Sebaiknya dicounter dg pakar Embryology Toronto ini: Keith L. Moore, Ph.D., F.I.A.C. The Department of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Canada. Address all correspondence to: Keith L. Moore, Ph.D, F.I.A.C., Professor of Anatomy and Associate Dean Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M55 IAB, Canada
Statements referring to human reproduction and development are scattered throughout the Qur'an. It is only recently that the scientific meaning of some of these verses has been appreciated fully. The long delay in interpreting these verses correctly resulted mainly from inaccurate translations and commentaries and from a lack of awareness of scientific knowledge. Interest in explanations of the verses of the Qur'an is not new. People used to ask the prophet Muhammad all sorts of questions about the meaning of verses referring to human reproduction. The Apostle's answers form the basis of the Hadith literature. The translations(*) <http://www.islam101.com/science/embryo.html#trans> of the verses from the Qur'an which are interpreted in this paper were provided by Sheik Abdul Majid Zendani, a Professor of Islamic Studies inKing Abdulaziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. "He makes you in the wombs of your mothers in stages, one after another, in three veils of darkness." This statement is from Sura 39:6 <http://qibla.msa.upenn.edu/alim_online/yali_trans/ya39-1.htm> . We do not know when it was realized that human beings underwent development in the uterus (womb), but the first known illustration of a fetus in the uterus was drawn by Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th century. In the 2nd century A.D., Galen described the placenta and fetal membranes in his book"On The Formation of the Foetus." Consequently, doctors in the 7th century A.D. likely knew that the human embryo developed in the uterus. It is unlikely that they knew that it developed in stages, even though Aristotle had described the stages of development of the chick embryo in the 4th century B.C. The realization that the human embryo develops in stages was not discussed and illustrated until the 15th century. After the microscope was discovered in the 17th century by Leeuwenhoek descriptions were made of the early stages of the chick embryo. The staging of human embryos was not described until the 20th century. Streeter (1941) developed the first system of staging which has now been replaced by a more accurate system proposed by O'Rahilly (1972). "The three veils of darkness" may refer to: (l) the anterior abdominal wall; (2) the uterine wall; and (3) the amniochorionic membrane (Fig. 1). Although there are other interpretations of this statement, the one presented here seems the most logical from an embryological point of view. Figure 1. Drawing of a sagittal section of a female's abdomen and pelvis showing a fetus in utero. The "veils of darkness" are: (1) the anterior abdominal wall; (2) the uterine wall, and (3) the amniochorionic membrane. "Then We placed him as a drop in a place of rest."This statement is from Sura 23:13 <http://qibla.msa.upenn.edu/alim_online/yali_trans/ya23-1.htm> . The drop or nutfah has been interpreted as the sperm or spermatozoon, but a more meaningful interpretation would be the zygote which divides to form a blastocyst which is implanted in the uterus ("a place of rest"). This interpretation is supported by another verse in the Qur'an which states that "a human being is created from a mixed drop." The zygote forms by the union of a mixture of the sperm and the ovum ("The mixed drop")."Then We made the drop into a leech-like structure."This statement is from Sura 23:14 <http://qibla.msa.upenn.edu/alim_online/yali_trans/ya23-1.htm> . The word "alaqah" refers to a leech or bloodsucker. This is an appropriate description of the human embryo from days 7-24 when it clings to the endometrium of the uterus, in