Kontribusi Ilmuwan Islam Dalam Perkembangan Peradaban Manusia 1. Islamic Civilisation and Human Progress (Part 256) - Al-Amidi's system of writing for the blind
It is commonly known that in 1824 a Frenchman by the name of Louis Braille (1809-1852) invented a system of writing for the blind in which he used a pattern of "6 dots". It was initially called the "cell" system for the blind. Louis Braille was himself blind. His system of writing became very popular and just two years after his death was widely used all over France. Braille Alphabet - this consists of 63 characters made up of a series of six dots raised on paper so that they can be read by passing fingers lightly over the manuscript. A universal Braille code for the English speaking world was adopted in London in 1932. It is interesting to note that 600 years before Braille ALI IBN AHMED IBN YUSUF IBN AL-KHIZR AL-AMIDI, a Syrian Muslim, who died in 1314 CE was an expert in reading such a system. He too was blind from childhood.. . . . FULL ARTICLE: < http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=101&TaxonomySubTypeID=-1&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=367 > http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=101&TaxonomySubTypeID=-1&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=367 2. Islamic Civilisation and Human Progress (Part 257) - Water Management and Hydraulic Technology Reservoirs By far, the most original Muslim reservoirs are to be found in the region of Qayrawan in Tunisia. A lengthy (about 270 pages) account of such structures is offered by the French Solignac.(endnote 26) These reservoirs, possibly for their high aesthetics, and like many other Islamic achievements,(endnote 27) were attributed, despite all evidence,(endnote 28) to both Phoenicians(endnote 29) and Romans.(endnote 30) Such erroneous views were adopted by a number of scholars until modern archaeological excavations and advanced studies proved the Islamic origin of such structures. These reservoirs have two basins, one used for decantation, one as a reserve, and at times a third one for drawing water out of it. Other than their impressive numbers, over two hundred and fifty in the region, such reservoirs also offer a great attraction in their form and structure. . FULL ARTICLE: < http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=103&TaxonomySubTypeID=28&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=239 > http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=103&TaxonomySubTypeID=28&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=239 3. Islamic Civilisation and Human Progress (Part 258) - Dam Construction In his `History of Dams,' Norman Smith, began his chapter devoted to Muslim dams,(endnote 1) by stating that: `Historians of civil engineering have almost totally ignored the Muslim period, and in particular historians of dam building, such as there have been, either make no reference to Moslem work at all or, even worse, claim that during Umayyad and Abbasid times dam building, irrigation and other engineering activities suffered sharp decline and eventual extinction. Such view is both unjust and untrue.'(endnote 2) . . FULL ARTICLE: < http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=103&TaxonomySubTypeID=28&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=238 > http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=103&TaxonomySubTypeID=28&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=238 4. Islamic Civilisation and Human Progress (Part 259) - A review of Early Muslim Control Engineering During the period of Islamic-Arabic extraordinary activity in Science and Technology (9th-13th century) there are some recorded contributions to the area of Automatic Control mainly in the development of water clocks using float valve regulators, different level controls using float valves or combination of syphons and the development of On-Off control. The Islamic Arabic Automatic Control Technology had as a basis the Greek Technology of two scientists namely Philon of Byzantium (Rhodes and Alexandria) of the second half of the third century BC (his book "pneumatica" was translated from Arabic into French and German in 1902 and 1899 respectively) and Heron of Alexandria of the first century AD (his book "pneumatica" was translated from Greek into English and German in 1851 and 1899 respectively). . . . FULL ARTICLE: < http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=103&TaxonomySubTypeID=124&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=285 > http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=103&TaxonomySubTypeID=124&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=285 5. Islamic Civilisation and Human Progress (Part 261) - Introduction of Wind Power During the reign of Caliph Ummar (634-44) began the use of wind as a source of power in Islam. A Persian came to the Caliph and said he could build a mill operated by wind, so the Caliph ordered him to have one built. Wind-power became widely used in Islam to run mill stones for grinding corn, and also to draw up water for irrigation. Descriptions and drawings of Islamic windmills exist in a large abundance. . . . FULL ARTICLE: < http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=103&TaxonomySubTypeID=26&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=328 > http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=103&TaxonomySubTypeID=26&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=328 