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AEB 5167 Economic Analysis in Small Farm Livelihood Systems Understanding the system is important for identifying problems. It is even more important for shaping solutions. - Michael Collinson Purpose and goals This course is designed to provide an understanding of the nature of limited resource family farm livelihood systems and to provide economic concepts and tools to rapidly and efficiently analyze the strategies chosen by small farm households. Linear programming models provide the basis to analyze policy, technology and management alternatives for these households. Emphasis is on coping with the large number of constraints imposed on small family farms. Risk and uncertainty are considered, as are the relationships between risk, food security, and minimum acceptable standards of living. The course utilizes case studies as a basis for providing a true feeling of the nature of the constraints and the limits on improved income and welfare presented by national policies and public infrastructure as well as the family considerations inherent on these farms. Questions of sustainability are treated from individual farm, community, and societal perspectives. Importantly, ways to preserve diversity of livelihood systems in economic analyses are incorporated. The goals of the course, then, are to: Understand the nature of small-scale, limited-resource, family-farm livelihood systems and especially the kinds of constraints imposed on these farms because they are a home and not just a business. Learn to use linear programming as a modeling tool to describe or simulate these livelihood systems to help understand them and then, when validated, use the models to predict differential responses to new technologies, infrastructure and policies. Glossary Food security The state in which members of a household have access to a socially acceptable diet throughout the year from food produced, traded for or purchased. The diet may or may not meet FAO minimum nutritional levels and is expected to vary among livelihood systems. Hearthhold Comprised of the persons who normally are physically present or reside in the domicile. Need not be related and may or may not be the same as the persons included in a household. Household Comprises the persons who contribute to or receive something from the grouping of persons associated with a domicile. It differs from hearthhold because persons belonging to a household may not reside in the domicile. Household composition The age, sex and relationship of persons comprising the household. Household livelihood system The full range of activities available to the individuals in the household to contribute to its production and reproduction requirements to survive and thrive. These can include crop and livestock production, crafts, off-farm activities, remittances, etc. Household livelihood strategies The specific activities selected by the members of the household from among those available in the livelihood system to meet production and reproduction requirements and other household goals. Sustainable livelihood The strategies internally capable of providing a livelihood over time and without collapsing from external shocks confronting the system. Should exhibit resilience to adjust to new situations as external factors affect it. Household goals The minimum or maximum levels of 1) resource use including family labor, 2) cash expenditures, 3) household food consumption, and/or4) cash reserves desired by the household. These can be disaggregated by gender. Texts Skjonsberg, E. 1989. Change in an African village. Kumarian Press. Hartford, Conn. Chambers, R. 1997. Whose reality counts? Putting the first last. Intemediate Technology Publications. London, UK. Parts of the following books will be used as text for the course. The relevant parts are available in a packet Hazell, P.B.R. and R.D. Norton. 1986. Mathematical programming for economic analysis in agriculture. MacMillan Publishing Co. New York. Hildebrand, P.E. 1986. Perspectives on farming systems research and extension. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. Boulder, Colorado. Course Grading Two reports will be prepared and presented orally in class: Gender disaggregated description of a family farm livelihood system including a conceptual or schematic systems model showing interactions on the farm and off. Will include an activities analysis and activities calendar, resource analysis and benefits/incentives analysis. Narrative should include a statement of farm family goals or objectives, possible alternatives for achievement of objectives, and obstacles or constraints that hinder progress. Factors that serve as a basis for developing evaluation criteria based on the above analyses and used to judge possible technological or management changes will be discussed in the report. Also included will be a list of the activities and constraints to be included in the Linear Programming model. The written report will be 20% of the course grade and the oral presentation of the report will be 10% of the course grade. A linear program will be developed based on the system presented in the first report (or another if approved by the professor). The model should be constructed and run using objective functions and