the same way that a leech clings to the skin. Just as the leech derives blood from the host, the human embryo derives blood from the decidua or pregnant endometrium. It is remarkable how much the embryo of 23-24 days resembles a leech (Fig. 2). As there were no microscopes or lenses available in the 7th century, doctors would not have known that the human embryo had this leech-like appearance. In the early part of the fourth week, the embryo is just visible to the unaided eye because it is smaller than a kernel of wheat. Figure 2. Top, a drawing of a leech or bloodsucker. Below, a drawing of a 24 day-old human embryo. Note the leech-like appearance of the human embryo at this stage.Figure 3. Left, a plasticine model of the human embryo which has the appearance of chewed flesh. Right, a drawing of a 28 day-old human embryo showing several bead-like somites which resemble the teeth marks in the model shown to the left. "Then of that leech-like structure, We made a chewed lump."This statement is also from Sura 23:14 <http://qibla.msa.upenn.edu/alim_online/yali_trans/ya23-1.htm> . The Arabic word "mudghah" means "chewed substance or chewed lump." Toward the end of the fourth week, the human embryo looks somewhat like a chewed lump of flesh (Fig. 3). The chewed appearance results from the somites which resemble teeth marks. The somites represent the beginnings or primordia of the vertebrae."Then We made out of the chewed lump, bones, and clothed the bones in flesh." This continuation of Sura 23:14 <http://qibla.msa.upenn.edu/alim_online/yali_trans/ya23-1.htm> indicates that out of the chewed lump stage, bones and muscles form. This is in accordance with embryological development. First the bones form as cartilage models and then the muscles (flesh) develop around them from the somatic mesoderm."Then We developed out of it another creature."This next part of Sura 23:14 <http://qibla.msa.upenn.edu/alim_online/yali_trans/ya23-1.htm> implies that the bones and muscles result in the formation of another creature. This may refer to the human-like embryo that forms by the end of the eighth week. At this stage it has distinctive human characteristics and possesses the primordia of all the internal and external organs and parts. After the eighth week, the human embryo is called a fetus. This may be the new creature to which the verse refers."And He gave you hearing and sight and feeling and understanding."This part of Sura 32:9 <http://qibla.msa.upenn.edu/alim_online/yali_trans/ya32-1.htm> indicates that the special senses of hearing, seeing, and feeling develop in this order, which is true. The primordia of the internal ears appear before the beginning of the eyes, and the brain (the site of understanding) differentiates last."Then out of a piece of chewed flesh, partly formed and partly unformed."This part of Sura 22:5 <http://qibla.msa.upenn.edu/alim_online/yali_trans/ya22-1.htm> seems to indicate that the embryo is composed of both differentiated and undifferentiated tissues. For example, when the cartilage bones are differentiated, the embryonic connective tissue or mesenchyme around them is undifferentiated. It later differentiates into the muscles and ligaments attached to the bones."And We cause whom We will to rest in the wombs for an appointed term."This next part of Sura 22:5 <http://qibla.msa.upenn.edu/alim_online/yali_trans/ya22-1.htm> seems to imply that God determines which embryos will remain in the uterus until full term. It is well known that many embryos abort during the first month of development, and that only about 30% of zygotes that form, develop into fetuses that survive until birth. This verse has also been interpreted to mean that God determines whether the embryo will develop into a boy or girl. The interpretation of the verses in the Qur'an referring to human development would not have been possible in the 7th century A.D., or even a hundred