6. Islamic Civilisation and Human Progress (Part 263) - Meteorological Science in the 9th Century AD An example of Islamic heritage that records experimental observations of aerial phenomenon is the work of Ibn Doraid Al-Azdi. Born in Basra, 223AH, died in Baghdad 321AH he flourished in the late 9th-10th century AD. He completed many works but his main work is the book "Description of Rain and Clouds". The first of two editions was by the English Orientist William Right (18301889), the second by Ezidden Al-Tanokhi (Damascus 1963). . . . FULL ARTICLE: < http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=6&TaxonomySubTypeID=40&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=335 > http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=6&TaxonomySubTypeID=40&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=335 7. Islamic Civilisation and Human Progress (Part 267) - Mapping the World We tend to take many things for granted. We are presently equipped with numerous means of communications and transport over land, sea and air which could take us swiftly all over the globe. So much so that we tend to travel far and wide for our own purposes without ever wondering the immense contributions others have made for our convenience. Even if we have all the means of transport, we could not possibly travel as much as we do if we do not have sufficient information about our destinations, such as the distance, the exact location, the surrounding landscape, vegetation and the detailed directions. It was during the Abbasid Caliphate when Islamic civilization was said to reach its peak. The Caliphs commissioned reports on roads to help their postmasters deliver messages to addresses within their empire. These accounts which initially resulted in the Book of Routes, laid the foundation for more intensive information gathering about far-away places and foreign lands with their physical landscape, production capabilities and commercial activities. With the development of more accurate astronomy and mathematics, map plotting became a respected branch of science. . . . FULL ARTICLE: < http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=6&TaxonomySubTypeID=39&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=217 > http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=6&TaxonomySubTyp\<http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=6&TaxonomySubTyp%5C> eID=39&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=217 8. Islamic Civilisation and Human Progress (Part 269) - Muslim Founders of Mathematics The 7th to the 13th century was the golden age of Muslim learning. In mathematics they contributed and invented the present arithmetical decimal system and the fundamental operations connected with it addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, and extracting the root. They also introduced the 'zero' concept to the world. Some of the famous mathematicians of Islam are: . . . FULL ARTICLE: < http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=12&TaxonomySubTypeID=-1&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=359 > http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=12&TaxonomySubTy\<http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=12&TaxonomySubTy%5C> peID=-1&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=359 9. Islamic Civilisation and Human Progress (Part 271) - Health Protection in Islam Ibn Butlan's Taqwim As-Sihha (Protection of Health) was translated as Tacuinum Sanitatis, retaining the Arabic word with the translation "regimen". It begins, "On the six things that are necessary to any man for the daily conservation of his health, with its corrections and operations." These are immediately listed "The first care of health is the preparation of the air, which affects the heart. The second is the regulation of food and drink. The third is the regulation of movement and rest. The fourth is the restraint of the body from sleep and from much watching. The fifth is the regulation of the relaxation and constriction of the humours. The sixth is regulation of the person to moderate joy, anger, fear and anxiety. So the preservation of health will be in these methods of balance, and the removal of these six from that balance makes illness, God the Glorious, the Almighty, permitting. And under each of these kinds there are many types, and many things necessary of which, God willing, we will describe the natures ... Let us invoke the help of God that He may make straight our mind, for human nature can scarcely be prevented from error " . . . FULL ARTICLE: < http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=11&TaxonomySubTypeID=49&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=312 > http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=11&TaxonomySubTy\<http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=11&TaxonomySubTy%5C> peID=49&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=312 10. Islamic Civilisation and Human Progress (Part 283) - Contribution of Ibn Sina to the development of Earth Sciences Following is the introduction to an article written by Dr.Munim M. Al-Rawi. His full article can be read by clicking the Resource at the end of this page. The Muslim Civilization was outstanding in its natural look towards the universe, man and life. Muslim scientists thought and wondered about the origin of minerals, rocks, mountains, earthquakes and water, etc. It