> sewajarnya jika Nabi Muhammad Saw bersabda bahwa manusia yang
paling
> sering mendapatkan musibah & cobaan berat adalah para nabi,
kemudian
> para wali, dan seterusnya (H.R. Bukhori). Karena musibah
yang
> di-"uji-coba"-kan kepada para nabi tersebut tentunya bukan saja
berupa
> fisik, melainkan mental dan keimanan. Dari pemahaman ini,
Ibnu
> Taymiyah-seperti dinukil Professor Ibrahim Khalifah dalam salah
satu
> kajian Tafsir-nya-berpendapat bahwa sangat mungkin para nabi
itu
> berkurang imannya bahkan murtad-walaupun pada kenyataannya
hal
> tersebut tidak pernah ada dalam sejarah. Perkembangan
kehidupan
> materialisme mampu menyingkirkan pemahaman-pemahaman "unik"
tentang
> musibah tadi.
>
> Akhirnya, manusia sekarang ini pun telah lebih jauh
menyederhanakan
> makna dan "falsafah" atas pengertian "musibah". Manusia tidak
lagi
> berpengertian bahwa, sebenarnya, musibah tidak
sesederhana "segala
> bencana yang di luar kehendak manusia". Akibatnya, sepertinya ada
dua
> pilihan bagi kita : menerima sepenuhnya sebagai sebuah kecelakaan
alam
> murni, atau mengkaitkannya dengan kehendak Sang Kuasa. Pilihan
pertama
> sudah jelas, ia lebih banyak di-"imani" masyarakat Barat.
Pilihan
> kedua adalah pilihan yang hingga kini masih dipegang umat Islam.
>
> Hanya saja, pilihan kedua ini masih berupa pemahaman yang global
dan
> masih banyak umat Islam yang belum dapat
memahami
> penjabaran-penjabaran dari teologi ini.
>
> ***
>
> Penulis melihat, ketika beberapa musibah menimpa kita akhir-akhir
ini,
> banyak kolomnis dan penceramah yang menukil-nukil surat As-
Syu'araa
> ayat 30 tanpa penjelasan yang memadai. Realitas ini sangat
berbahaya
> karena dapat menimbulkan mis-understanding seperti yang selama
ini
> terjadi dalam pemahaman teologi Islam, khususnya yang berkenaan
dengan
> Sifat Iraadah. Bagaimana pun, yang utama untuk diyakini oleh
umat
> adalah bahwa Allah Swt tidak akan pernah berkehendak buruk
kepada
> hamba-hamba-Nya. Ada banyak hal yang perlu kita resapi
ketika
> menghadapi kenyataan yang, dalam pandangan kita nan pendek, pahit.
>
> Pertama, tidak semua kejadian tersebut "pahit" dalam arti yang
sesuai
> dengan pemahaman kita. Seluruh manusia adalah milik Allah Swt,
maka
> Dia berhak mengambilnya sewaktu-waktu, dengan berbagai jalan, baik
itu
> bencana alam, tertabrak mobil, atau kejatuhan bom seperti yang
sedang
> melanda masyarakat Irak. Semua itu adalah bentuk "pemanggilan"
Allah
> Swt terhadap kita. Bentuk pemanggilan yang bermacam-macam itu
sudah
> tidak penting bagi kita, atau bagi-Nya. Bentuk-bentuk itu hanyalah
hal
> "profan" yang, sudah barang tentu, rasional. Karena rumusannya
adalah
> rasionalitas, maka segala macam manusia akan tunduk dalam hukum
ini,
> yakni hukum alam.