years ago. We can interpret them now because the science of modern Embryology affords us new understanding. Undoubtedly there are other verses in the Qur'an related to human development that will be understood in the future as our knowledge increases. (*) Even though the translations of the verses of the Qur'an in the above paper were provided by Sheik Abdul Majid Zendani, the links to the translations in this page are fromYusuf Ali Qur'an Translation (http://qibla.msa.upenn.edu/alim_online/yali_trans/yasurahl.htm) presented by the Alim Online <http://qibla.msa.upenn.edu/alim_online/alimhome.htm> since Sheik Zendani's translation is not available on the internet. (MSA-UTK) Many thanks to Dr.Jamal Badawi who have brought this article to us. --- In [email protected], "Bukan Pedanda" <bukan.pedanda@...> wrote: > > > Selanjutnya: > > http://www.faktailmiah.com/2010/08/27/perkembangan-embrio-manusia-sains-\ vs-mitologi.html > > --- In [email protected], "Bukan Pedanda" bukan.pedanda@ wrote: > > > > > > http://groups.yahoo.com/group/proletar/message/210159 > > > > --- In [email protected], Gabriella Rantau <gkrantau@> wrote: > > > > > > > > > > > > REZAMEUTIA menulis: gabby, mana ayat yang katanya manusia > > > berasal dari tanah di alkitab? katanya lu mau membahas al quran ama gw secara > > > scientific, tapi kok malahan ngacir? > > >  > > > payah dah... > > > another kristen cukimai.. > > > omongnya aja gede, sok ngajakin ngebahas quran secara scientific, > > > ternyata otaknya kopong. > > > gabyy, kalo lu cuman bisa copas doang mah mendingan lu ke > > > pinggir aja deh. udah banyak kristen dungu di milis ini yang kebisaannya cuman > > > copas, lu cuman nyampah doang. > > >  > > > Bang Reza, > > > aku sudah kirim beberapa ayat al Qurâan yg menyangkut sains. Anta lain: > > >  > > > 1.   Pertumbuhan > > > janin yg sangat klenik contekan teori Tabib Galen (c. 3centry AD). Jelas spt > > > Galen penulis ayat Qurân juga tidak menyadari bhw tanpa ikut sertanya sel-telor > > > perempuan (yg harus dibuahi oleh sperma) tidak mungkin terjadi janin. > > > 2.   Masih > > > mengenai pertmbuhan janin, Al Qurâan menyatakan bhw ada tahap pertumbuhan di > > > mana semua tulang-belulang, tengkorak sudah terbentuk tapi belon dililit oleh > > > daging dan kulit. Ini mah spt orang Baduy mendirikan tenda. > > > 3.   Mengenai > > > Allah berkenan menciptakan 7 langit (sorga) dan 7 bumi. Bukan lapisan tapi > > > bener2 tujuh planet bumi. Apa pakar planet dan semesta alam Islam sudah > > > menemukan 6 bumi lainnya? > > > 4.   Mnrt > > > Qurâan Allah mencegah agar bulan dan matahari tidak saling menyusul. Well, > > > orbit matahari dan bulan itu tidak sama. (Hanya kalo sama, se-orbit maka ada > > > kemungkin susul-menyusul). Orbit bulan dan orbit matahari itu bak trayek bis Merantama > > > (dlm kota) dan trayek bis malam antar propinsi. Keduanya tidak mungkin susul > > > menyusul. > > > 5.   Di > > > mana matahari tengggelam? Mnrt Al Qurâan matahari tenggelam di mata-air keruh > > > di ujung barat dari bumi. Untuk meyakinkan umat Islam penulis ayat juga > > > menyertakan keterangan bhw matahari terbenam itu pernah disaksikan oleh no less > > > a personage than Alexander the Great (=Zul Qarnain �" si Tanduk dua). Ada ayat > > > lain yg mengatakan bhw matahari terbenam nyungesep di bawah singgasana (kursi) > > > Allah dan menunggu izin Allah sebelum terbit lagi! > > > 6.   Mnrt > > > ayat scientific dari Al Qurâan dijelaskan bhw Allah menciptakan langit yg tidak > > > retak dan tidak disangga, ditopang tiang. Artinya mnrt Qurâan langit itu SOLID! > > > How scientific. > > > 7.   