can be rightfully said that Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 981 - 1037 C.E.) was a true product of the Muslim Civilization in its climax of scientific growth. He contributed to natural sciences (which he called Attabieyat) along with other natural philosophers such as Ikhwan AI-Safa, AI-Biruni and many others. Avicenna's work in "Kitab AI-Shifa" (the Book of Cure, Healing or Remedy from ignorance), the famous Encyclopaedia of Philosophy and Natural Sciences had influenced European scientists during the Renaissance because of it being in a comprehensive and encyclopaedic form. Although Avicenna is better known in Medicine and Philosophy, he was less known in Earth Science. This is because of the nature of the Earth Science itself, and its history of development in Europe. Earth Science was only known as "Geology" in Europe since the Seventeenth century C.E. . . FULL ARTICLE: < http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=105&TaxonomySubTypeID=-1&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=319 > http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=105&TaxonomySubTypeID=-1&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=319 11. Islamic Civilisation and Human Progress (Part 288) - Muslim Contribution to Chemistry This is an extract from a full article found below under Resources. by: Foundation for Science Technology and Civlilsation. <mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>>[EMAIL PROTECTED] Before addressing the subject of Muslim chemistry, however, one crucial matter needs to be raised. It concerns the use of the word Alchemy instead of chemistry. This is another instance of historical corruption fooling so many who have no perception of the depths some scholarship can descend to in order to convey distorted images of aspects of history, such as that of Islamic science. Alchemy, indeed, is a corrupt translation of the Arabic word Chemia (chemistry,) preceded by the article Al (which means: the), and which the Arabs always use (like the French and others for that matter) in front of their subject such as Al-Tib (medicine) al-Riyadiyat (mathematics) etc... If this was applied to other subjects, it would become al-medicine; al-mathematics, al-geography and so on... Only Baron Carra de Vaux had had the presence of mind to pointing to this, however briefly.(endnote 1) Somehow al-Chemy should be translated literally The Chemistry and not Alchemy in English; and La Chimie and not l'alchimie in French. The fact that only Westerners translated or dealt with the subject, followed by rather very respectful or shy Muslim scholars means that this corrupt word of al-chemy has remained, and has become the norm. The reason why alchemy is used instead of chemistry might have another motive behind it. Chemistry means a modern science; alchemy means the amateur, the occult, the second or third rate. Alchemy belongs to the Muslims; chemistry, of course, does not; instead is the realm of the good. This notion conveyed by some Western scholars, that alchemy ended with the Muslims and chemistry began with the Westerners has no historical ground. The reason is simple: all sciences began in some part of the world, most likely China or the Ancient Middle East, or India, at level: 1, the most basic, and then graduated to levels 2, 3, 4, and higher, through the centuries, until they reached us at the level they are, and will evolve in different places in the future. This is the story of every science, and of every sign of our modern world. Thus, it was not that we had alchemy at one point, and then, with the Europeans it became chemistry. This is a crass notion like much else coming from scholars holding such a view. Chemistry began under one form, associated with occult and similar practices, and then evolved, gradually becoming more refined through the centuries until it took our modern forms and rules. Many elements concourse to support this point. Here they follow. . . FULL ARTICLE: < http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=18&TaxonomySubTypeID=77&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=224 > http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=18&TaxonomySubTypeID=77&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=224 12. Islamic Civilisation and Human Progress (Part 290) - 1000 years of missing Astronomy Dr.Salah Zaimeche BA, MA, PhD <mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>>[EMAIL PROTECTED] Like other scholars, who dealt with the history of science, Kevin Krisciunas(endnote 1) could hardly fail to notice the generalised black-out imposed on Muslim astronomy. His opening statement of chapter two went as follows: `It is a common misconception that astronomical research fell into a dazed slumber following Ptolemy (the Greek scientist who lived long before Islam), not to reawaken until the time of Copernicus. I have briefly sketched in the previous chapter the efforts on the part of various Greeks in preserving their astronomical science. These efforts continued up to the time of the conquest of Egypt by the Arabs, who were not the book burning fanatics that some have made them out to be. Those who think that these Arabs made no contributions of their own have not investigated the subject.' Kruisciunas then points that during the Middle Ages the principal astronomers were Moslems, Jews, and some Christians, and what they had in common was that they wrote in Arabic. `This