>
> Walaupun segala bencana adalah rasional, namun Islam
mensyariatkan
> kepada umatnya untuk ber-istirjaa', yaitu ketika mendapatkan
musibah
> segera mengucapkan Innaa Lillaahi wa Innaa Ilayhi Raaji'uun,
yang
> berarti "Sesungguhnya kami adalah milik Allah Swt, dan
hanya
> kepada-Nya-lah kami kembali". Ucapan ini memang terlihat
sederhana,
> namun ia memiliki makna teologis yang sangat mendalam,
yakni
> mengingatkan kita untuk senantiasa ber-Tauhid, ber-Qadhaa
dan
> ber-Qadar. Yang kedua, mengenai hukum alam. Hukum alam adalah
hukum
> yang ditetapkan (Qadhaa) oleh Allah Swt yang berkenaan
dengan
> rumusan-rumusan dan teori-teori tentang alam. Hukum ini akan
berlaku
> bagi siapa saja yang melanggarnya, baik itu kaum theis maupun
atheis,
> orang saleh maupun durhaka, dan sebagainya.
>
> Dari hukum inilah seluruh aktifitas alam semesta berlangsung,
dari
> yang terkecil-seperti adanya hukum bahwa air akan mendidih pada
suhu
> 100 derajat celcius, siapapun yang memasaknya, baik atheis
maupun
> theis-atau bahkan yang lebih kecil dari kasus itu, hingga
yang
> peristiwa-peristiwa terbesar yang ada di jagad dunia. Itu
semua
> merupakan Qadhaa-secara etimologis berarti hukum atau ketetapan.
Dan
> ketika manusia telah melewati proses Qadhaa itu maka dia
akan
> mengalami apa yang sering disebut sebagai Qadar atau Takdir.
Dengan
> demikian, Takdir adalah suatu hasil proses dari hukum dan
ketetapan
> Allah Swt-yang berupa hukum alam-dengan realitas kehidupan
yang
> dijalani manusia.
>
> ***
>
> Hukum alam yang diberlakukan oleh Allah Swt tersebut berbeda
dengan
> hukum Aqidah atau Syariat yang diturunkan oleh-Nya. Hukum alam
yang
> sedang kita hadapi sekarang adalah hukum yang hanya berlaku di
dunia
> fana. Sedangkan hukum Aqidah & Syariat berlaku di dunia dan
(untuk
> kepentingan) akhirat sekaligus. Dengan demikian, dalam hal
tertentu,
> hukum alam tersebut sama sekali tak memiliki kaitan "erat"
dengan
> hukum Aqidah & Syariat. Artinya, hukum alam akan menerkam siapa
saja
> yang melanggarnya, baik itu manusia-saleh, fasik & ateis-hewan
dan
> lainnya. Namun demikian, perlu diperhatikan, bahwasanya
korban
> keganasan hukum alam tak selamanya adalah pelaku dari pelanggaran
atas
> hukum alam tersebut. Bahkan juga bisa dikatakan bahwa proses
yang
> terjadi dalam hukum tak mesti melibatkan manusia. Sebagai
contoh
> adalah peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi di luar angkasa. Demikian
pula
> sebalikya, hukum Aqidah & Syariat tak berkaitan langsung
dengan
> kedatangan hukuman alam.
>
> Lalu, bagaimana dengan adanya hukuman alam yang terjadi pada umat-
umat
> terdahulu, sebagaimana dikisahkan di dalam al-Qur'an? Allah Swt,
dalam
> memberikan kenikmatan, ujian, cobaan atau siksaan tidaklah
melampaui
> nalar kemanusiaan. Artinya, jika Allah Swt menyatakan telah
memberikan
> hukuman melalui hukum-hukum alam, maka hukuman alam itu
terproses
> melalui pelanggaran hukum Aqidah & Syariah yang-tanpa
pernah
> disadari-berakibat (juga) kepada pelanggaran atas hukum alam.
Dari
> sinilah hukuman berlaku, dan secara hakekat ia bukanlah hukuman
atas
> kedurhakaan kepada-Nya, karena semua hukuman (Jazaa', Hisaab)
atas
> kedurhakaan kepada-Nya telah di-setting pada Hari
Pembalasan
> (Yawmul-Jazaa') atau Hari Penghitungan (Yawmul-Hisaab)
dimana
> masing-masing manusia akan menghadapinya.
>
> AllAAhu A' lam.
>
>
> [Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
>
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Berdikusi dg Santun & Elegan, dg Semangat Persahabatan. Menuju Indonesia yg Lebih Baik, in Commonality & Shared Destiny. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ppiindia
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