Mnrt > > > Qurâan Allah mencampakkan gunung2 ke permukaan bumi. Adapun tujuannya mnrt > > > allah supaya permukaan bumi tidak goyang (terkena gempa bumi). Ada 2 kesalahan sains > > > di pernyataan di atas. (i) Gunung2 termasuk gunung berapi itu muncul dari dalam > > > bumi (gerakan magma atau tabrakan antar continental shelves). (ii) Spt kita > > > ketahui di tempat yg banyak gunungnya cenderung rawan terserang gempa bumi. > > > Adanya magma yg ngocor keluar atau fractures/ faults karena tabrakan > > > continental shelves tsb. > > >  > > > Nah, > > > apakah 7 âfakta sainsâ mnrt Al Qurâan ini sesuai dengan modern scientific > > > knowledge atau berlainan? > > >  > > > Gabriella > > > > > > > > > ________________________________ > > > From: rezameutia <rezameutia@> > > > To: [email protected] > > > Sent: Friday, 28 September 2012 11:04 PM > > > Subject: [proletar] Re: Fw: Japri > > > > > > > > >  > > > gabby, mana ayat yang katanya manusia berasal dari tanah di alkitab? > > > katanya lu mau membahas al quran ama gw secara scientific, tapi kok malahan ngacir? > > > > > > payah dah... > > > > > > another kristen cukimai... > > > > > > omongnya aja gede, sok ngajakin ngebahas quran secara scientific, ternyata otaknya kopong. > > > > > > gabyy, kalo lu cuman bisa copas doang mah mendingan lu ke pinggir aja deh. udah banyak kristen dungu di milis ini yang kebisaannya cuman copas, lu cuman nyampah doang. > > > > > > --- In [email protected], Gabriella Rantau <gkrantau@> wrote: > > > > > > > > Tapi harus kita ingat bhw banyak pegawai negeri: bawahn dan atasan juga, yg masuk agama Islam karena diberitahu bhw kalo tidak kagak naik pangkat. Ini di Indonesia. di negara2 Islami spt Mesir, Pakistan, Iran, dst. kadang2 si mualaf diberi pilihan 'amsuk Islam' atawa 'digantung'. Sebagian yg diberi pilihan (adil, 'kan?!) mengatakan praktik ini juga dilakukan pd zaman permulaan Islam oleh tidak lain daripada Nabi Muhammad sendiri. > > > > > > > > Kalo anda ada peluang makan-angin ke Oman sebelum masuk kota ada gerbang megah. Di situ tertulsi dlm Bahasa Arab dan ada terjemahan Inggrisnya peringatan sbb. Kalau kamu (raja Kristen di sono dulu) dan sodara laki2mu menerima Islam, maka kedudukanmu akan selamat, kerajaanmu juga tidak akan kami serang. Sebaliknya kalau mau masup Islam maka tenang2 saya kerajaanmu akan tidak aku hancurkan. DASAR PREMAN! > > > > > > > > Berikut ini aku copy & paste 'peringatan & ajakan' yg disertai ancaman dari Nabi Junjungan. > > > > > > > > Gabriella > > > > > > > > Muhammadââ¬â¢s Letter to the King of ââ¬ËOman, Jaifer, and his Brother ââ¬ËAbd Al-Jalandi:[5] > > > > "In the Name of Allâh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. > > > > From Muhammad bin ââ¬ËAbdullah to Jaifer and ââ¬ËAbd Al-Jalandi. > > > > Peace be upon him who follows true guidance; > > > > thereafter I invite both of you to the Call of Islam. Embrace Islam. > > > > Allâh has sent me as a Prophet to all His creatures in order that I may instil fear of Allâh in the hearts of His disobedient creatures so > > > > that there may be left no excuse for those who deny Allâh. If you two > > > > accept Islam, you will remain in command of your country; but if you > > > > refuse my Call, youââ¬â¢ve got to remember that all your possessions are > > > > perishable. My horsemen will appropriate your land, and my Prophethood > > > > will assume preponderance over your kingship." [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] ------------------------------------ Post message: [email protected] Subscribe : [email protected] Unsubscribe : [email protected] List owner : [email protected] Homepage : http://proletar.8m.com/Yahoo! Groups Links <*> To visit your group on the web, go to: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/proletar/ <*> Your email settings: Individual Email | Traditional <*> To change settings online go to: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/proletar/join (Yahoo! ID required) <*> To change settings via email: [email protected] [email protected] <*> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to: [email protected] <*> Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to: http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