was the principal language of astronomy of the ninth through the eleventh centuries, just as English is today'(endnote 2). Obscuring Muslim astronomy is common to the treatment of all Muslim sciences as expertly pursued by a number of historians, some `illustrious' and others less so. This obscuring of the Muslim achievements is, of course, today, complemented with a blowing out of proportion of anything negative about the Muslims, or distorting facts against them, something that can be observed all the time around us. FULL ARTICLE: < http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=18&TaxonomySubTypeID=107&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=233 > http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=18&TaxonomySubTypeID=107&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=233 -muslim voice- At 16:19 09/01/2008, sFe wrote: lah katanya cerdas dan kritis, masa membedakan teror dengan dakwah saja ndak mampu tho nduk? apa yang anda sebutkan dibawah ini yakin sekali merupakan produk kafir? dari mana kafir2 tersebut memperoleh pengetahuan atau bahan baku kalau bukan dari ciptaan Allah? mbok jangan ngaku2 cerdas kalo memikirkan hal sepele begini saja tidak mampu. ini bukti2 bahwa Alam Raya ini merupakan hasil ciptaan Allah, bukan Salma yang bilang lho, tp Allah sendiri yang berfirman dalam sebagian ayat2 AQ: *QS 13:1-4 * *"..Ini adalah ayat-ayat Al Kitab (Al Qur'an). Dan Kitab yang diturunkan kepadamu daripada Tuhanmu itu adalah benar; akan tetapi kebanyakan manusia tidak beriman (kepadanya). llah-lah Yang meninggikan langit tanpa tiang (sebagaimana) yang kamu lihat, kemudian Dia bersemayam di atas 'Arsy, dan menundukkan matahari dan bulan. Masing-masing beredar hingga waktu yang ditentukan. Allah mengatur urusan (makhluk-Nya), menjelaskan tanda-tanda (kebesaran-Nya), supaya kamu meyakini pertemuan (mu) dengan Tuhanmu. Dan Dia-lah Tuhan yang membentangkan bumi dan menjadikan gunung-gunung dan sungai-sungai padanya. Dan menjadikan padanya semua buah-buahan berpasang-pasangan**(2), Allah menutupkan malam kepada siang. Sesungguhnya pada yang demikian itu terdapat tanda-tanda (kebesaran Allah) bagi kaum yang memikirkan. * * ((2)) Yang dimaksud "berpasang-pasangan" ialah jantan dan betina, pahit dan manis, putih dan hitam, besar kecil dan sebagainya. * *Dan di bumi ini terdapat bagian-bagian yang berdampingan, dan kebun-kebun anggur, tanaman-tanaman dan pohon korma yang bercabang dan yang tidak bercabang, disirami dengan air yang sama. Kami melebihkan sebahagian tanam-tanaman itu atas sebahagian yang lain tentang rasanya. Sesungguhnya pada yang **demikian itu terdapat tanda-tanda (kebesaran Allah) bagi kaum yang berfikir. * *AQ 16:3-6 * *"Dia menciptakan langit dan bumi dengan hak **(4). Maha Tinggi Allah daripada apa yang mereka persekutukan. Dia telah menciptakan manusia dari mani, tiba-tiba ia menjadi pembantah yang nyata. Dan Dia telah menciptakan binatang ternak untuk kamu; padanya ada (bulu) yang menghangatkan dan berbagai-bagai manfa'at, dan sebagiannya kamu makan. Dan kamu memperoleh pandangan yang indah padanya, ketika kamu membawanya kembali ke kandang dan ketika kamu melepaskannya ke tempat penggembalaan" * *QS 10 * *3. Sesungguhnya Tuhan kamu ialah Allah Yang menciptakan langit dan bumi dalam enam hari, kemudian Dia bersemayam di atas 'Arsy untuk mengatur segala urusan. Tiada seorangpun yang akan memberi syafa'at kecuali sesudah ada izin-Nya. (Dzat) yang demikian itulah Allah, Tuhan kamu, maka sembahlah Dia. Maka apakah kamu tidak mengambil pelajaran? 5. Dia-lah yang menjadikan matahari bersinar dan bulan bercahaya dan ditetapkan-Nya manzilah-manzilah (tempat-tempat) bagi perjalanan bulan itu, supaya kamu mengetahui bilangan tahun dan perhitungan (waktu). Allah tidak menciptakan yang demikian itu melainkan dengan hak**(2). Dia menjelaskan tanda-tanda (kebesaran-Nya) kepada orang-orang yang mengetahui*. *AQ 112:1-2 * *"Katakanlah: "Dia-lah Allah, Yang Maha Esa, Allah adalah Tuhan yang bergantung kepada-Nya segala sesuatu." * Hanya Allah Sang Pencipta, dan hanya kepada Allah semua menggantungkan pengharapan. masih belum paham? tulalit banget sih, malu2in aja. sFe * * *uztad murtad <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>* wrote: Ini orang berdakwah ato NEROR ??? ayat-ayat nya penuh intimidasi ... selalu neraka yang menjadi tujuannya dakwahnya agak intelek dikit napah ?? Koq berdakwah segmennya ke binatang ?? coba ayat2 dibawah ini di compare sendiri : - Orang kafir bikin computer... orang islam memakai untuk kerja, mencari nafkah untuk menghidupi anak2 dan istrinya - Orang kafir maju dlm kedokteran... membantu kemanusiaan - Orang kafir maju dlm transportasi... naik haji pake pesawat (dulu onta) - Orang kafir maju dlm bidang IT ... orang islam memanfaatkan utk dakwah (Yahoo) - Orang kafir maju dlm technologi... orang islam neror dgn ayat2 quran udah ah... lama2 gue sendiri yang malu ama Salma [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] *************************************************************************** Berdikusi dg Santun & Elegan, dg Semangat Persahabatan. Menuju Indonesia yg Lebih Baik, in Commonality & Shared Destiny. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ppiindia *************************************************************************** __________________________________________________________________________ Mohon Perhatian: 1. 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