constraints taken from the evaluation criteria discussed above and should adequately simulate the nature of the farms being represented by the model. Solutions and their interpretation will be included. After the model simulates the real situation, alternatives will be tested for ex ante evaluation of potential adoption of technology alternatives, management practices, and/or responses to policy incentives. The final report includes the LP and a revised version of the first report containing the schematic model (20%). The final combined report will be professional quality, double spaced, with no more than 20 pages (excluding tables and figures). The oral presentation of this final report in class will be 10% of the course grade. Class participation will be worth 20% and includes attendance, turning in exercises, and reporting preliminary results on time. In summary: Written reports: 40%, Oral presentations: 20%, Exercises: 20%, Class participation: 20% Selected References Allen, M. 1987. Questioning the need for seasonal farm credit--cases from northern Zambia. Agric. Admin. & Extension 25:25-36. 32.033 Altieri, M.A. 1995. Agroecology: The science of sustainable agriculture. Westview Press, Boulder CO. PEH.0383 Altieri, M.A. and M.K. Anderson. 1986. An ecological basis for the development of alternative agricultural systems for small farmers in the Third World. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 1:30-38. 16.929 Bastidas, E.P. 2001. Assessing potential response to changes in the livelihood system of diverse, limited-resource farm households in Carchi, Ecuador: modeling livelihood strategies using participatory methods and linear programming. PhD dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville. Cabrera, V.E. 1999. Farm problems, solutions, and extension programs for small farmers in Cañete,Lima, Peru. Unpublished M.S. Thesis. University of Florida. Celis, R., J.T. Milino, and S. Wanmali (eds.). 1991. Adopting improved farm technology: a study of smallholder farmers in Eastern Province, Zambia. IFPRI, Washington, D.C. PEH.0361 Collinson, M. 1983. Farm management in peasant agriculture. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. PEH.0313 Colman, D., and T. Young. 1989. Principles of agricultural economics. Markets and prices in less developed countries. WYE studies in agricultural and rural development. Cambridge University Press. PEH.0312 Due, J.M. 1985. Women made invisible: Their contributions to farming systems and household income in Zambia and Tanzania. Paper presented at the Association for Women in Development Conference, Washington, D.C. 59.016 Due, J.M., M. White and R. Schwartz. 1985. Female farm households in Zambia: Further evidence of poverty. 85 E-316, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. 10.242 Due, J.M., M. White and T. Rocke. 1985. Beans in the farming systems in two regions of Tanzania, 1980-82. Technical Report No. 4, Tanzania. Department of Rural Economy, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro and the Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 10.288 Due, J.M. and M. White. 1986. Contrasts between joint and female- headed farm households in Zambia. Eastern Africa Economic Review 2:94- 98. 59.018 Ellis, F. 1988. Peasant economics: farm households and agrarian development. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. PEH.0304 Feldstein, H.S. and S.V. Poats (eds.). 1989. Working together: gender analysis in agriculture. Kumarian Press. Hartford, Conn. PEH.0288 AND PEH.0289 Harwood, R. R. 1979. Small farm development. Westview Press. Boulder. PEH.0268 Hayami, Y. 1978. Anatomy of a peasant economy. International Rice Research Institute. Philippines. PEH.0321 Hayami, Y.; T. Kawagoe; Y. Morooka and M. Siregar. 1987. Agricultural marketing and processing in upland Java: a perspective from a Sunda village. CGPRT Centre. Bogor, Indonesia. PEH.0301 Hengsdijk, H., M.K. van Ittersum and W.A.H. Rossing. 1998. Quantitative analysis of farming systems for policy formulation: Development of new tools. Agricultural Systems 58:381-394. Henrich, J. 1997. Market incorporation, agricultural change, and sustainability among the Machiguenga Indians of the Peruvian Amazon. Human Ecology 25:319-351. Jaeger, W. K. 1986. Agricultural mechanization: The economics of animal draft power in West Africa. Westview Press, Inc. Boulder. PEH.0293 Kaya, B., P.E. Hildebrand and P.K.R. Nair. 2000. Modeling changes in farming systems with the adoption of improved fallows in southern Mali. Agricultural Systems 66:51-68. Keyzer, M.A. and R.L. Vortman. 1998. Research needs and methods for decentralised economic planning. Agricultural Systems 58:351-356. Low, A. 1986. Agricultural development in Southern Africa: farm household-economics & the food crisis. James Currey Ltd. London. PEH.0310 Makeham, J. P. and L. R. Malcolm. 1986. The economics of tropical farm management. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge and New York. PEH.0309 Massey, G. 1987. Subsistence and change: Lessons of agropastoralism in Somalia. Westview Press, Inc. Boulder. PEH.0307 McDowell, R.E. and P.E. Hildebrand. 1980. Integrated crop and animal production: making the most of resources available to small farmers in developing countries. Working Papers. The Rockefeller Foundation, New York. 23.001 Mellor, J.W. 1969. The subsistence farmer in traditional economies. Chap 7 In: Wharton, C.R., Jr. 1969. Subsistence agricultural and economic development. Aldine Publishing Co., Chicago. PEH.0322 Miracle, M. P. 1968. "Subsistence agriculture": analytical problems and alternative concepts. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 50:292-310. 10.315 Moock, J.L. (ed.) 1986. Understanding Africa's rural households and farming systems. Westview Press, Boulder and London. PEH.0283 Nair, K. 1983. Transforming traditionally: Land and labor use in agriculture in Asia and Africa. The Riverdale Company, Inc. Maryland. PEH.0282 Netting, R.McC. 1993. Smallholders, householders: Farm families and the ecology of intensive, sustainable agriculture. Stanford University Press, Stanford. PEH.0385 Nyaribo, F.B. and D.L.Young. 1992. Impacts of capital and land constraints on the economics of new livestock technology in western Kenya. Agricultural Economics 6:353-364. 21.153 Okoruwa, V., M.A. Jabbar and J.A. Akinwumi. 1996. Crop-livestock competition in the West African derived savannah: Application of a multi-objective programming model. Agric. Syst. 52:439-453. Ortiz, S.R. 1973. Uncertainties in peasant farming: A Colombian case. The Athalone Press. University of London. PEH.0315 Perrot-Maitre and T.F. Weaver. 1992. Indigenous knowledge and fertilizer strategies in Leyte, Philippines: implications for research and demonstration trials. JFSRE (3:21-34) Poats, S., M. Schmink and A. Spring (eds.). 1988. Gender issues in farming systems research and extension. Westview Press. Boulder, Colorado. PEH.0311 Pomeroy, C.S. 2000. An evaluation of a crop diversification project for low resource hillside farmers in the Dominican Republic. Unpublished M.S. Thesis, University of Florida. Pretty, J.N. 1995. Regenerating agriculture: Policies and practice for sustainability and self-reliance. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. PEH.0386 Rhoades, R. E. and P. Pidegaray. 1987. The farmers of Yurimaguas: Land use and cropping strategies in the Peruvian jungle. International Potato Center. Lima. PEH.0323 Ruben, R., H. Moll and A. Kuyvenhoven. 1998. Integrating agricultural research and policy analysis: Analytical framework and policy applications for bio-economic modelling. Agricultural Systems 58:331- 349. Ruthenberg, H. 1980. (Third edition). Farming systems in the tropics. Clarendon Press. Oxford. PEH.0290 Samkyi, T.M. 1993. Price policies and farmer perspectives: Tanzania's smallholder agriculture economy. M.S. Thesis, Food and Resource Economics Department, University of Florida, Gainesville. Schultz, T.W. 1964. Transforming traditional agriculture. Yale University Press, New Haven or Arno Press, New York. PEH.0314 Schumann, D.A. and W.L. Partridge (eds). 1989. The human ecology of tropical land settlement in Latin America. Westview special studies on Latin America and the Caribbean. Westview Press. PEH.0300 Shapiro, B.I., et al. 1993. Evaluating and adapting new technologies in a high-risk agricultural system in Niger. Agricultural Systems 42:153-171. Simpson, J.R. 1988. The economics of livestock systems in developing countries: farm and project level analysis. Westview Press. Boulder and London. PEH.0294 Skjonsberg, E. 1989. Change in an african village. Kefa Speaks. Kumarian Press. PEH.0287 Spicer, Edward H. (ed.). 1952. Human problems in technological change: a casebook., Russell Sage Foundation. New York. 66.018 Spring, A. 1984. Profiles of men and women smallholder farmers in the Lilongwe Rural Development Project, Malawi. WIAD/USAID, Washington, D.C. 66.005 Spring, A. 1995. Agricultural development and gender issues in Malawi. University Press of America, Lanham MD. Stevens, R.D. (ed.). 1977. Tradition and dynamics in small-farm agriculture. Iowa State University Press, Ames. PEH.0291 Sullivan, A.J. 2000. Decoding diversity: Strategies to mitigate household stress. M.S. Thesis. University of Florida. Turner II, B.L. and S.B. Brush (eds.). 1987. Comparative farming systems. The Guilford Press. New York and London. PEH.0296 Upton, M. 1987. African farm management. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge and New York. PEH.0303 Wharton, C.R. 1963. The economic meaning of subsistence. The Malayan Economic Review. VIII:46-58. 10.314 Wharton, C. R. 1968. Risk, uncertainty and the subsistence farmer: technological innovation and resistance to change in the context of survival. Paper presented at the joint session: American Economic Association and Association for Comparative Economics. Chicago. 10.202 Wharton, C.R. (ed.) 1969. Subsistence agriculture and economic development. Aldine Publishing Co. Chicago. PEH.0322 Wilk, R.R. (ed). 1989. The household economy: Reconsidering the domestic mode of production. Westview Press. Boulder, Colorado. (266 pp.) PEH.0306 Wilken, G. C. 1987. Good farmers: traditional agricultural resource management in Mexico and Central America. University of California Press. Berkeley. PEH.0299 Note: Boldface numbers following references are call numbers in the professor's library in 2126 McCarty Hall. Numbers preceded by PEH are books. The others are in file cabinets. All of these references are available to you and most can be checked out. >> back to graduate programs >> top Have a Question? Contact us.
